牛津词典公布2021年度词汇：Vax
去年选不出年度词汇的牛津词典，近日早早公布了2021年度词汇：Vax.
无注释原文：
‘Vax’ chosen as word of the year by Oxford English Dictionary firm
The Guardian
In a year when talk over the virtual garden fence has focused on whether you have been jabbed, jagged or had both doses yet, and whether it was Pfizer, AstraZeneca or Moderna you were injected with, Oxford Languages has chosen vax as its word of the year.
After deciding last year that it was impossible to sum up 2020 in one word, the company that produces the Oxford English Dictionary said the shorthand for vaccine had “injected itself into the bloodstream of the English language” this year during the Covid pandemic.
In September usage of the word “vax” was up more than 72 times from its level last year, the firm said. The word, and others related to vaccination, had also been broadened into a wider range of contexts including “fully vaxxed” and “vax cards”.
Oxford Languages also tracked the rise and fall of vaccine vocabulary, from the usage of “vaccine distribution” in December 2020 to “vaccine rollout” and “vaccine passport” becoming common parlance by mid-March this year.
Jab, which started off in US English, is now seen far more commonly in Britain, according to Oxford Language’s analysis. In Scotland, jag has proven to be a frequently used alternative.
Vax has also been used in words to describe those against the jab, such as anti-vax or anti-vaxxers.
The company said the trend had been seen in other languages, with the use of “vacina” being heard 10 times more in Portugal than it was a decade ago, and the French “vaccin” now almost exclusively referring to the Covid inoculation, according to the report.
Casper Grathwohl, the president of Oxford Languages, said: “When reviewing the language evidence, vax stood out as an obvious choice. The word’s dramatic spike in usage caught our attention first. Then we ran the analysis and a story started to emerge, revealing how vax sat at the centre of our preoccupations this year.
The notion of vaccines have been in the English language since the late 1790s, around the time Edward Jenner found that cowpox could be used as a vaccine against the deadly smallpox virus.
The dictionary publisher assessed the frequency in use of the word by looking at news content from around the world.
Dr Mercedes Durham, a reader in sociolinguistics at Cardiff University, said the choice of “vax” made sense because of its adaptability. “The word itself, to me it almost has a meme quality. With a meme you take the picture and add things, words, on to it. In some ways you take ‘vax’ and add ‘passport’ or ‘anti’ or ‘double’ and because it’s such a short word you can add different things on to it,” she said.
“It’s not that surprising it’s something related to vaccination because these things try to get a spirit of the times, and people have spent more time thinking about vaccines than they ever have before.”
She added that social media were likely to have an impact, meaning words devised by younger generations now had more of a reach.
“Everyone within their own family and their own circle comes up with new words, and most of the time they stay within that circle. What social media can do, with something like vaccinations, is if you see someone tweeting about being ‘double vaxxed’, and then somebody else tweeting about ‘double vaxxed’, then you pick it up – and things that may have been in different small groups becomes much more widespread.”
The report said: “For lexicographers, it is rare to observe a single topic impact language so dramatically, and in such a short period of time become a critical part of our everyday communication. As reports of medical breakthroughs and rollouts (or strollouts) of vaccines emerged throughout the year, Oxford Languages’ monitor corpus of English tracked a worldwide surge in vaccine-related vocabulary.”
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
‘Vax’ chosen as word of the year by Oxford English Dictionary firm
The Guardian
In a year when talk over the virtual garden fence has focused on whether you have been jabbed, jagged or had both doses yet, and whether it was Pfizer, AstraZeneca or Moderna you were injected with, Oxford Languages has chosen vax as its word of the year.
在这一年里，当人们在虚拟园篱上谈论的焦点是你是否已经打了、注射了或已注射了两剂疫苗，以及你被注射的是辉瑞（Pfizer）、阿斯利康（AstraZeneca）还是Moderna疫苗时，牛津语言（Oxford Languages）选择了vax作为其年度词汇。
注：Oxford Languages is an Oxford University Press (OUP) brand encompassing Oxford Dictionaries, linguistics texts, and English as a second or foreign language resources, including the Oxford English Corpus and Oxford Test of English. An "Oxford Dictionaries word of the year" has been selected for English since 2004 and for Hindi since 2017. The former "Oxford Dictionaries Online" website is now Lexico, a partnership between OUP and Dictionary.com.
jab
jab /dʒæb/ 1）原意表示“戳；刺；捅；猛击 ”，英文解释为“to push a pointed object into sb/sth, or in the direction of sb/sth, with a sudden strong movement”举个🌰：
She jabbed him in the ribs with her finger.
她用手指捅了捅他的腰。
2）还可以示“注射”，等同于injection，如： a flu jab 流感预防针，举个🌰：
You'll need some jabs if you're going to USA.
如果你去美国，需要打一些防疫针。
jag
就是相当于jab，下文提到苏格兰通常用这个词。In Scotland, jag has proven to be a frequently used alternative.
dose
1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；
2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：
He received a hefty dose of bad news this week.
本周他得到了许多坏消息。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。
inject
inject表示“（给…）注射（药物等）”，英文解释为“to put a drug or other substance into a person's or an animal's body using a syringe”举个🌰：
Adrenalin was injected into the muscle.
往肌肉里注射了肾上腺素。
区分：
📍ingest表示“摄入；食入；咽下”，英文解释为“to take food, drugs, etc. into your body, usually by swallowing”，举个🌰：
The chemicals can be poisonous if ingested.
这些化学制品如果摄入体内可能会引起中毒。
补充：
📍digest表示“消化”，英文解释为“when you digest food, or it digests , it is changed into substances that your body can use”，举个🌰：
Humans cannot digest plants such as grass.
人不能消化草类植物。
After deciding last year that it was impossible to sum up 2020 in one word, the company that produces the Oxford English Dictionary said the shorthand for vaccine had “injected itself into the bloodstream of the English language” this year during the Covid pandemic.
在去年决定难以用一个词来概括2020年之后，制作《牛津英语词典》的公司表示，在今年新冠疫情期间，vaccine的简写词vax“将自己注入了英语语言的血液中”。
shorthand
1）表示“简约表达法”，英文解释为“You can use shorthand to mean a quick or simple way of referring to something.”举个🌰：
He uses the shorthand of "second age" for the group of younger people who are creating families.
他用“第二代”来简单指称那些更年轻、正在组建家庭的人。
2）表示“速记（法）”，英文解释为“Shorthand is a quick way of writing and uses signs to represent words or syllables. Shorthand is sometimes used by secretaries and journalists to write down what someone is saying.”举个🌰：
He took notes in shorthand.
他用速记法记笔记。
vaccine
📍名词 vaccine 表示“疫苗”，英文解释为“a substance that is put into the blood and that protects the body from a disease”；
📍动词，vaccinate 表示“给…接种疫苗”，英文解释为“If a person or animal is vaccinated, they are given a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a disease.”举个🌰：
Dogs must be vaccinated against distemper.
犬类必须接种疫苗以防犬热病。
📍名词形式，vaccination，接种疫苗，Vaccination is the act of getting a shot (a vaccine) to protect you against a certain disease. If you want to protect yourself from catching the mumps, you will need to undergo a vaccination.
In September usage of the word “vax” was up more than 72 times from its level last year, the firm said. The word, and others related to vaccination, had also been broadened into a wider range of contexts including “fully vaxxed” and “vax cards”.
该公司表示，9月份，“vax”一词的使用率比去年提高了72倍以上。这个词和其他与疫苗接种有关的词也被扩大到更广泛的语境中，包括“完全接种”（fully vaxxed）和“接种卡”（vax cards）。
context
1）表示“（事情存在、发生的）背景，环境”，英文解释为“the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it”举个🌰：
It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context.
结合历史背景解读他戏剧作品中所有的争斗和流血事件，这点很重要。
2）表示“上下文；语境”，英文解释为“the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning”。
补充：
📍out of context表示“脱离上下文”，英文解释为“If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that their meaning is not clear or is not understood.”举个🌰：
The reporter took my remarks completely out of context.
记者引用我的话完全是断章取义。
🎬 电影《钢铁侠2》（Iron Man 2）的台词中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脱离上下文只读一段是不能体现...
Oxford Languages also tracked the rise and fall of vaccine vocabulary, from the usage of “vaccine distribution” in December 2020 to “vaccine rollout” and “vaccine passport” becoming common parlance by mid-March this year.
牛津语言还跟踪调查了疫苗词汇使用的起起伏伏，从2020年12月“vaccine distribution”（疫苗分发）的使用，到今年3月中旬“vaccine rollout”和“vaccine passport”（疫苗护照）成为常用语。
track
1）表示“跟踪，追踪”，英文解释为“to follow a person or animal by looking for proof that they have been somewhere, or by using electronic equipment”；
2）表示“追踪，记录…的进展”，英文解释为“to record the progress or development of something over a period”举个🌰：
We continued tracking the plane on our radar.
我们继续用雷达追踪那架飞机。
🎬 电影《博物馆奇妙夜3》（Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb）中的台词提到：You're sort of set up to track my phone? You track my phone? 你装定位追踪我的手机？你竟然追踪我的手机？
rollout
rollout作名词时，表示“首次提供（产品或服务）”，英文解释为“the act of making something, especially a product or service, available for the first time”举个🌰：
Since its rollout in 2011, Wechat has gained billions of members.
自从2011年首次提供使用以来，微信已经吸引了数以亿计的用户。
📍2020年政府工作报告Part 12中就提到：We will support the rollout of e-commerce and express delivery services in rural areas to expand rural consumption. 支持电商、快递进农村，拓展农村消费。
📍roll out 动词短语，表示“推出（新产品或服务）”，英文解释为“If a company rolls out a new product or service, or if the product or service rolls out, it is made available to the public.”举个🌰：
Microsoft rolls out its new operating system.
微软推出了它的新操作系统。
📍此外，roll out还有另一个含义，表示“将…轧平”，英文解释为“to make sth flat by pushing sth over it”举个🌰：
Roll out the pastry.
将油酥面团擀平。
🎬电影《老爸上战场》（Dad's Army）中刚好有这个例句：Shall I roll out the pastry? 我要把面团轧平吗？
parlance
parlance /ˈpɑːləns/ 表示“说法，用语；术语”，英文解释为“a group of words or style of speaking used by a particular group of people”。
Jab, which started off in US English, is now seen far more commonly in Britain, according to Oxford Language's analysis. In Scotland, jag has proven to be a frequently used alternative.
根据牛津语言的分析，最早出现在美国英语中的Jab，现在在英国更为常见。在苏格兰，jag已被证明是一个经常使用的替代词。
alternative
alternative本身可以作名词也可以作形容词，表示“可替代的，供选择的（事物）”；alternative medicine/therapies表示“非西方传统医学/疗法，替代性的疗法”，英文解释为“Alternative medicine uses traditional ways of curing people, such as medicines made from plants, massage, and acupuncture.”如：alternative health care 替代性保健，举个🌰：Acupuncture is widely used by practitioners of alternative medicine.
针灸疗法被非西方传统医学从业者广泛利用。
Vax has also been used in words to describe those against the jab, such as anti-vax or anti-vaxxers.
Vax也被用于描述那些反对注射疫苗的人，如anti-vax或anti-vaxxers。
The company said the trend had been seen in other languages, with the use of “vacina” being heard 10 times more in Portugal than it was a decade ago, and the French “vaccin” now almost exclusively referring to the Covid inoculation, according to the report.
据该报告，牛津语言表示这一趋势在其他语言中也有体现，在葡萄牙听到的“vacina”比十年前多了10倍，而法语中的“vaccin”现在几乎完全指的是新冠疫苗接种。
inoculation
inoculation /ɪˌnɑːkjuˈleɪʃn/ 表示“接种；预防注射”，英文解释为“the action of inoculating or of being inoculated; vaccination.”
Casper Grathwohl, the president of Oxford Languages, said: “When reviewing the language evidence, vax stood out as an obvious choice. The word's dramatic spike in usage caught our attention first. Then we ran the analysis and a story started to emerge, revealing how vax sat at the centre of our preoccupations this year.
牛津语言总裁卡斯帕·格拉斯沃尔（Casper Grathwohl）说，“在审查语言证据时，vax作为一个显而易见的选择脱颖而出。这个词的使用量急剧上升，首先引起了我们的注意。然后我们进行了分析，报道开始出现，揭示了vax是如何成为我们今年关注的焦点。”
dramatic
1）表示“激动人心的；引人注目的；给人印象深刻的”，英文解释为“exciting and impressive”如：a dramatic victory 激动人心的胜利。
2）表示“突然的；巨大的；令人吃惊的”，英文解释为“sudden, very great and often surprising”，如：a dramatic increase暴涨。
3）表示“戏剧的；表演的”，英文解释为“relating to plays and acting”如：the American Academy of Dramatic Arts 美国戏剧艺术学院。
spike
此前在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中出现过，作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。
也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：
New orders have spiked in the last two years.
新订单在过去两年里激增。
preoccupation
表示“（时常想的）想法、事情；关注；盘算，思虑，长久思考的事情”，英文解释为“an idea or subject that someone thinks about most of the time”举个🌰：
My main preoccupation now is trying to keep life normal for the sake of my two boys.
我现在想得最多的是要为了我的两个儿子而尽力使生活保持正常。
📍牛津词典公布2019年度词汇：Climate Emergency文中也提到了这个词：The Word of the Year citation is intended to highlight “a word or expression shown through usage evidence to reflect the ethos, mood, or preoccupations of the passing year, and have a lasting potential as a term of cultural significance.” 年度词汇的标准是选出“一个词语或表达方式，其用例能反映过去一年的社会风气、情绪或关注点，并可能具有持久的文化意义”。
The notion of vaccines have been in the English language since the late 1790s, around the time Edward Jenner found that cowpox could be used as a vaccine against the deadly smallpox virus.
疫苗的概念自1790年代末开始出现在英语中，大约在爱德华·詹纳（Edward Jenner）发现牛痘（cowpox）可以作为疫苗来对抗致命的天花病毒（smallpox virus）的时候。
notion
表示“观念；信念；理解；概念”，英文解释为“an idea, a belief or an understanding of sth ”举个🌰：
She had only a vague notion of what might happen.
对于可能发生的事她只有一个模糊的概念。
The dictionary publisher assessed the frequency in use of the word by looking at news content from around the world.
词典出版商通过查看世界各地的新闻内容来评估该词的使用频率。
Dr Mercedes Durham, a reader in sociolinguistics at Cardiff University, said the choice of “vax” made sense because of its adaptability. “The word itself, to me it almost has a meme quality. With a meme you take the picture and add things, words, on to it. In some ways you take ‘vax’ and add ‘passport’ or ‘anti’ or ‘double’ and because it's such a short word you can add different things on to it,” she said.
卡迪夫大学（Cardiff University）社会语言学（sociolinguistics）准教授梅赛德斯·达勒姆博士（Dr Mercedes Durham）说，选择“vax”是有意义的，因为它具有适应性。她说，“这个词本身，对我来说，它几乎有一种meme（模因）的性质。有了meme，你就可以在图片上添加一些东西和词语。在某些方面，你把'vax'加上'passport'或'anti'或'double'，因为它是一个如此简短的词，你可以在上面添加不同的东西。”
reader
一般用Reader，R大写，表示“（英国大学仅次于教授的）准教授”，英文解释为“a teacher, at British universities, just under the rank of professor”举个🌰：
He is a Reader in History at Dublin University.
他是都柏林大学的历史学准教授。
meme
meme (/ˈmiːm/ )是指在同一个文化氛围中，人与人之间传播的思想、行为或者风格，音译为媒母、米姆、谜米、弥母，又名模因、拟子等。
其实「meme」指的就是在网上迅速传播，流行起来的一些概念（或图像、视频等）等东西，可以直接解释成我们常说「梗」或者说「段子」，词典中定义为：a type of behaviour that is passed from one member of a group to another, not in the genesbut by another means such as people copying it；举个🌰：
Take a look at the top ten internet memes for this past year.
看一下去年互联网上的十大梗。
“It's not that surprising it's something related to vaccination because these things try to get a spirit of the times, and people have spent more time thinking about vaccines than they ever have before.”
“与疫苗接种有关并不令人惊讶，因为这些东西试图获得一种时代精神，人们比以前花了更多的时间来思考疫苗。”
She added that social media were likely to have an impact, meaning words devised by younger generations now had more of a reach.
她补充说，社交媒体可能会产生影响，这意味着年轻一代发明的词语现在有了更大的影响力。
devise
devise表示“想出，设计，发明（新的方法）”，英文解释为“to plan or invent a new way of doing something”，如：devise a plan/system/machine，举个🌰：
She devised a method for quicker communications between offices.
她想出一种加快办公室之间通信联络的方法。
📍对比：revise
1）表示“改变；修正，修改”，英文解释为“to change something because of new information or ideas”，如：revise the article/revise the plan；
2）也可以指“（考试）温习，复习”，英文解释为“to study facts again, in order to learn them before an examination”，举个🌰：
Revising for exams gives you a chance to bring together all the individual parts of the course.
考前复习给你一个把课程各独立部分融会贯通的机会。
“Everyone within their own family and their own circle comes up with new words, and most of the time they stay within that circle. What social media can do, with something like vaccinations, is if you see someone tweeting about being ‘double vaxxed’, and then somebody else tweeting about ‘double vaxxed’, then you pick it up – and things that may have been in different small groups becomes much more widespread.”
“每个人都在自己的家庭和自己的圈子里想出了新的词汇，而且大多数时候都是在这个圈子里。社交媒体可以做的是，对于像疫苗这样的东西，如果你看到有人在推特上说“double vaxxed”（接种两剂疫苗），然后其他人也在推特上说“double vaxxed”，那么你就会接受它--可能在不同的小群体中的东西就变得更加广泛了。”
pick up
表示“（不费力地）学会；获得”，英文解释为“If you pick up something such as a skill or an idea, you acquire it without effort over a period of time.”举个🌰：
Where did you pick up your English?
你是在哪儿学得英语？
📍pick up一词意义繁多，列举常见的几种：
· 捡起，拾起，如pick his cap up, 捡起帽子
·（跌倒或被击倒后）慢慢站起身，如pick himself/herself up, 慢慢站起来
·（开车）接，取，如pick up some clean clothes, 取几件干净衣服
·（不费力地）学会；习得，如pick up french, 偶然学会了法语
· 染上（疾病），如pick up a nasty infection, 染上严重的传染病
· 接起（某观点、话题），如pick up his point, 接着谈一谈他的观点
·（贸易、经济）改善，如Industrial production is beginning to pick up, 工业生产正在开始好转。
The report said: “For lexicographers, it is rare to observe a single topic impact language so dramatically, and in such a short period of time become a critical part of our everyday communication. As reports of medical breakthroughs and rollouts (or strollouts) of vaccines emerged throughout the year, Oxford Languages’ monitor corpus of English tracked a worldwide surge in vaccine-related vocabulary.”
该报告说，“对于词典编纂者来说，观察到一个单一的话题对语言产生如此巨大的影响，并在如此短的时间内成为我们日常交流的一个关键部分，这是非常罕见的。在这一年里，随着医学上的突破和疫苗推广的报道出现，牛津语言的英语监测语料库跟踪调查了全世界与疫苗有关的词汇使用的激增。”
lexicographer
lexicographer /ˌleksɪˈkɒɡrəfə(r)/ 表示“词典编纂者”，英文解释为“a person who writes and edits dictionaries”。
corpus
corpus /ˈkɔːpəs/ 表示“语料库”，英文解释为“a collection of written or spoken material stored on a computer and used to find out how language is used”。
strollout
vaccine rollout可以理解为大规模接种，而vaccine strollout 意思就是相反，疫苗接种覆盖速度极为缓慢（A rollout of COVID-19 vaccines that has taken place at a dreadfully slow pace.）
📍stroll 本身作动词，表示“散步，溜达”，英文解释为“to walk in a slow, relaxed manner, especially for pleasure”举个🌰：
We could stroll along the beach after dinner.
晚饭后我们可以去海滩散散步。
谢谢你看到这里呀
公众号后台对话框里发送：666
参与抽奖（11月5日0点开）
公众号后台对话框里发送：沙发
查看沙发计划，抢沙发拿奖励
公众号后台对话框里发送：打卡
参与每天持续行动打卡计划
- 那年今日 -
- END -
LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2021年11月3日
第2461天
每天持续行动学外语