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美国财政会破产吗?(附相关发布会议程)

王文 人大重阳 2021-02-06

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      自2020年疫情暴发之后,美国政府开启无限量货币宽松政策。这导致美联储资产负债表规模迅速从近4万亿美元上升至7万亿美元,美国国家公共债务规模也从2019年底的23.2万亿美元,上升至2020年10月的27万亿美元,预计将在2021年初接近30万亿美元的规模。中国人民大学重阳金融研究院王文、贾晋京、崔一喆三位研究人员在知名学术期刊《现代国际关系》2020年9月期刊发《美国“财务僵尸化”及其演化趋势》一文,分析美国在巨大沉重的债务负担下的世界形势。为此,人大重阳还专门推出“美元动态系列研究报告”并召开相关研讨会。现将议程安排如下:



美元动态论坛(2020年第三季度)

“美元动态与世界变局”研讨暨成果发布会

主办方:中国人民大学重阳金融研究院

《现代国际关系》杂志社

时间:2020年10月24日(星期六)19:00-21:00

形式:线上、线下结合

主持人:王文,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院执行院长

议程:

19:00-19:10 致辞

刘元春,中国人民大学副校长

傅梦孜,中国现代国际关系研究院副院长

19:10-19:50 主旨演讲

金中夏,中国驻IMF执行董事

科勒德克,波兰原副总理兼财政部长

19:50-20:00 报告发布

期刊介绍:何桂全,《现代国际关系》杂志社主编

报告主题:《美国“财务僵尸化”及其演化趋势》

报告发布人:贾晋京,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院助理院长崔一喆,助理研究员

20:00-21:00 研讨:美元动态与世界变局

主持人:刘  英,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院合作研究部主任

研讨嘉宾:

魏本华,中国外汇管理局原副局长

廖   群,中信国际首席经济学家

边卫红,中国银行研究院主管、研究员

刘志勤,中国人民大学重阳金融研究院高级研究员

涂永红,中国人民大学国际货币研究所副所长观众参会方式:
1、现场参会;2、直播间参会。

现场报名方式:(在场听众限额报名30人)

1.报名电话:010-62516025-8039(工作时间周一至周五9:00-17:30);2.发送“美元动态论坛-姓名-单位/职务-手机号”至邮箱rdcy-baoming@ruc.edu.cn;3.关注“人大重阳”微信号rdcy2013,留言“美元动态论坛-姓名-单位/职务-手机号”即可报名;

4.扫描识别下方小程序二维码报名现场参会。

(进入“人大重阳Club”了解更多活动)



美国财政会破产吗?



编者按:美国可以说是在向国家破产的方向上加速前进。中国人民大学重阳金融研究院执行院长王文在环球时报英文版第54篇“变局”专栏中表示,美国现在正出现“财务僵尸化”的现象,大规模的个人与家庭破产很有可能将会出现,新一轮的次贷危机一触即发。本期人大重阳君为您推荐专栏的英文版、中文译文


本文英文版在环球时报的版面截图

  我与同事贾晋京、崔一喆在著名学术期刊《现代国际关系》新一期上刚发表的一篇题为《美国“财务僵尸化”及其演化趋势》论文,发现了一个非常重要的现象:美国现在正出现了“财务僵尸化”的现象。

  如果以审视公司的态度去看待美国的话,这家“公司”由于长期的治理混乱与债台高筑,正处在濒临破产的边缘。现在看来,美国的国家形象已几近破产,“去美元化”之势也已形成,只不过美国是一个主权国家,通过依赖其帝国体系得以支撑。

  从经济治理的角度上来讲,美国政府体制与公司治理体制十分类似。在这个体制中,美国联邦政府相当于管理层,国会相当于董事会,美国总统则类似于四年轮选一次的CEO。此外,每一个美国公民都相当于持有“美国股权”的小股东,美国大选其实更类似于公司召开股东大会。

  以公司财务的尺度来衡量,美国政府已经“资不抵债”了,财政上必须依靠贷款和赤字支持才能维持运作,在公司治理领域通常称之为“僵尸企业”,由此可以衍生出一个新概念,即“国家财务僵尸化”。

  澳大利亚经济学家约翰·奎金最早提出“僵尸经济”的概念,是指当今绝大多数的资本主义国家经济正面临着从负担繁重的房贷到漫天如雪的信贷卡账单,从昂贵的奢侈品列表到吞噬健康的医疗费用单,巨大的个人财政压力如僵尸般呼啸而来的状况,进而使国家陷入“僵尸经济”的泥沼之中。

  当国家财政政策无法支撑“僵尸经济”持续存在时,国家“财务僵尸化”的现象也就随之而来了。

  自2020年新冠疫情暴发以来,美国政府出台了一系列的财政与货币刺激政策支持经济复苏,美联储也迅速将基准利率重新下调至0%-0.25%的历史最低水平,同时开启无限量货币宽松政策,并购买了大量的各类债券。美联储资产负债表规模迅速从近4万亿美元上升至7万亿美元,美国国家公共债务规模也从2019年底的23.2万亿美元,上升至2020年10月的26.8万亿美元,预计将在2021年初接近30万亿美元的规模。

  短短半年的时间里,美联储资产负债表就增加了2.89万亿美元,增幅接近70%,几乎追上2008年至2014年资产负债表增长额之和。糟糕的经济形势使美国逐渐陷入“赤字”死循环,其财政与货币政策正处于一种寅吃卯粮的被动局面。

  虽然,美元货币供应量大增暂时缓解了金融市场的流动性危机,但也使本应清算的美国资产泡沫重新快速膨胀,长期来看这不过是在强行拖延时间,并且将导致美国金融市场泡沫化愈演愈烈,最终只能导致更为糟糕的结果。

  根据德意志银行的数据显示,现在每五家美国上市公司中就有一家是“僵尸公司”,这个比例相较于2013年增长了近一倍,美联储持续的货币政策支持也不过是为了让本该破产的美国企业苟延残喘。

  当前,美国81%的住宅业主在本轮疫情中都曾感受到了前所未有的个人财务压力。47%的被调查者表示,如果经济状况持续恶化,他们将不得不出售自己的住宅。此外,近期美国房屋贷款违约率已经达到了10%,超过了2008年金融危机时的峰值。大规模的个人与家庭破产很有可能将会出现,新一轮的次贷危机一触即发。

  在2008年金融危机以及2020年的疫情冲击下,美国所谓的民主神话、国家神话、财富神话、社会神话与价值神话都在逐渐破灭。多年以来随着财政赤字不断扩张,美国债务规模快速积累,美国可以说是在向国家破产的方向上加速前进。

  不能肯定地说,美国必然破产,但至少可以说,新冠疫情下美国急速坠入“财务僵尸化”深渊,是资本与技术关系发生以百年为周期衡量重大变化的集中表现,也使世界形势发展进入下一个百年级的“历史十字路口”。

以下为英文版

Is US a ‘financial zombie’ going bankrupt?

By Wang Wen

In an essay co-published by my colleagues and me in the latest edition of the renowned Chinese journal Contemporary International Relations, we revealed our findings that the US is becoming a "financial zombie."

If we took the US as a company, it would be on the verge of bankruptcy due to its long-term chaotic governance and high debt. It now appears that the national image of the US has almost gone bankrupt. The trend of "de-dollarization" has also taken shape. The main difference, though, is that the US is a sovereign country, supported by its imperial system.

From the perspective of economic governance, the US government is very similar to a corporation. In this system, the US federal government is equivalent to the management; the Congress is the board of directors; and the US president is similar to a CEO elected once every four years. In addition, every US citizen can be regarded as a minority shareholder holding "American equity." The US election is actually more like a company holding a general meeting of shareholders.

In terms of corporate finance, the US government has become "insolvent." It has to rely on loans and deficits to maintain operations. In the field of corporate governance, this is usually called a "zombie enterprise." In this sense, the US is allowing for a term to be coined: the "nationally financial zombie."

Australian economist John Quiggin first put forward the concept of "Zombie Economics," which means that the economy of most capitalist countries is facing the situation from heavy housing loans to mounting credit card bills; from expensive luxury list to health care bills; and huge personal financial pressure roaring like zombies, which drag the country into the mire of "Zombie Economics."

When the national fiscal policy cannot support the existence of "Zombie Economics," the phenomenon of a "financial zombie" will follow.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the US government has issued a series of fiscal and monetary stimulus policies to support economic recovery. The US Federal Reserve has also rapidly lowered benchmark interest rates to historically low levels of zero to 0.25 percent, launched unlimited monetary easing policies, and purchased a large number of various bonds. 

The size of the US Federal Reserve's balance sheet has rapidly increased from nearly $4 trillion to more than $7 trillion in one year. The scale of US national public debt has also increased from $23.2 trillion at the end of 2019 to over $27 trillion in October 2020. It is expected to be close to $30 trillion by the end of 2021.

In just half a year, the Fed's balance sheet has increased by $2.89 trillion, an increase of nearly 70 percent - making it almost catch up with the total of the balance sheet growth between 2008 and 2014. The terrible economic situation has gradually plunged the US into an endless loop of "deficits." And now its fiscal and monetary policies are in a passive state of deficit spending.

Although huge increases in the US dollar supply temporarily alleviated liquidity crises in the financial markets, it also made a US asset bubble that should have been settled to re-expand rapidly. In the long run, this is just a hard time delay. It will eventually lead to a bubble in the US financial markets, with worsening results.

According to data compiled by Deutsche Bank Securities, nearly one in every five publicly traded US companies is a "zombie," this is double the amount compared with figures in 2013. The Fed's continued monetary policy support only serves to prolong the survival of American companies that should have gone bankrupt.

Under the impact of the financial crisis in 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the so-called myths of US styled democracy, wealth, and values are shattering. Over the years, with the continuous expansion of the fiscal deficit and the rapid accumulation of the size of American debt, it can be argued that the US is accelerating its own national bankruptcy.

It is not certain whether the US is bound to go bankrupt. But it can at least be said that the rapid fall of the US into the abyss of "financial zombification" under the COVID-19 pandemic is well underway. One can see that major changes in the relationship between capital and technology are at a major "historical crossroad." 

The author is professor and executive dean of Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies at Renmin University of China, and executive director of China-US People-to-People Exchange Research Center. His latest book is Great Power's Long March Road.



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中国人民大学重阳金融研究院(人大重阳)成立于2013年1月19日,是重阳投资董事长裘国根先生向母校捐赠并设立教育基金运营的主要资助项目。


作为中国特色新型智库,人大重阳聘请了全球数十位前政要、银行家、知名学者为高级研究员,旨在关注现实、建言国家、服务人民。目前,人大重阳下设7个部门、运营管理4个中心(生态金融研究中心、全球治理研究中心、中美人文交流研究中心、中俄人文交流研究中心)。近年来,人大重阳在金融发展、全球治理、大国关系、宏观政策等研究领域在国内外均具有较高认可度。






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