祝自己节日快乐：）
今天，1024，传说中「程序员的节日」，就祝自己节日快乐吧：）
为什么是1024呢，因为1024=2¹⁰，程序员最熟悉的二进制啦。顺便插一个冷知识，世界上有10种人，一种懂二进制，另一种不懂。
无注释原文：
Are women better coders than men?
The Christian Science Monitor
February 13, 2016
Women's code is accepted more often on open-source software site GitHub – as long as their gender is unknown. So why doesn't Silicon Valley have more female programmers?
A new study of the open-source software-development website GitHub found that women coders have work accepted at a higher rate than their male counterparts. The caveat: this is only true when the coder’s gender can’t be identified.
This is not what the researchers from North Carolina State University and California Polytechnic State University had expected to find. Surely, the team hypothesized, because of gender bias, women coders' work will be evaluated more harshly and accepted less frequently than men’s.
“The hypothesis is not only false, but it is in the opposite direction than expected; women tend to have their pull requests accepted at a higher rate than men!” the researchers reported in a draft paper that has not yet been reviewed by other scientists.
The researchers' cynical hypothesis was not surprising. It reflects previous gender bias research and the hiring trends among leading American technology firms, where employee diversity is lower than in the rest of the workforce.
Firms like Apple, Google, Facebook and Twitter, based on their own reporting, on average employ less than 20 percent women in tech positions.
On GitHub, the researchers evaluated 1.4 million coders whose gender they could infer by mining contributors’ Google profiles. They matched coders with their code contributions, or "pull requests" as they are called on GitHub, a crowdsourcing platform used by 12 million developers to contribute code to open-source software-building projects.
They found that code from women was accepted at a higher rate, 78.6 percent, than code from men, 74.6 percent. That acceptance rate dropped for women who were not well known within the GitHub community and whose gender was identifiable – from their profile photos, for instance.
Researchers looked at a number of factors to try to explain this. Were women more likely to respond to urgent project requests? Was their code shorter and easier to evaluate? Were they using preferred programming languages? Was their code selected because they are women?
No, no, no, and no. So ... why?
The paper authors have some speculations, but say that more research needs to be done.
“While our big data study does not definitely prove that differences between gendered interactions are caused by bias among individuals, the trends observed in this paper are troubling,” wrote the team in its paper draft.
“The frequent refrain that open source is a pure meritocracy must be reexamined,” they concluded.
At one time, the technology industry was seen as a hub of opportunity for anyone with a computer and a million-dollar idea.
That image crumbled as technology companies started to release data about the diversity – or, more accurately, the lack of diversity –of their workforces.
Intel has reported that 76 percent of its employees are male. Microsoft looks similar, with a bigger gender split among managers, 88 percent of whom are male, as Mashable has reported. This trend is reflected among most major tech companies, nearly all of which are also majority white.
"To be honest, no one is really getting it right," said Candice Morgan, who last month became the first head of diversity at Pinterest, to Mashable. "I think that intentions are good, but because this is a younger focus for this industry, all of us have a lot to do."
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Are women better coders than men?
The Christian Science Monitor
February 13, 2016
Women's code is accepted more often on open-source software site GitHub – as long as their gender is unknown. So why doesn't Silicon Valley have more female programmers?
在开源软件网站GitHub上，女性提交的代码更能够被接受--只要她们的性别是未知的。那么，为什么硅谷没有更多的女性程序员？
A new study of the open-source software-development website GitHub found that women coders have work accepted at a higher rate than their male counterparts. The caveat: this is only true when the coder's gender can’t be identified.
对开源软件开发网站GitHub的一项新研究发现，女性程序员提交的代码接受率高于男性同行。需要注意的是：只有在无法判断程序员的性别时才是如此。
counterpart
counterpart一词经常出现，counter-表示“相反的；对立的；相应的”（opposite; against; in return; corresponding），和part一起就是“对立的，相应的事物”，从而表示“职位相当的人；作用相当的事物”，英文解释为“Somene's or something's counterpart is another person or thing that has a similar function or position in a different place.”
caveat
caveat /ˈkeɪvɪˌæt/ 表示“（进一步行动前的）警告，告诫；限制条款”，英文解释为“a warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement”举个🌰：
He agreed to the interview, with the caveat that he could approve the final article.
他答应接受访问，条件是访问稿刊登前须经他同意。
identify
表示“认出，识别”，英文解释为“to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is”举个🌰：
Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
就连年龄最小的婴儿也能根据声音分辨出自己的妈妈。
2）表示“确定；发现”，英文解释为“to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists”举个🌰：
The research will be used to identify training needs.
该研究将用来确定培训的需求。
This is not what the researchers from North Carolina State University and California Polytechnic State University had expected to find. Surely, the team hypothesized, because of gender bias, women coders' work will be evaluated more harshly and accepted less frequently than men's.
这并不是来自北卡罗来纳州立大学（North Carolina State University）和加州理工大学（California Polytechnic State University）的研究人员所期望的结果。当然，该团队假设，由于性别偏见，女性程序员的代码将比男性的代码得到更严厉的评价且更不被接受。
hypothesize
hypothesize /haɪˈpɑːθəsaɪz/ 表示“假设，假定”，英文解释为“to give a possible but not yet proved explanation for something”举个🌰：
There's no point hypothesizing about how the accident happened, since we'll never really know.
假定事故是如何发生的没有任何意义，因为我们永远也不会知道真实情况是怎样的。
bias
表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：
Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias.
雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。
harsh
1）表示“令人不快的；严酷的；（无端地）严厉的”，英文解释为“unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary”如：harsh criticism 严厉的批评。
2）表示“刺眼的；刺耳的；过于强烈的”，英文解释为“too strong, bright, loud, etc.”如：harsh lighting 刺眼的光线。
“The hypothesis is not only false, but it is in the opposite direction than expected; women tend to have their pull requests accepted at a higher rate than men!” the researchers reported in a draft paper that has not yet been reviewed by other scientists.
“这个假设不仅是错误的，而且与预期的方向相反；女性的合并请求（Pull Request）被接受的比率往往高于男性！”研究人员在一篇尚未被其他科学家审稿的论文草稿中提到。
pull request
GitHub是一个开源社区，代码托管平台，你可以在上面新建项目，提交代码。如果其他用户看到你的代码，想给你项目做贡献，比如修改、完善代码，那就需要pull request，这个操作提交给你审核，相当于把他/她自己写的那部分代码合并到你原来的项目中。
review
表示“审查，复查；重新考虑”，英文解释为“to carefully examine or consider sth again, especially so that you can decide if it is necessary to make changes”如：to review the evidence 复查证据。
The researchers' cynical hypothesis was not surprising. It reflects previous gender bias research and the hiring trends among leading American technology firms, where employee diversity is lower than in the rest of the workforce.
研究人员的嘲讽性假设并不令人惊讶。它反映了以前的性别偏见研究和美国主要技术公司的招聘趋势，这些公司的员工多元化低于其他劳动力。
cynical
cynical /ˈsɪnɪkl/ 1）表示“愤世嫉俗的；怀疑人之真诚的；认为人皆自私的”，英文解释为“believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere”如：a cynical view/smile 愤世嫉俗的观点。
2）表示“利用他人感情的；损人利己的”，英文解释为“used to say that someone's feelings or emotions are used to your own advantage”。
3）表示“悲观的；怀疑的”，英文解释为“not believing that sth good will happen or that sth is important”举个🌰：
I'm a bit cynical about the benefits of the plan.
我对这项计划的成效有点儿怀疑。
diversity
表示“多样性，多样化”，英文解释为“the fact of many different types of things or people being included in something; a range of different things or people”举个🌰：
Does television adequately reflect the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country?
电视节目能充分反映出这个国家民族和文化的多样性吗？
Firms like Apple, Google, Facebook and Twitter, based on their own reporting, on average employ less than 20 percent women in tech positions.
像苹果、谷歌、Facebook和Twitter这样的公司，根据他们自己的报告，在技术岗位上平均雇用不到20%的女性。
On GitHub, the researchers evaluated 1.4 million coders whose gender they could infer by mining contributors' Google profiles. They matched coders with their code contributions, or "pull requests" as they are called on GitHub, a crowdsourcing platform used by 12 million developers to contribute code to open-source software-building projects.
在GitHub上，研究人员评估了140万名程序员，他们可以通过挖掘贡献者的谷歌资料来推断其性别。他们将程序员与他们的代码贡献相匹配，或者在GitHub上称之为“合并请求”。GitHub是一个众包平台，有1200万开发者使用该平台为开源软件建设项目贡献代码。
profile
profile一词经常出现，1）表示“（有关某人的）简介，概况”，英文解释为“A profile of someone is a short article or programme in which their life and character are described.”举个🌰：
A newspaper published comparative profiles of the candidates' wives.
一份报纸刊登了候选人妻子们的对比简介。
2）表示“关注度”，英文解释为“If someone has a high profile, people notice them and what they do. If you keep a low profile, you avoid doing things that will make people notice you.”常用：a high profile 惹人注目/关注；高姿态，a low profile 不惹人注目，低姿态；如：a move that would give Egypt a much higher profile in the upcoming peace talks 会给埃及在即将到来的和平谈判中高关注度的一个行动。
📍顺便插一句，如果你把微信语言设置成英文，你就会发现微信官方把头像处理成：Profile Photo，上面的“My Profile”对应的中文则是“个人信息”。
crowdsource
表示“（网上）众包，群众外包”，英文解释为“to give tasks to a large group of people or to the general public, for example, by asking for help on the internet, rather than having tasks done within a company by employees”举个🌰：
The company plans to crowdsource the translation of its new web app.
这家公司计划把翻译其新网络应用程序的工作通过众包完成。
📍2016年政府工作报告提到十大新词之一：打造众创、众包、众扶、众筹平台，Platforms will be created for crowd innovation, crowd support, crowdsourcing, and crowdfunding,
They found that code from women was accepted at a higher rate, 78.6 percent, than code from men, 74.6 percent. That acceptance rate dropped for women who were not well known within the GitHub community and whose gender was identifiable – from their profile photos, for instance.
他们发现，女性的代码被接受的比例（78.6%）比男性的代码（74.6%）高。对于那些在GitHub社区中不太出名的女性，以及可以识别其性别的女性，例如，从她们的头像中可以看出，接受率有所下降。
Researchers looked at a number of factors to try to explain this. Were women more likely to respond to urgent project requests? Was their code shorter and easier to evaluate? Were they using preferred programming languages? Was their code selected because they are women?
研究人员研究了一些因素，试图解释这个问题。女性是否更有可能对紧急项目请求作出回应？她们的代码是否更短，更容易评估？她们是否使用偏好的编程语言？她们的代码被选中是因为她们是女性吗？
No, no, no, and no. So ... why?
不，不，不，都不是。那么......为什么？
The paper authors have some speculations, but say that more research needs to be done.
论文作者有一些猜测，但表示还需要做更多的研究。
speculation
表示“推测；猜测；推断”，英文解释为“the act of forming opinions about what has happened or what might happen without knowing all the facts”举个🌰：
There was widespread speculation that she was going to resign.
人们纷纷推测她将辞职。
“While our big data study does not definitely prove that differences between gendered interactions are caused by bias among individuals, the trends observed in this paper are troubling,” wrote the team in its paper draft.
“虽然我们的大数据研究并不能肯定地证明性别互动之间的差异是由个人之间的偏见造成的，但本文中观察到的趋势是令人不安的，”该团队在其论文草稿中写道。
“The frequent refrain that open source is a pure meritocracy must be reexamined,” they concluded.
他们总结说，“必须重新审视开源是纯粹的才能至上这一经常被提及的说法。”
refrain
通常作动词，表示“忍住；克制”，英文解释为“If you refrain from doing something, you deliberately do not do it.”举个🌰：
He refrained from making any comment.
他忍住了没做任何评论。
📍此处熟词僻义，refrain作名词表示“副歌；一再重复的话”，如：a refrain from an old song 一首老歌的副歌，举个🌰：
Her constant refrain is that she doesn't have a life.
她总是不断重复的一句话就是她生活得很无聊。
meritocracy
meritocracy /ˌmɛrɪˈtɒkrəsɪ/ 表示“精英领导体制；精英管理的社会”，英文解释为“a social system, society, or organization in which people have power because of their abilities, not because of their money or social position”。
📍菁英政治、菁英治国、任人唯才、唯才是用或选贤举能（Meritocracy）通常是指一种政治哲学思想，主张权力的分配应根据个人之才能与功绩。在这种体系内，个人的上位与进阶是基于其在该领域内的功绩和经考试检定的智慧天赋。（Wikipedia）
📍形容词性：meritocratic /ˌmɛrɪtəˈkrætɪk/ 表示“（社会或社会制度）评功论赏的；任人唯才的；以功绩定地位的；精英管理的”（A meritocratic society or social system gives people status or rewards because of what they achieve, rather than because of their wealth or social position.）
At one time, the technology industry was seen as a hub of opportunity for anyone with a computer and a million-dollar idea.
曾几何时，技术行业被看作是为任何拥有计算机和百万美元想法的人提供机会的领域。
hub
hub一词可以理解为“（某地/活动）中心，枢纽，核心”，如：the commercial hub of the city 城市的商业中心，a hub airport 大型中转机场，举个🌰：
That image crumbled as technology companies started to release data about the diversity – or, more accurately, the lack of diversity –of their workforces.
随着科技公司开始公布关于其员工队伍的多样性--或者更准确地说，缺乏多样性--的数据，这一形象崩溃了。
crumble
表示“崩塌，坍塌；（使）粉碎；（使）成碎屑”，英文解释为“to break, or cause something to break, into small pieces”还有“（力量和影响力）减弱，崩溃，瓦解，败落”等意思（to become weaker in strength or influence）举个🌰：
The apartment block built in the 1950s is crumbling.
那栋建于20世纪50年代的公寓大楼正摇摇欲坠。
Support for him is crumbling.
对他的支持日渐减少。
Intel has reported that 76 percent of its employees are male. Microsoft looks similar, with a bigger gender split among managers, 88 percent of whom are male, as Mashable has reported. This trend is reflected among most major tech companies, nearly all of which are also majority white.
英特尔报告说，其76%的员工是男性。微软看起来也是如此，正如科技媒体Mashable所报道的那样，管理人员的性别不均衡比例更高，其中88%是男性。这一趋势反映在大多数主要科技公司中，几乎所有的公司也都是以白人为主。
"To be honest, no one is really getting it right," said Candice Morgan, who last month became the first head of diversity at Pinterest, to Mashable. "I think that intentions are good, but because this is a younger focus for this industry, all of us have a lot to do."
“说实话，没有人真正做到这一点，”上个月成为Pinterest首位多元化主管的坎迪斯·摩根（Candice Morgan）对Mashable说。“我认为，初衷是好的，但由于这是这个行业一个较缺乏经验的聚焦点，我们所有人都有很多事情要做。”
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