聪明人是怎么读书的？
我想我们大家肯定都有过这样一种感受，当我们读完一本书后，合上书，闭上眼，再想它的内容时，会发现，“我TMD刚刚到底读了个啥？！”
阅读和运用阅读过的知识是完全不同的两码事。
没有目的和意图的阅读，我们从中所获得的知识和想法就会很容易遗忘。所以我们要明白我们的记忆是怎么工作的。
那我们到底应该怎么阅读呢？
Quora用户Jory MacKay——一位书痴编辑——给出了他的答案——
For the purposes of reading retention, we can think of our memory as being basically made up of three components: Impression, Association, and Repetition.
为了阅读记忆的目的，我们可以认为记忆基本上由三部分组成︰ 印象、关联和重复。
I'm going to run through how to make sure you're using all three of these components while reading, and then look at how some of the best creative minds read and use what they've read to the.
接下来，我会给大家讲讲在阅读时，我们应该怎样确保这三个部分的使用，然后看看那些最具创意的人是如何阅读的，又是如何运用他们所读过的内容的。
Impression - Read to be impressed (and to impress others)
印象 ——给自己留下印象（和给别人留下印象）
When you're impressed by something, there's a much higher probability that you'll remember it.
当你对某些事物印象深刻时，你记住它的机率会比较高。
This could mean a phrase or quote that catches you off guard or changes the way you think about a certain topic. Or an interesting fact that you'll want to teach someone later on.
可能是一句话或某句名言，让你猝不及防，并改变了你思考某一问题的思路。也可能是一件有趣的事，你想要把它告诉别人。
Just like a teacher is able to master a subject because they know they'll be teaching it later on, attacking a book with the same level of purpose means you'll be able to recall information a lot quicker.
就像一位老师能够掌握一门学科，因为他们知道他们以后会教这门课；同样地，为了达到相同的水平去读书，这就意味着你能够更快的回忆起很多信息。
A recent study in the journal Memory & Cognition, showed the effect that reading with intention and purpose can have. Two groups were given the same material to read—one was told they'd have a test at the end, while the others were told they'd have to teach someone the material.
最近在《记忆与认知》杂志上的一项研究表明了有意图和目的的阅读的作用。参加研究的人被分为两组，给了这两组人员相同的阅读材料，其中一组被告知结束时会对他们进行一个测试，而另一组则被要求他们把阅读材料教给他人。
In the end, both groups were given the same test. Surprisingly, the group that was told they'd have to teach the material (rather than be tested on it) performed much better:
最后，两组均给予相同的测试。出人意料的是，被要求教授材料的那一组（而不是被要求测试的） 表现的更好︰
“When compared to learners expecting a test, learners expecting to teach recalled more material correctly, they organized their recall more effectively and they had better memory for especially important information.”
"相比于期望测试的学习者，那些期待教学的学习者能够正确地回顾更多的材料，他们能更有效地组织记忆，而且能够记住更多的尤其是重要的信息。"
Having a clear question in mind or a topic you're focusing on can make all the difference in helping you to remember and recall information.
在头脑中有一个清晰的问题或者专注于一个主题都可以帮助你记住和回忆不同的信息。
While this can be as easy as defining a subject to look into beforehand, if time is no object here's how to effectively 'hack' your brain into being impressed with the subject matter:
这就像我们要定义一个目标，就要事先去了解研究它一样，如果时间不成问题，重要的就是怎样去冲击我们的大脑，让我们加深对目标的印象：
Before reading
阅读之前
Ruin the ending. Read reviews and summaries of the work.
读透结尾。读这本书的评论和总结。
You're trying to learn why something happened, so the what is secondary. Frame your reading with knowledge around the subject and perspective of what's being said and how it relates to the larger topic.
如果你想了解为什么发生这些事情，那么，“发生了什么”就是次要的。我们要做的就是，把所写内容的主题思想构建一个框架，思考它是如何与更大的主题联系起来的。
During reading
阅读期间
As you read, have a specific purpose in mind and stick to it. Don't let your mind be the river that sweeps your thoughts away as you read.
当你阅读时，头脑中要有一个具体的目标，然后坚持去做。不要让你的大脑变成一条河流，冲走你在阅读时产生的想法。
Be a ruthless notetaker. Your librarian might kill you for this, but using a technique such as marginalia (writing notes in the margin and marking up key patterns for follow ups), will make you a more active reader and help lock information in your memory.
要做一个冷酷的的记录员。你的图书管理员可能因此杀了你，但是使用旁注 （在页边空白处写笔记并且标记重点句式） 这样的技巧，会让你成为一个更积极的读者，而且能帮助你在记忆中锁定信息。
After reading
阅读之后
Engage with the material. Write a high-level idea of the main ideas you want to recall or use, research supporting topics and ideas noting how they connect with what you've read, and then present, discuss, or write about your final ideas.
深入研究材料。把主要观点提炼成一个你能够回忆和使用的高层次的概念，研究支撑它的话题和意见，记录它们是怎样与你已经读过的内容联系起来的，然后提出、讨论，或写下你最后的想法。
Association - Make associations with what you already know
联系——与已有知识建立联系
Association is a peg upon which you hang a new idea, fact, or figure. When you know where the peg is located, it's a lot easier to find what you've hung upon it.
我们可以把联系想成一棵树的支干，你要把新的想法、事实或数据挂上去。当你知道每个支干所在的位置时，就很容易做到了。
As you read and come across new ideas and thoughts, you'll want to connect and associate these with familiar memories as a means of creating a bond between old and new.
当你阅读并产生新的观点和想法时，你会把这些新的观点与之前熟知的记忆联系起来，这就是在新旧知识之间建立联系的一种方式。
There are many different ways to create associations in your mind, from pairing new thoughts with familiar objects, to creating acronyms.
其实有许多不同的方式在脑海里创建关联，比如把新想法与熟悉的事物组合起来，创造一个缩写词。
Many champion memorizers (there is such a thing) talk about creating a memory palace—a mental map in their mind where they store information. Each memory is connected to a 'physical' place in their mind, so as they walk through the palace they can 'find' what they were looking for, just like you or I would walk through the house looking for our keys.
许多优秀的记忆者谈论创造记忆宫殿 — — 它们将信息存储在他们的思维导图中。每一段记忆被连接到一个 “客观存在”的地方，所以当他们穿过宫殿时，他们可以 “找到”他们在寻找的东西，就像我们在房子里寻找钥匙一样。
The information 'sticks out' because it's in contrast to the 'physical' locations in your mind.
信息能被“找出”是因为它是头脑里相比之下最 “客观存在” 的位置。
Our brain's work much better with visuals than they do with words and abstract thoughts alone. Connecting a memory with a location or visual makes it much easier to recall.
相比于单一的语言和抽象思维，我们的大脑在视觉图像下能更好的工作。把记忆与存储位置或视觉图像联系起来更容易记住信息。
Repetition - Repeat, revisit, and re-engage
重复 — — 重复，再浏览，重新组合
The final factor influencing our memory, and the one that is most important for long-term memorization, is repetition. Without revisiting or re-engaging with the material that you've read, there's a pretty low chance you'll be able to remember and apply any of that knowledge in the real world.
最后一个影响我们记忆和长期记忆的因素是重复。如果没有重新浏览或重新结合你读过的材料，那么你在现实世界中能够记住并应用这些知识的几率会相当低。
This doesn't necessarily mean you need to read through the book multiple times (although that does help). But rather, that you need to have a method for taking and organizing notes around the key parts you want to revisit later on.
但是这并不意味着要把这本书读很多遍 （虽然这样做有帮助）。相反地，你需要一种方法去记录和组织那些你想重新浏览的重要部分。
The most successful creatives don't just read for pleasure, they read to learn.
最成功的缔造者不是只为快乐而看书，他们是为了学习而阅读。
Reading with intention is the sum of all the parts that make up our memory—it means that you have a specific goal at hand (impression), that you want to connect what you're reading to other information (association), and that it is something you're invested in and will come back to again and again (repetition).
有目的的阅读是决定我们记忆的所有部分的总和 — — 它意味着你眼前有一个特定的目标（印象），你想要把所读的与其他信息相联系 （关联），它是你感兴趣，会反复阅读的内容 （重复）。
Let's take a look at how this actually works in practice:
让我们看一些实例︰
Ryan Holiday: Author & marketer
Ryan Holiday︰ 作家，市场营销人员
Ryan Holiday's monthly book recommendation emails are one of my favorite newsletters to receive. Ryan is so well-read on a wide variety of subjects that I was incredibly curious as to how he organizes his thoughts as he reads.
Ryan Holiday的每月图书推荐电子邮件是我最喜欢收到的时事通讯之一。Ryan非常地博学，他阅读了各种各样主题的内容，我非常好奇他在阅读时如何组织自己的想法。
Turns out Ryan uses a method he picked up from his mentor Robert Greene.
原来瑞恩用的是他的导师罗伯特格林介绍的一种方法。
While reading, write detailed notes in the margins and then fold the bottom corner of any page you’ve written on
在阅读时，在空白处写详细的笔记，然后把这一页的下角折起来
After a week or two, come back to the book and transcribe the notes you're still impressed by onto 4×6 cards
一两个星期后，回到这本书，把你依然印象深刻的笔记抄写到4×6卡纸上
Each card gets a category or theme in the top righthand corner (or you can use color-coded cards)
每张卡片的右上角标注类别或主题（或者可以使用颜色编码的卡片）
Organize the cards by category (or by chapter if you're working on a book project). This way you can move them around as you please and connect random ideas (the basis of creativity).
按类别组织卡片 （或按照章节排列）。你可以按照自己的喜好随意移动这些卡片，联想出任意的想法（创造力的基础）。
Maria Popova: Author & founder of Brain Pickings
Maria Popova︰ 作者，Brain Pickings的创始人
If you read Brainpickings.org, you'll quickly realize that Maria Popova either has a freakishly good memory or has devised an incredible way to store and organize thoughts.
如果你看了Brainpickings.org这个网站，你很快就会发现 Popova 记忆力出奇的好，也可能是她有一种存储和组织思想的不可思议的方法。
Turns out it's a little bit of both.
事实证明，两者皆有。
Maria relies on making her own indexes of books in order to quickly scan what's inside and connect it to what she's writing. Here's how it works:
玛丽亚靠她自己制作的索引能够快速浏览书里写了什么，而且能与她所写的内容联系起来。下面就是她的做法︰
While reading, highlight any passages or quotes you find interesting (making notes in the margin)
在阅读时，标记出任何你觉得有趣的篇章或句子 （空白处作笔记）
In the back (or front) of the book, create an index listing each page you’ve highlighted and what category the note should be under (This could be 'C' for creativity, or even the title of your latest project)
在这本书的背面 （或前面），把你做标记的页码创建一个索引目录，并且把它分类（可以用 'C' 表示创造力或者是你的最新项目的标题）
Austin Kleon: Artist, author, and poet
奥斯汀里昂︰ 艺术家、 作者和诗人
Artist and author Austin Kleon leverages the fact that our brains respond better to visual information by taking notes in a mind map fashion.
艺术家兼作者的奥斯汀里昂利用了这一事实，就是，我们的大脑能在思维导图方式下通过做笔记更好地应对视觉信息。
Here's how he explains it:
他是这么做的：
"I'm trying to construct a 2-D memory palace on paper. By making notes in a non-linear manner, by arranging images and words in space, I can see connections that would otherwise be impossible with just words written in sequence."
"我试图在纸上构建一个2D的记忆宫殿。通过非线性的方式做笔记，通过在空间里排列图像和文字，我可以看到文字序列无法呈现的其他方面的联系。"
Josh Kaufman: bestselling author of The Personal MBA
Josh Kaufman︰畅销书 The Personal MBA的作者
While not as intricate or as interesting as some of the other methods, Josh's method—named The McDowell Grid after Benchmark Revenue Management CEO Tyson McDowell—is an excellent way to connect new thoughts with your own opinions and ideas.
虽然不像其他一些错综复杂的方法，Josh Kaufman的方法一样有趣 — —在基准收益管理首席执行官之后，泰森麦克道尔的麦克道尔网格— — 是一种连接新的想法与你个人意见的好方法。
Here’s how The McDowell Grid works:
麦克道尔网格的读书方法是这样子的：
Create a simple 2-column grid
创建一个简单的 2 列网格
On one side, write the fact, thought, or quote you are impressed by
一列写事实，观点或使你印象深刻的句子
On the other side, write your own personal reaction and thought
另一边，写你自己的个人反应和想法
That's it! This way, when you revisit your reading notes later on, you'll be able to put yourself back into the same frame of mind you were in when you originally read.
就是这样的方法！这种方式能让你在重新浏览你的读书笔记后，让自己进入到第一次阅读时侯的心境。
看完Jory MacKay所列的方法和这些聪明人是怎么读书的，大家有所收益吗？
好的，我们来复习一下。
按照Jory MacKay所说，为了形成阅读记忆，这三点必不可少：印象、关联和重复。
首先是印象，要带着目的去阅读，阅读前，掌握该书的总结和评论；阅读期间，带着具体目标做一个冷酷的记录员；阅读后，深入了解材料。
其次是关联，跟自己以往的知识建立联系，早脑海中建立清晰的思维导图，构筑自己的知识宫殿。
最后，是重复。有记录、有组织的去重复浏览你感兴趣的那部分知识。
至于Jory MacKay所举的例子，大家可以选择适合自己的阅读方法来进行学习。
阅读是生活的极大乐趣之一。它能让我们在日常生活的忙碌中放松身心，而且带着目的去阅读还可以提高我们的技能，学习和借鉴别人的生活。
狄德罗说过，不读书的人，思想就会停止。
宋代诗人黄山谷也说过，一日不读书，尘生其中；两日不读书，言语乏味；三日不读书，面目可憎。
林语堂将这句话解释为，你三日不读书，别人就会觉得你语言无味，面目可憎。一个不爱读书的人往往是乏味的，因而也是不让人喜欢的。
周国平解释为，自己三日不读书，就会觉得自惭形秽，羞于对人说话，觉得没脸见人。
所以，同志们！为了“美”，为了不那么“面目可憎”，开始读书吧，像聪明人那样读书！
本文英文来源Quora，翻译为普特英语原创。
不转发就走吗么么(* ￣3)(ε￣ *)
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