数字巨头的审判时刻:美司法部诉苹果案的动向与前景
The following article is from 复旦中美友好互信合作计划 Author 李亚琦、何文翔
* “中美友好互信合作计划”是由复旦发展研究院和丰实集团共同打造的中美关系研究的学术平台
当地时间2024年3月21日,美国司法部连同15州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区向新泽西州法院提起诉讼,指控苹果采用了“依赖排他性、反竞争行为”的策略,垄断智能手机市场,破坏良性竞争、损害公众利益。司法部官员还表示,不排除苹果公司会面临“结构性补救措施”或被分拆。该诉讼案直指苹果iPhone手机产品,认为其智能手机生态系统具有“排外性”,使公司免于竞争并得以提高商品价格牟利。苹果公司则回应道将“辩争到底”,并认为这起诉讼“在事实和法理上都是错误的”。
近期美国政府对数字科技巨头的监管愈趋频繁,此次苹果公司一案便是最新动向,而对这个庞然大物“开刀”着实艰难。起诉书直指苹果公司占支配地位的智能手机平台和生态系统,使公司市值“飙升至天文数字”。按收入计算,苹果在美国智能手机市场的份额超过65%,高端市场的份额则超70%。但起诉案的效果无疑立竿见影。2024年3月22日下午美股收盘,苹果股价跌幅超过4%,总市值蒸发了约1130亿美元。聚焦到具体内容,美司法部是如何论证诉讼立场的?在美拜登政府乃至全球的监管下,苹果等科技巨头将如何生存与抗争?未来,美国“政府-社会-科技”之间的三重生态关系又将如何演化?
苹果遭诉讼的进展与回溯
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核心指控:系统绑定与“生态霸权”
在长达88页的诉讼书中,司法部律师指控苹果公司违反《谢尔曼反垄断法》(Sherman Antitrust Act)第2条,指控苹果利用其市场地位限制竞争、损害供求两端利益:消费者的选择更少支付价格更高、获得服务质量较低,而开发者则不得不遵守苹果的规则。起诉书重点列出了苹果垄断行为的五大领域:超级应用、云游戏应用、跨系统短信发送、智能手表匹配和移动支付。
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诉讼之前:“苹果税”与全球围剿
促进创新的监管:数字时代的反垄断政策
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工业发展和加强监管:美国历史的长期经验
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“火力全开”:拜登政府的反垄断变化
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美国和国际监管动态:反垄断法律的革新动能
“民众vs大科技”:重塑科技巨头与社会互动的未来
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“民众之敌”:Big Tech的社会心理变化
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“大平台友好”的美国政治不复返?
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苹果和时代的课题:“创新-监管”二重关系的再思考
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