【遗产漫步】活的生物进化博物馆和陈列室：加拉帕戈斯群岛
世界遗产是针对不可移动的有形遗产的一项全球性的保护计划。联合国教育、科学及文化组织第十七届大会于1972年11月16日在巴黎通过《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，这在人类的历史上是一个里程碑式的文件，标志着人类开始以崭新的角度审视人类自身和历史以及自然的关系。《世界遗产公约》建立了世界遗产这个保护体系。1992年联合国教科文组织建立了世界遗产中心（The World Heritage Centre，WHC)作为公约的秘书处。
世界遗产分为两大类：文化遗产（Cultural Heritage）和自然遗产(Natural Heritage)。世界遗产共有十条标准，前六条为文化遗产的标准，后四条为自然遗产的标准。如果同时符合文化遗产和自然遗产的标准，则为混合遗产（Mixed Cultural and Natural Heritage）。
到2017年，世界遗产名录已登录了1073处遗产，其中832处文化遗产，206处自然遗产，35处混合遗产，这些遗产分布在167个国家。这些遗产中包含37处共有遗产（跨国界），54处濒危遗产。到2017年1月，已有193个国家加入了《世界遗产公约》。目前拥有遗产最多的是意大利，有53处世界遗产，中国居第二位，为52处，其中36处文化遗产，12处自然遗产，4处混合遗产。
我们将陆续介绍典型的具有代表性的世界遗产，以促进大家对于世界遗产的了解。
1
遗产地背景
Galapagos is a small but unique group of 127 islands of which 19 are larger and straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean some 1,000 km in the west of the American continent. The Galapagos islands and their surrounding waters form the Galapagos Province of Ecuador. People find the island fascinating but sometimes unreal and seemingly inhospitable due to a strong volcanic activity that has completely transformed the landscape into a severe environment. However, everywhere the islands are full of life, incredible animal and plant species have learnt to adapt to these conditions. Galapagos have been called a unique 'living museum and showcase of evolution'. More than a century and a half ago, the insights gained by a British naturalist, Charles Darwin when he travelled to the islands are responsible for the absolute change of our view of the natural world. These islands are an ideal place where the processes of evolution may be more easily observed.
加拉帕戈斯是一个独特的小岛群，由19个岛及附属小岛组成，共127座岛屿，横跨距美洲大陆西部约1000公里的太平洋赤道。加拉帕戈斯群岛及其周围水域组成厄瓜多尔加拉帕戈斯省。岛屿风景秀丽，但一次剧烈的火山爆发让这些景观不复存在，环境也变得恶劣，使得小岛看起来荒凉无比。然而，多种不可思议的动植物已经学会适应这些条件，因此岛屿处处都充满生机。加拉帕戈斯被称为独一无二的“活的生物进化博物馆和陈列室”。大约一个半世纪以前，英国自然学家查尔斯·达尔文（Charles Darwin）游历至此，他独到的见解使我们对大自然的看法有了彻底改观。加拉帕戈斯群岛是更容易观察生物进化过程的理想场所。
图/在加拉帕戈斯群岛上的大龟
（图片来源：https://www.blueparallel.com/galapagos-islands-luxury-tours-ecuador-travel/）
图/加拉帕戈斯群岛图
（图片来源：https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galapagos_Islands_topographic_map-en.svg）
2
Compared to the age of the Earth, the Galapagos islands are young and were formed by magma which erupted from sea-bed. Covered with lava rocks, the ecosystem here is unique. The Galapagos are home for land ‘Iguana’ which mainly feed on ‘Cactus’ leaves and flowers yet unable to climb trees. Insufficient food on land has eventually made land iguana seek for nutrition in the ocean. Land iguana evolved into marine iguana, their round tail became flat to allow them to swim. The warm waters around the Galapagos provide a good breeding environment for algae good food for the marine iguana, however the environmental changes resulted in significant decrease in algae and plankton forcing marine iguana to reexplore the land in search for food, unfortunately they began to eat grass, something they do not usually feed on, black and white buttoned iguana never seen before appeared. Cross breed of land and marine iguana resulted into special sub-species of iguana with more capabilities such as climbing trees to find their favorite food ‘Cactus’. The iguanas have always been able to adapt themselves to their harsh environment.
与地球相比，加拉帕戈斯群岛是年轻的一代，由巨大的海底火山喷发形成，整个区域被熔岩覆盖，形成独特的生态系统。加拉帕戈斯是陆生鬣蜥的家园，陆生鬣蜥主要以仙人掌叶子和花朵为食，但不会爬树。陆地食物不足最终使它们到海洋中寻求营养，由此，陆生鬣蜥演变成海鬣蜥，强壮的尾巴使它们在海底游弋自如。加拉帕戈斯周围温暖的水域为海鬣蜥优质的藻类食物提供了良好的生长环境，然而环境变化导致藻类和浮游生物显著减少，迫使海鬣蜥重新寻找食源，不幸的是他们开始吃海草，而一般情况下它们是不以海草为食的，这就导致了以前从未见过的黑白鬣蜥的出现。陆生鬣蜥和海鬣蜥杂交产生了鬣蜥的特殊亚种，亚种有更多的能力，例如爬树，来寻找他们最喜欢的食物“仙人掌”。鬣蜥一直都能让自己适应恶劣的环境。
图/加拉帕戈斯群岛的海鬣蜥
（图片来源：https://theplanetd.com/marine-iguanas-feeding-underwater-amazing/）
3
The Galapagos Archipelago consists of 7,880 km2 of land spread over 45,000 km2 of ocean,97% of the total emerged surface was declared National Park in 1959 and human settlements are restricted to the remaining 3%. In 1978 UNESCO recognized the islands as a World Heritage Site and in 1984, as a biosphere reserve. This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve. In July 2010, the World Heritage Committee agreed to remove the Galapagos islands from its list of precious sites endangered by environmental threats or overuse. The heritage was inscribed on the WHS list under criteria vii, viii, ix and x.
加拉帕戈斯群岛陆地面积7,880平方公里，散布在45,000平方公里的海域，其中97%的陆地面积在1959年被规划为国家公园，居住区被限制在剩下3％的范围内。1978年，联合国教科文组织将其列为世界遗产，1984年成为生物圈保护区。后来在2001年12月海洋保护区也被容纳在内。2010年7月，世界遗产委员会同意将加拉帕戈斯群岛从“受到环境威胁或被过度使用的濒危遗产”名录中移除。根据世界遗产遴选标准vii、viii、ix和标准x，加拉帕戈斯群岛被列入世界遗产名录。
Criterion vii: The Galapagos displays a unique diversity of both land and underwater geomorphological forms. Marine Reserve offer a unique experience of diving with such beauty and diversity of marine life which cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
标准vii：加拉帕格斯展示了陆地和水底地貌的多样性。海洋保护区有着如此美丽和多样的海洋生物，它提供了独特的潜水体验，这在世界上其他地方是找不到的。
Criterion viii: The Galapagos islands are of significant geological interest and demonstrate the evolution of the younger volcanic areas (with less than one million years of existence) in the west and the older islands (with between three to five million years) in the east. Almost no other place in the world has such a complete continuum of geological and geomorphological features.
标准viii：加拉帕戈斯群岛在地质上有重要意义，它展现了西部年轻的火山地带（形成时间不到一百万年）和东部较老岛屿（三百万年至五百万年）的演变过程。世界上几乎没有其他地方有如此完整的地质连续体和地貌特征。
Criterion ix: The site constitutes an almost unique example of how ecological and biological processes have influenced the flora and fauna. The particularity of this site made the humanity discover the secrets of evolution since the publication of the “Voyage of the Beagle” by Charles Darwin in 1839. The islands’ plant and animal species such as iguanas, seabirds, sea lions, mockingbirds, land snails, giant tortoises, sharks, whale sharks, cetaceans, and other several plant and insect groups are some of the best examples of adaptive life that continues today.
标准ix：该群岛是关于生态过程和生物进程是如何影响动植物的一个罕见的例子。自1839年达尔文《小猎犬之旅》出版以来，因这个遗产的特征使得人类发现了进化的秘密。岛上的动植物物种如鬣蜥、海鸟、海狮、嘲鸟、陆地蜗牛、巨龟、鲨鱼、鲸鲨、鲸鱼和其他一些植物种类及昆虫等是适者生存的最好案例。
Criterion x: The islands have relatively high level of species diversity and endemism for such small and young oceanic islands and recent exploration of deep sea continue to bring new crucial discoveries. The islands have more than 180 endemic plant species, 12 native terrestrial mammal species, 36 endemic reptile species and 529 endemic marine species.
标准x：对于加拉帕戈斯群岛这些小型年轻海岛来说，它有着很高的物种多样性和特有性，最近的深海探索也继续带来新的重大发现。该群岛有180多种特有植物，12种特有陆生哺乳动物，36种特有爬行动物和529种特有海洋物种。
图/加拉帕戈斯群岛的海狮
（图片来源：http://www.blueplanetgreenliving.com/2010/08/13/blue-ocean-film-festival/）
图/加拉帕戈斯群岛的地貌特征
（图片来源：https://www.tcsworldtravel.com/blog/7-incredible-facts-about-the-galapagos-islands）
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Galapagos Islands, a National Park and World Heritage Site, is a ‘fragile’ ecosystem. Today there are more than 700 introduced species that have invaded large areas and progressively eliminating endemic life. The islands visitors are expected to act responsibly and to treat the environment with respect. Below are some exceptional rules of the Galapagos National Park Directorate (GNPD) that all visitors are expected to abide by while in the islands:
(1)It is your responsibility not to introduce food, animals, or plants into the Archipelago. Cooperate fully with all environmental inspection and quarantine officials during your visit.
(2)Practice “leave-no-trace” principles to maintain the beauty of the environment (Clean your shoes' soles before disembarking in the islands. You may have carried some seeds endemic to one island and would not want to introduce them to another).
(3)Maintain a distance of at least two meters from wildlife to avoid disturbing them, even if they approach you.
(4) Never feed wildlife, as this can cause health problems.
(5)Pack out all trash and dispose of or recycle it in the populated areas or on your tour boat.
(6)Do not take or buy any products or souvenirs made from banned substances, including black coral, shells, lava rock, animal parts, or any native wood or vegetation prior to leaving Galapagos. This is illegal and must be reported.
作为国家公园和世界遗产，加拉帕戈斯群岛是一个“脆弱”的生态系统。如今已有700多种外来物种入侵了大面积区域并在排挤本土生物。群岛的游客理应注意举止，敬畏自然。以下是加拉帕戈斯国家公园局（GNPD）的一些特殊规则，所有参观者在岛上都应遵守这些规则：
（1）不携带任何食物及动植物入岛。在游览期间，与所有环境检验检疫官员充分合作。
（2）练习“不留痕迹”以保持优美的环境（在离岛前清洁鞋底，因为您可能会携带某个岛屿特有的种子，而我们不希望把种子引进其他岛屿）。
（3）为了避免打扰野生动物，和它们保持至少两米的距离，即使他们会接近你。
（4）决不投食野生动物，因为这可能会导致健康问题。
（5）将所有垃圾打包或者在人群密集处或游船上处理回收。
（6）离开加拉帕戈斯时不要带走或购买任何由违禁品制成的产品或纪念品，包括黑珊瑚、贝壳、熔岩、动物躯体或任何原生木材、植物。这是非法的，必须给予通报。
作者： 奥利弗，曹新
翻译：王界贤
参考文献
资料来源：根据世界遗产中心、加拉帕戈斯群岛国家公园官网 (GNPD)的相关资料整理
[1] http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1
[2] http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/497
[3] https://www.galapagos.org/travel/travel/park-rules/
（本文由北京林业大学园林学院投稿分享 转载请联系风景园林网 。）
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