其他
“孩子,明明说好的规则,为啥你转头就不认?”
“妈妈,我再看一集动画片,就再看一集!”
“凭什么,爸爸可以玩手机,我不可以?”
“妈妈,如果我写完作业,就看两集动画片,可以吗?
......
👆Photo by Colin Maynard, Unsplash
Marcus教授和同事们,给7个月大的婴儿呈现ABA语法规则的声音刺激,如“ga ti ga”和“la ni la”。测试阶段,给婴儿听与ABA语法规则相同的声音(“we fe we”),或不同结构的声音,如ABB结构(“we fe fe”)。结果发现,婴儿对不同结构的声音反应时间更长,也就是说婴儿能够依据刺激间的抽象关系,来学习相关的规则 [3]。
此后的研究还表明,婴儿规则学习的能力,不仅仅局限于语言学习任务中。给婴儿呈现简单的视觉刺激,他们也能够区分出相同结构和不同结构的刺激。
👆婴儿规则学习研究所使用的动物图片, 左边是ABA结构,右边是ABB结构[4]
👆婴儿只在呈现出开心表情而非愤怒表情的刺激下发现了规则 , 即发现ABA和ABB结构的不同[6]
无论何种情况,这一年龄段的幼儿们在提出异议时,一般都只是直接说,“你不可以这样做”,或直接回答“是/不是”,而不会给出相应的解释,因为要解释对方为什么做错了,对他们来说,还太难了[7]。
👆玩游戏是儿童学习规则的重要途径,Photo by Fabian Centeno, Unsplash
观察和模仿
从社会关系中学习
从冲突中学习
成人指导
👆情绪和规则的关系是幼儿需要学习的课题,Photo by Zachary Kadolph, Unsplash
另外,教孩子学习规则时保持稳定的情绪,做个好的榜样,培养良好的亲子关系以及让孩子发挥想象制定规则,也能帮助孩子更好地学习规则。
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参考文献丨
[1] Gervain, J., Macagno, F., Cogoi, S., Peña, M., & Mehler, J. (2008). The neonate brain detects speech structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(37), 14222–14227. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806530105[2] Marcus, Gary F., Fernandes, K. J., & Johnson, S. P. (2007). Infant rule learning facilitated by speech: Research report. Psychological Science, 18(5), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01910.x[3] Marcus, G. F., Vijayan, S., Bandi Rao, S., & Vishton, P. M. (1999). Rule learning by seven-month-old infants. Science, 283(5398), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5398.77[4] Saffran, J. R., Pollak, S. D., Seibel, R. L., & Shkolnik, A. (2007). Dog is a dog is a dog: Infant rule learning is not specific to language. Cognition, 105(3), 669–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.11.004[5] Murphy, R. A., Mondragón, E., & Murphy, V. A. (2008). Rule learning by rats. Science, 319(5871), 1849–1851. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151564[6] Quadrelli, E., Brenna, V., Monacò, S., Turati, C., & Bulf, H. (2020). Emotional facial expressions affect visual rule learning in 7- to 8-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 61(May), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101501[7] Mammen, M., Köymen, B., & Tomasello, M. (2018). The reasons young children give to peers when explaining their judgments of moral and conventional rules. Developmental Psychology, 54(2), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000424[8] Schmidt, M. F. H., Butler, L. P., Heinz, J., & Tomasello, M. (2016). Young Children See a Single Action and Infer a Social Norm: Promiscuous Normativity in 3-Year-Olds. Psychological Science, 27(10), 1360–1370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616661182[9] Wang, Z., Williamson, R. A., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Imitation as a mechanism in cognitive development: A cross-cultural investigation of 4-year-old children’s rule learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(MAY), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00562[10] Bigelow, B. J., Tesson, G., & Lewko, J. H. (1992). The social rules that children use: Close friends, other friends, and" other kids" compared to parents, teachers, and siblings. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15(3), 315-335.[11] Piotrowski, C. (1997). Rules of Everyday Family Life: The Development of Social Rules in Mother-Child and Sibling Relationships. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(3), 571–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502597384794[12] Lagattuta, K. H. (2008). Young children’s knowledge about the influence of thoughts on emotions in rule situations. Developmental Science, 11(6), 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00727.x[13] Lagattuta, K. H., Nucci, L., & Bosacki, S. L. (2010). Bridging theory of mind and the personal domain: Children’s reasoning about resistance to parental control. Child Development, 81(2), 616–635. [] https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01419.x 相关推荐
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