成果｜陈志钢等：中国农业合作社合作寿命影响因素及农业推广服务对农药使用的影响
浙江大学中国农村发展研究院国际院长、国际食物政策研究所（IFPRI）资深研究员陈志钢教授、中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院副院长钟真、北京理工大学人文与社会科学学院副教授张超等在SCI期刊International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability合作发表两篇文章，分别讨论了中国农业合作社合作寿命影响因素及农业推广服务对农药使用的影响。
风险分担、利益分配及合作寿命：中国奶农合作社的可持续发展
Risk sharing, benefit distribution and cooperation longevity: sustainable development of dairy farmer cooperatives in China
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
Zhen Zhong, Fu Jia, Wenjin Long & Kevin Z. Chen
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2022.2041229
◇ 摘要：
合作社的可持续发展对农业可持续性至关重要，而合作寿命是其主要决定因素。风险分担和利益分配机制是影响成员异构型合作社合作寿命的重要治理安排。然而，合作社的风险分担和利益分配安排与合作寿命之间的关系尚不清楚。为了填补这一研究空白，我们提供了一个概念框架来说明风险分担、利益分配、合同形式及合作寿命之间的关系。通过使用多案例研究方法对中国三个乳业合作社进行的23 次访谈，我们发现合作社及其成员的风险分担及利益分配一致性影响了合作寿命。遵循风险-收益对等和策略-风险偏好匹配的原则，我们讨论了风险分担和收益分配组合匹配或不匹配的四种情况。我们建议政府增强合作社及其成员的风险缓释能力，帮助建立有效的风险分担和利益分配机制，以实现可持续发展。
Abstract：
The sustainable development of cooperatives is essential to agricultural sustainability and is determined mainly by cooperation longevity. The risk sharing and benefit distribution mechanisms are important governance arrangements that affect cooperation longevity in member-heterogeneous cooperatives. However, the relationship between cooperatives’ risk sharing and benefit distribution arrangements and cooperation longevity is not well understood. To address this research gap, we provide a conceptual framework to illustrate the relationship between risk sharing, benefit distribution, contract form and cooperation longevity. By conducting 23 interviews with three dairy cooperatives in China using a multiple-case-study method, we find that cooperation longevity is influenced by the alignment of the combination of risk sharing and benefit distribution for cooperatives and their members. Following the principles of risk-benefit equivalence and strategy-risk preference matching, we discuss four scenarios of match or mismatch of combinations of risk sharing and benefit distribution. We suggest that the government needs to strengthen risk mitigation capabilities for cooperatives and members, and to help them to build an effective risk sharing and benefit distribution arrangement to achieve sustainable development.
2000 年代中期以来改革后时期中国农业推广服务对农药使用的影响：来自水稻生产的证据
Effect of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era since the mid-2000s on pesticide use in China: evidence from rice production
International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability
Yang Lin, Ruifa Hu, Chao Zhang and Kevin Chen
DOI：https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2022.2028399
◇ 摘要：
农药的过度使用导致了严重的生态问题。农业推广服务在影响农民农药使用方面发挥着关键作用。中国拥有世界上最大的公共农业推广体系，在过去的四十年里经历了曲折的改革之路。然而，自 2000 年代中期以来，关于农业推广服务在改革后时代影响的实证很少。本研究利用 2016 年和 2018 年对 1963 名稻农的调查数据，检验了改革后中国农业推广服务对农药使用的影响。我们的结果表明，调查中只有 22.5%的农民采用了农业推广服务。在解决了自选择性问题后，处理效应模型显示，改革后的农业推广服务使农药使用总量减少 3.01 公斤/公顷，活性成分使用量减少 0.86 公斤/公顷，且与水稻生产相关的农药支出减少 250 元/公顷。我们的研究结果提供了充分的证据，证明改革后时代的农业推广服务可以减少水稻生产过程中的农药使用。要更加有效地加强农业推广服务提供，鼓励农民接受这些服务。
Abstract：
Pesticide overuse has resulted in serious ecological problems. Agricultural extension services play a key role in influencing farmers’ pesticide use. China has the world's largest public agricultural extension system, which has experienced a twisting path of reforms over the past four decades. However, there is little empirical evidence regarding the effects of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era since the mid-2000s. This study examines the effect of agricultural extension services in the post-reform era on pesticide use in China, using survey data of 1963 rice farmers in 2016 and 2018. Our results indicate that only 22.5% of surveyed farmers adopted agricultural extension services. After addressing the self-selectivity issue, the treatment effects model revealed that agricultural extension services in the post-reform era resulted in a 3.01 kg/ha reduction in total pesticide use, a 0.86 kg/ha reduction in application rate of active ingredients, and a 250 CNY/ha reduction in pesticide expenditure related to rice production. Our findings provide sound evidence that agricultural extension services in the post-reform era can result in a reduction in pesticide use for rice production. More effective efforts should be made to reinforce the provision of agricultural extension services and encourage farmers to adopt these services.