剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine

LearnAndRecord 2022-07-26

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近日，剑桥词典（Cambridge Dictionary）公布了2020年度词汇：Quarantine（封锁）。

Quarantine这一词，剑桥词典官方给出的释义为：a general period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, so that they do not catch or spread a disease. 指的是在一段时间内人们不得离开家或自由旅行，以免感染或传播疾病。

COVID-19 vocabulary: what the world talked about in 2020

无注释原文：

Cambridge Dictionary names 'quarantine’ Word of the Year 2020

Cambridge Dictionary

Quarantine was the only word to rank in the top five for both search spikes (28,545) and overall views (more than 183,000 by early November), with the largest spike in searches seen the week of 18-24 March, when many countries around the world went into lockdown as a result of COVID-19.

The Cambridge Dictionary editors have also tracked how people are using quarantine, and have discovered a new meaning emerging: a general period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, so that they do not catch or spread a disease. Research shows the word is being used synonymously with lockdown, particularly in the United States, to refer to a situation in which people stay home to avoid catching the disease.

This new sense of quarantine has now been added to the Cambridge Dictionary, and marks a shift from the existing meanings that relate to containing a person or animal suspected of being contagious: a specific period of time in which a person or animal that has a disease, or may have one, must stay or be kept away from others in order to prevent the spread of the disease.

Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary Publishing Manager, said:

"The words that people search for reveal not just what is happening in the world, but what matters most to them in relation to those events. Neither coronavirus nor COVID-19 appeared among the words that Cambridge Dictionary users searched for most this year. We believe this indicates that people have been fairly confident about what the virus is.

"Instead, users have been searching for words related to the social and economic impacts of the pandemic, as evidenced not just by quarantine but by the two runners-up on the shortlist for Word of the Year: lockdown, and pandemic itself."

Cambridge Dictionary is the top dictionary website for learners of English in the world. As well as definitions, the Cambridge Dictionary shows how words are used in real-world contexts. Its ‘About Words’ blog, written by language usage experts, helps learners gain confidence in using vocabulary related to specific topics.

The most highly viewed blog post this year was Quarantine, carriers and face masks: the language of the coronavirus, which had almost 80,000 views in the first six weeks after it was posted on February 26, and now ranks as the ninth most viewed 'About Words' post in the nearly ten years that the blog has been live. The post covers a range of related terms, such as infectious, contagious, carriers, super-spreaders, and symptoms, as well as phrases such as contract a virus, a spike in cases, contain the spread, and develop a vaccine.

The Cambridge Dictionary editors regularly monitor a wide range of sources for the new words and meanings that are added monthly to the online dictionary. On the ‘New Words’ blog, potential new additions are posted weekly for readers to cast their vote on whether they feel these words should be added.

In a recent poll, 33% of respondents said quaranteam - combining quarantine and team, meaning a group of people who go into quarantine together - should be added to the dictionary. Other suggestions include the portmanteau words quaranteen, coronial and lockstalgia.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

Cambridge Dictionary names 'quarantine’ Word of the Year 2020

Cambridge Dictionary

Quarantine是唯一一个搜索峰值（28,545）和总体浏览量（到11月初超过18.3万）都排在前五位的词，其中3月18-24日那一周的搜索峰值最大，当时全球许多国家因COVID-19而进入封锁状态。

quarantine /ˈkwɒrənˌtiːn/

1）作名词，表示“隔离，检疫”，英文解释为“If a person or animal is in quarantine, they are being kept separate from other people or animals for a set period of time, usually because they have or may have a disease that could spread.”举个🌰：

She was sent home and put in quarantine.

她被送回家实施隔离。

2）作动词，表示“对…进行隔离”，英文解释为“If people or animals are quarantined, they are stopped from having contact with other people or animals. If a place is quarantined, people and animals are prevented from entering or leaving it.”举个🌰：

Dogs have to be quarantined for six months before they'll let them in.

狗必须被隔离6个月后他们才会放它们进来。

spike

可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”。

📍刚好听说新一轮成品油调价窗口将于12月3日24时开启，加满一箱92号汽油，将多花10元，就可以说，a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

此外，也有“尖头，尖刺；（尤指金属的）尖状物”的意思（a narrow, thin shape with a sharp point at one end, or something, especially a piece of metal, with this shape）举个🌰：

There were large spikes on top of the railings to stop people climbing over them.

栏杆顶端装着粗大的尖钉，防止有人攀越。

📍再比如spike heels指的就是“细高跟女鞋”等同于stiletto /stɪˈlɛtəʊ/ = stiletto heels，英文解释为“Stilettos are women's shoes that have high, very narrow heels.”

lockdown

柯林斯词典2020年度词汇就是Lockdown. 柯林斯官方给出的释义为：the imposition of stringent restrictions on travel, social interaction, and access to public spaces. 指的是对出行、社交和进入公共场所实行严格限制。一般就译为“封锁”。

The Cambridge Dictionary editors have also tracked how people are using quarantine, and have discovered a new meaning emerging: a general period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, so that they do not catch or spread a disease. Research shows the word is being used synonymously with lockdown, particularly in the United States, to refer to a situation in which people stay home to avoid catching the disease.

《剑桥词典》编辑还追溯了人们是如何使用quarantine一词的，并发现了一个新的含义：在一段时间内，人们不允许离开家或自由旅行，以免感染或传播某种疾病。研究表明，这个词正与封锁（lockdown）同义，特别是在美国，指的是人们为了避免感染疾病而呆在家里的情况。

synonymously

形容词性：synonymous /sɪˈnɒnɪməs/，表示“同义的，近义的”，英文解释为“having the same meaning”，be synonymous with可以表示“等同于…的”（so closely connected with sth that the two things appear to be the same）举个🌰：

Wealth is not necessarily synonymous with happiness.

财富未必等同于幸福。

现在，《剑桥词典》中增加了隔离的这一新含义，标志着与现有的“控制疑似传染病的人或动物有关”的含义发生了转变：在一段特定的时间内，患有或可能患有某种疾病的人或动物必须呆在家里或远离他人，以防止疾病的传播。

contain

1）表示“防止…蔓延（或恶化）”，英文解释为“to prevent sth harmful from spreading or getting worse”如：to contain an epidemic 防止流行病的蔓延。

2）表示“控制，克制，抑制（感情）”，英文解释为“to keep your feelings under control”举个🌰：

She was unable to contain her excitement.

她无法抑制内心的激动。

🎬电影《哥斯拉》（Godzilla）中的台词提到：That's why our mission was to contain it. 所以我们的主要任务是控制它。

📍类似的一个词，restrain表示“阻止，制止；遏制”（to control the actions or behaviour of someone by force, especially in order to stop them from doing something, or to limit the growth or force of something）举个🌰：

She was so angry that she could hardly restrain herself.

她气得几乎都控制不住自己。

📍类似的短语：keep/ get sth under control，举个🌰：

You should learn to keep your temper under control.

你应该学会控制自己的脾气。

contagious

contagious /kən'teɪdʒəs/ 1) 表示“（疾病）接触传染的”，英文解释为“A disease that is contagious can be caught by touching people or things that are infected with it.”

2) 表示“（感情、态度、行动）富于感染力的，会蔓延的”，英文解释为“If a feeling, attitude, or action is contagious, other people are quickly affected by it and begin to have it or do it”，如：her contagious enthusiasm 她那富有感染力的热情。

Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary Publishing Manager, said:

《剑桥词典》出版经理温达林·尼古拉斯（Wendalyn Nichols）说：

"The words that people search for reveal not just what is happening in the world, but what matters most to them in relation to those events. Neither coronavirus nor COVID-19 appeared among the words that Cambridge Dictionary users searched for most this year. We believe this indicates that people have been fairly confident about what the virus is."

“人们搜索的词语不仅揭示了世界上正在发生的事情，而且揭示了与这些事件有关的对他们来说最重要的事情。冠状病毒（coronavirus）和COVID-19都没有出现在今年剑桥词典用户搜索最多的词汇中。我们相信，这表明人们对病毒是什么已经相当有信心。”

“相反，用户一直在搜索与疫情带来的社会和经济影响有关的词汇，这不仅体现在quarantine一词上，还体现在年度词汇（Word of the Year）榜单中两个排名第二的词汇：lockdown（封锁）以及pandemic（大流行）。”

runner-up

表示“亚军，第二名”，英文解释为“A runner-up is someone who has finished in second place in a race or competition.”注意，复数形式为runners-up，举个🌰：

The ten runners-up will receive a case of wine.

那10名亚军将得到一箱葡萄酒。

区分：

📍run-up表示“（重要事件的）前夕，前奏，前期，准备阶段”，英文解释为“the run-up to sth the period of time just before an important event”，如：in the run-up to Christmas 圣诞节前夕；

📍run-up也可以指“（踢球、跳高等之前的）助跑，助跑距离”，英文解释：the act of running, or the distance that you run, before you kick a ball, jump over a pole etc.

shortlist

表示“最终候选名单，决选名单；入围名单”，英文解释为“a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen”举个🌰：

We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job.

我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。

📍美式：short list是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是“初选名单”（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）

同时，两个词都可以作为动词，比如shortlist作动词，表示“把…列入入围名单”举个🌰：

Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week.

入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。

《剑桥词典》是世界顶级的英语学习者词典网站。除了定义之外，《剑桥词典》还展示了单词在现实语境中的使用情况。它的“关于单词”（About Words）博客由语言使用专家撰写，帮助学习者获得使用特定主题相关词汇的信心。

context

表示“上下文；语境”，英文解释为“the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning”举个🌰：

In this exercise, a word is blanked out and you have to guess what it is by looking at the context.

在这个练习中，有一个单词被抽去了，你必须根据上下文猜测这个单词是什么。

📍短语out of context表示“脱离上下文”，英文解释为“If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that their meaning is not clear or is not understood.”举个🌰：

The reporter took my remarks completely out of context.

记者引用我的话完全是断章取义。

🎬 电影《钢铁侠2》（Iron Man 2）台词中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脱离上下文只读一段是不能体现...

🎬 电影《凯文怎么了》（We Need to Talk About Kevin）台词：Listen buddy, it's easy to misunderstand something when you hear it out of context. 如果你听到的东西脱离了上下文就很容易产生误解。

🎬 电影《三代人》（3 generations）台词：This is not helpful, you can't take things out of context. 这样做没用，你不能断章取义。

The most highly viewed blog post this year was Quarantine, carriers and face masks: the language of the coronavirus, which had almost 80,000 views in the first six weeks after it was posted on February 26, and now ranks as the ninth most viewed 'About Words' post in the nearly ten years that the blog has been live. The post covers a range of related terms, such as infectious, contagious, carriers, super-spreaders, and symptoms, as well as phrases such as contract a virus, a spike in cases, contain the spread, and develop a vaccine.

今年浏览量最高的博文是《隔离、携带者和口罩：冠状病毒的语言》（Quarantine, carriers and face masks: the language of the coronavirus），该博文在2月26日发布后的前六周内就有近8万次浏览量，目前已成为该博客上线近十年来浏览量排名第九的博文。该博文涵盖了一系列相关词汇，如infectious（传染性）、contagious（感染性）、carriers（携带者）、super-spreaders（超级传播者）、symptoms（症状），以及contract a virus（感染病毒）、a spike in cases（病例激增）、contain the spread（遏制传播）、develop a vaccine（研发疫苗）等词组。

infectious

表示“（疾病）传染性的”，英文解释为“(of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another”如：an infectious disease 传染病。

contract

1）作名词，表示“合同；契约”，英文解释为“a legal document that states and explains a formal agreement between two different people or groups, or the agreement itself”如：a contract of employment 雇用合同。

2）作动词，熟词僻义，表示“染（重病）”，英文解释为“If you contract a serious illness, you become ill with it.”如：to contract a virus/a disease 感染病毒/疾病。

🎬电影《震荡效应》（Concussion）中的台词提到：of contracting a brain related injury such as dementia, Alzheimer's, depression or CTE? 造成相关的大脑损伤，如痴呆、阿尔茨海默氏症，抑郁症，或CTE？

《剑桥词典》的编辑们会定期监测各种来源的新词和新义，这些新词和新义每月都会添加到在线词典中。在“新词”（New Words）博客上，每周都会发布潜在的新词，让读者投票决定是否应该添加这些词。

cast a/your vote

表示“投票”，相当于vote，举个🌰：

All the votes in the election have now been cast and the counting has begun.

这次选举的投票现已全部结束，计票工作已经开始。

在最近的一次投票调查中，33%的受访者表示，quaranteam--将quarantine和team结合在一起，意思是一群人一起进入隔离区--应该被添加到词典中。其他建议包括混成词quaranteen、coronial和lockstalgia。

portmanteaus

portmanteau /pɔːtˈmæntəʊ/ 表示“混成词”（合音词、紧缩词、合并词，混合词）指由最少两个词语或词语的一部分结合而成的词语或词素，该新词语的意义和读音集组成部分之成。一般而言，混成词是新词。举个🌰：breakfast + lunch 构成了brunch 早午餐。motel 汽车旅馆（motor + hotel）；smog 雾霾（smoke + fog）。

类似的也叫：Blend，英文解释为：a word formed by joining together the beginning and the end of two other words.

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