俄罗斯和乌克兰怎么了？

LearnAndRecord 2022-07-26

收录于合集 #跟着LR吃瓜学英语 707个

连日来，乌克兰和俄罗斯的紧张局势愈演愈烈，气氛非常紧张。

昨晚，俄罗斯总统普京发表全国视频讲话，宣布承认乌克兰东部亲俄反政府武装自称的顿涅茨克人民共和国和卢甘斯克人民共和国为独立国家。

今天，乌克兰驻华大使馆、法国驻华大使馆、俄罗斯驻华大使馆、英国驻华使馆和美国驻华大使馆先后在微博上以中文发布声明。

“无意占用公共资源。因为疫情原因，此次战争改线上了，请大家见谅。”

吃瓜群众表示担心男足排名又要降低了，我们今天就一起来看看到底发生了什么？

无注释原文：

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine explained

The Independent

Russia has stationed an estimated 130,000 troops along its border with Ukraine this winter and an invasion has been feared for several months, with frantic diplomatic efforts intended to avert hostilities ongoing but looking less and less likely to succeed.

The UK has warned that the incursions have already begun, a day after Russia moved to recognise the breakaway regions of the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) as independent states, allowing it to openly move its forces into the rebel-held separatist regions of Donbas in the name of protecting an ally.

The international community hit out at the decision, with the United Nations Security Council expressing “great concern” and the US suggesting, apparently correctly, that the play was a pretext for a full-scale military assault.

Vassily Nebenzia, the Russian ambassador to the UN, insisted there would be no “new bloodbath” in eastern Ukraine but warned the West to “think twice” before making matters worse.

“We remain open to diplomacy for diplomatic solution,” he said. “However, allowing bloodbath in Donbas is something we don’t intend to do. We are forced to note the negative role played by our western colleagues led by the US.”

So what is actually going on in Eastern Europe, where did it all begin and how might the crisis unfold?

◉ How did the crisis start?

Going back eight years gives the current crisis more context.

Russia annexed Ukraine’s Crimean Peninsula in 2014 after the country's Moscow-friendly president Viktor Yanukovych was driven from power by mass protests.

Weeks later, Russia threw its weight behind a separatist insurgency that broke out in Ukraine's east, which eventually saw the pro-Russian rebels declare the DPR and LPR independent states, although they previously went entirely unacknowledged by the international community.

More than 14,000 people have died in the fighting that has been ongoing throughout the intervening years and which has devastated Ukraine’s eastern industrial heartland.

Both Ukraine and the West have accused Russia of sending troops and weapons to back the rebels but Moscow has denied the allegations, stating that Russians who joined the separatists did so voluntarily.

A 2015 peace accord – the Minsk II agreement – was brokered by France and Germany to help end the large-scale battles. The 13-point agreement obliged Ukraine to offer autonomy to separatist regions and amnesty for the rebels while Ukraine would regain full control of its border with Russia in the rebel-held territories.

The agreement is highly complex, however, because Moscow continues to insist it has not been a party in the conflict and is therefore not bound by its terms.

In point 10 of the agreement, there is a call for the withdrawal of all foreign armed formations and military equipment from the disputed DPR and LPR. Ukraine says this refers to forces from Russia but Moscow has previously denied it has any troops in those states.

Last year, a spike in ceasefire violations in the east and a Russian troop concentration near Ukraine fuelled fears that a new war was about to erupt but tensions abated when Moscow pulled back the bulk of its forces after manoeuvres in April.

◉ What might happen next?

The situation has now reached boiling point, with each side warily anticipating the other’s next move.

Moscow has repeatedly denied talk of an invasion while Western leaders have insisted that an incursion is imminent and busily threatened tough sanctions and international pariah status should Mr Putin press ahead.

US president Joe Biden has long said he thinks the Russian leader will “move in” on Ukraine, while Mr Johnson has warned that “gloomy” intelligence suggests Moscow is planning a lightning raid on Kyiv.

- ◆ -

注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine explained

The Independent

今年冬天，俄罗斯在其与乌克兰的边境地区驻扎了约13万名士兵，几个月来人们一直担心会发生入侵，旨在避免敌对行动的紧急外交努力正在进行，但看起来成功的可能性越来越小。

station

作动词，表示“安置；使（尤指士兵）驻扎”，英文解释为“to cause especially soldiers to be in a particular place to do a job”举个🌰：

I hear your son's in the army - where's he stationed?

我听说你儿子在部队——他驻扎在哪里？

invasion

表示“入侵，侵略”，英文解释为“an occasion when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country”举个🌰：

They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.

他们正计划发动对该国北部的侵略。

frantic

frantic /ˈfræntɪk/ 1）表示“（因恐惧或忧虑而）发狂似的，情绪失控的”，英文解释为“If you are frantic, you are behaving in a wild and uncontrolled way because you are frightened or worried.”举个🌰：

A bird had been locked in and was by now quite frantic.

一只鸟被关了起来，到现在它都非常狂躁。

2）表示“紧张忙乱的”，英文解释为“If an activity is frantic, things are done quickly and in an energetic but disorganized way, because there is very little time.”举个🌰：

A busy night in the restaurant can be frantic in the kitchen.

晚上餐馆生意繁忙，厨房可能就会忙作一团了。

avert

表示“防止，避免”，英文解释为“to prevent something bad from happening”如：to avert a crisis/conflict/strike/famine 避免危机/冲突/罢工/饥荒。

hostilities

复数，表示“战争状态；战争行为”，英文解释为“You can refer to fighting between two countries or groups who are at war as hostilities.”举个🌰：

Hostilities began/broke out just after midnight.

刚过午夜战斗便打响了。

The UK has warned that the incursions have already begun, a day after Russia moved to recognise the breakaway regions of the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent states, allowing it to openly move its forces into the rebel-held separatist regions of Donbas in the name of protecting an ally.

英国警告说，入侵已经开始了，在俄罗斯采取行动承认顿涅茨克人民共和国（DPR）和卢甘斯克人民共和国（LPR）这两个分离地区为独立国家后的第二天，它就可以以保护盟友的名义公开将其部队调入叛军控制的顿巴斯（Donbas）分离主义地区。

incursion

incursion /ɪnˈkɝː.ʒən/ 表示“（尤指跨越边境的）侵入，侵犯”，英文解释为“a sudden attack on or act of going into a place, especially across a border”如：incursions into enemy territory 攻入敌方领地。

breakaway

表示“已分离的；已脱离的；已独立的”，英文解释为“having separated from a larger group or country”如：a breakaway republic 一个已经独立的共和国。

rebel

表示“反抗者，造反者”，英文解释为“a person who is opposed to the political system in their country and tries to change it using force”

国际社会对这一决定进行了抨击，联合国安理会表示“高度关注”，美国则表示（显然是正确的），这出戏是全面军事进攻的借口。

hit out

表示“猛烈批评，严厉抨击”，英文解释为“to criticize something or someone strongly”举个🌰：

The Medical Association yesterday hit out at cuts in healthcare services.

昨天，医疗协会猛烈抨击了削减医疗保健开支的措施。

pretext

表示“借口，托词”，英文解释为“a pretended reason for doing something that is used to hide the real reason”举个🌰：

The border dispute was used as a pretext for military intervention.

边界纠纷被用作军事入侵的借口。

Vassily Nebenzia, the Russian ambassador to the UN, insisted there would be no “new bloodbath” in eastern Ukraine but warned the West to “think twice” before making matters worse.

俄罗斯驻联合国大使瓦西里·涅边贾（Vassily Nebenzia）坚称，乌克兰东部不会出现“新的流血事件”，但警告西方在使事情变得更糟之前要“三思”。

bloodbath

表示“血洗，大屠杀”，英文解释为“an extremely violent event in which a large number of people are killed”举个🌰：

Is there nothing that the outside world can do to prevent a bloodbath?

外界难道就不能采取任何行动来阻止大屠杀吗？

think twice

think twice也说think long and hard，表示“深思熟虑；再三考虑；重新考虑，三思而后行”，英文解释为“to think very carefully about something”举个🌰：

Think long and hard before you make any important decisions.

在你作出重要决定之前要深思熟虑。

“We remain open to diplomacy for diplomatic solution,” he said. “However, allowing bloodbath in Donbas is something we don't intend to do. We are forced to note the negative role played by our western colleagues led by the US.”

他说：“我们仍然对通过外交手段达成外交解决方案持开放态度。然而，让顿巴斯（Donbas）再发生流血事件是我们不打算做的。我们不得不注意到以美国为首的西方国家所扮演的负面角色。”

So what is actually going on in Eastern Europe, where did it all begin and how might the crisis unfold?

那么，东欧究竟发生了什么，这一切是从哪里开始的，危机可能如何发展呢？

◉ How did the crisis start? 危机是如何开始的？

Going back eight years gives the current crisis more context.

回顾八年前，当前的危机有了更多的背景。

context

1）表示“（事情存在、发生的）背景，环境”，英文解释为“the situation within which something exists or happens, and that can help explain it”举个🌰：

It is important to see all the fighting and bloodshed in his plays in historical context.

结合历史背景解读他戏剧作品中所有的争斗和流血事件，这点很重要。

2）表示“上下文；语境”，英文解释为“the text or speech that comes immediately before and after a particular phrase or piece of text and helps to explain its meaning”。

补充：

📍out of context表示“脱离上下文”，英文解释为“If words are used out of context, only a small separate part of what was originally said or written is reported, with the result that their meaning is not clear or is not understood.”举个🌰：

The reporter took my remarks completely out of context.

记者引用我的话完全是断章取义。

🎬 电影《钢铁侠2》（Iron Man 2）的台词中提到：You do understand that reading a single paragraph out of context does not reflect ... 你知道，如果脱离上下文只读一段是不能体现...

🎬 电影《凯文怎么了》（We Need to Talk About Kevin）的台词中提到：Listen buddy, it's easy to misunderstand something when you hear it out of context. 如果你听到的东西脱离了上下文就很容易产生误解。

🎬 电影《三代人》（3 generations）的台词中提到：This is not helpful, you can't take things out of context. 这样做没用，你不能断章取义。

Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula in 2014 after the country's Moscow-friendly president Viktor Yanukovych was driven from power by mass protests.

2014年，俄罗斯吞并了乌克兰的克里米亚半岛（Crimean Peninsula），当时该国对俄友好的总统维克多·亚努科维奇（Viktor Yanukovych）被大规模抗议活动赶下台。

annex

annex /əˈneks/表示“（通常指用武力或擅自）吞并；兼并；强占”，英文解释为“to take possession of an area of land or a country, usually by force or without permission”举个🌰：

The UK annexed this small island west of Scotland in 1955.

英国于1955年将这个位于苏格兰以西的小岛并入其领土。

peninsula

peninsula /pɪˈnɪnsjʊlə/ 表示“半岛”，英文解释为“A peninsula is a long narrow piece of land that sticks out from a larger piece of land and is almost completely surrounded by water.”

几周后，俄罗斯支持在乌克兰东部爆发的分离主义叛乱，最终亲俄的叛乱分子宣布顿涅茨克人民共和国（DPR）和卢甘斯克人民共和国（LPR）为独立国家，尽管他们之前完全没有得到国际社会的承认。

insurgency

表示“叛乱，造反，暴动”，英文解释为“an occasion when a group of people attempt to take control of their country by force”。

📍insurgent指人，“叛乱者，造反者，暴动者”，也可以指“政党的反对派”（someone who opposes political authority）。

pro-

表示“亲…的；赞成…的”，英文解释为“supporting or approving of something”如：pro-American 亲美的。

More than 14,000 people have died in the fighting that has been ongoing throughout the intervening years and which has devastated Ukraine's eastern industrial heartland.

超过14,000人在战争中丧生，这些战争在这几年里一直在进行，并对乌克兰东部的工业中心区造成了破坏。

intervening

intervening /ˌɪn.t̬ɚˈviː.nɪŋ/ 表示“发生于其间的；介于中间的”，英文解释为“happening between two times or between other events or activities”举个🌰：

Little had changed in the intervening years.

这些年间没有发生什么变化。

devastate

devastate /ˈdɛvəˌsteɪt/ 表示“严重破坏；彻底摧毁”，英文解释为“If something devastates an area or a place, it damages it very badly or destroys it totally.”举个🌰：

The tsunami devastated parts of Indonesia and other countries in the region.

这次海啸严重破坏了印度尼西亚和该区域其他国家的部分地区。

heartland

1）表示“（国家或地区的）腹地”，英文解释为“the central part of a country or area”如：the heartland of America 美国腹地。

2）表示“中心地区，重要地区”，英文解释为“the part of a country that is most important for a particular activity, or where a political party has the most support”如：the old industrial heartlands 旧时的工业重地。

乌克兰和西方都指责俄罗斯派遣军队和武器支持叛军，但俄罗斯方面否认了这些指控，称加入分离主义分子的俄罗斯人是自愿的。

allegation

表示“指控，指责”，英文解释为“An allegation is a statement saying that someone has done something wrong.”举个🌰：

The company has denied the allegations.

该公司否认了这些指控。

法国和德国促成了2015年的和平协议--《新明斯克协议》（the Minsk II agreement）--以帮助结束大规模战争。这份13项条款的协议要求乌克兰向分离主义地区提供自治权，并赦免叛军，同时乌克兰将在叛军控制的领土上重新获得与俄罗斯边界的完全控制权。

broker

表示“作为经纪人（或中间人）安排（交易、协议等）”，英文解释为“to arrange something such as a deal, agreement, etc. between two or more groups or countries”举个🌰：

The diplomats have failed in their attempts to broker a ceasefire.

外交官们促成停火的尝试已告失败。

oblige

oblige /əˈblaɪdʒ/ = obligate 表示“责成；强迫，迫使”，英文解释为“to force someone to do something, or to make it necessary for someone to do something”举个🌰：

The law obliges companies to pay decent wages to their employees.

法律强制公司向其雇员支付适当的工资。

autonomy

表示“自主，自主权”，英文解释为“the ability to make your own decisions without being controlled by anyone else”

amnesty

amnesty /ˈæm.nə.sti/ 表示“（对政治犯的）赦免，大赦”，英文解释为“a decision by a government that allows political prisoners to go free”举个🌰：

Most political prisoners were freed under the terms of the amnesty.

大多数政治犯按照大赦的条款获得了自由。

The agreement is highly complex, however, because Moscow continues to insist it has not been a party in the conflict and is therefore not bound by its terms.

然而，该协议非常复杂，因为俄罗斯方面继续坚持认为它不是冲突的一方，因此不受协议条款的约束。

bound

表示“受束缚的，受约束的；（法律或道德上）有义务的”，英文解释为“having a moral or legal duty to do something”举个🌰：

The company is bound by a special agreement to involve the union in important decisions.

公司受一项特殊协定的约束，须请工会参与重大决策。

在协议的第10项条款中，要求所有外国武装编队和军事装备从有争议的顿涅茨克人民共和国（DPR）和卢甘斯克人民共和国（LPR）中撤出。乌克兰说这是指来自俄罗斯的部队，但俄罗斯方面此前一直否认它在这些国家有任何部队。

withdrawal

1）表示“收回；不再参加；退出（组织）”，英文解释为“the act of no longer taking part in sth or being a member of an organization”如：his withdrawal from the election 他从选举中的退出。

2）表示“撤军”，英文解释为“the process or action of a military force moving out of an area”

dispute

1）表示“对…提出质询；对…表示异议（或怀疑）”，英文解释为“to question whether sth is true and valid”举个🌰：

These figures have been disputed.

有人对这些数字提出了质疑。

2）表示“争论；辩论；争执”，英文解释为“to argue or disagree strongly with sb about sth, especially about who owns sth”举个🌰：

The issue remains hotly disputed.

这个问题至今仍在激烈地辩论中。

3）表示“争夺；竞争”，英文解释为“to fight to get control of sth or to win sth”。

🎬电影《地狱男爵2：黄金军团》（Hellboy II: The Golden Army）中的台词提到：Is there anyone here who would dispute my right? 有人想和我争权吗？

🎬电影《拜见岳父大人3》（Little Fockers）中的台词提到：While I dispute the findings, I appreciate the gesture. 虽然我对结果有质疑我谢谢你们的好意。

去年，东部地区违反停火协议的事件激增，俄罗斯部队在乌克兰附近集结，这加剧了人们对新战争即将爆发的担忧，但当俄罗斯方面在4月的演习后撤回其大部分部队时，紧张局势有所缓解。

spike

在剑桥词典公布2020年度词汇：Quarantine中同样出现了这个词，1）作名词，可以理解为“峰值”或者“激增；猛增；急升”，英文解释为“a sharp increase in the magnitude or concentration of something”，如：a spike in oil prices 油价的急剧上涨。

2）也可以作动词，同样表示“激增”，英文解释为“if the number or rate of something spikes, it increases quickly and by a large amount ”举个🌰：

New orders have spiked in the last two years.

新订单在过去两年里激增。

ceasefire

表示“（通常指永久性的）停火，停战”，英文解释为“a time when enemies agree to stop fighting, usually while a way is found to end the fighting permanently”举个🌰：

Observers have reported serious violations of the ceasefire.

观察员报告说停火协议遭到严重破坏。

fuel

表示“加剧；增加；加强；刺激；激起”，英文解释为“To fuel a situation means to make it become worse or more intense.”如：to fuel speculation/rumours/fears 引起猜测/谣传/恐惧，举个🌰：

The result will inevitably fuel speculation about his future.

该结果将不可避免地加剧人们对他的前途的猜测。

abate

表示“（使）减弱，减退，减轻，减少”，英文解释为“to become less strong; to make sth less strong”举个🌰：

The storm showed no signs of abating.

暴风雨没有减弱的迹象。

the bulk of

表示“（某物的）主要部分，大半”，英文解释为“the main or largest part of something”举个🌰

The bulk of consumers are based in towns.

大多数消费者都是城镇居民。

manoeuvre

manoeuvre /məˈnuː.vɚ/ 表示“军事演习”，英文解释为“a planned and controlled movement or operation by the armed forces for training purposes and in war”如：military/naval manoeuvres 军事/海军演习。

◉ What might happen next? 接下来可能发生什么？

The situation has now reached boiling point, with each side warily anticipating the other's next move.

现在局势濒临爆发点，双方都在警惕地等待对方的下一步行动。

boiling point

1）表示“沸点”，英文解释为“The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which it becomes a gas.”

2）表示“（事态的/人的愤怒情绪的）爆发点”，英文解释为“the point when a situation is about to get out of control and become violent；the stage at which someone is about to become very angry”举个🌰：

Racial tension has reached boiling point.

种族间的紧张状态已达到一触即发的程度。

📺美剧《奥维尔号》（Orville）中的台词提到：Commander, the delegates are at the boiling point. 字幕组就将其处理为：指挥官，代表们要掀房顶了。

🎬电影《校花我爱你》（I Love You, Beth Cooper）中的台词提到：Actually, the boiling point of water is 212 degrees Fahrenheit.. 事实上水烧开的温度是华氏212度。

warily

warily /ˈwerəli/ 副词，wary /ˈwer.i/形容词，表示“（对待人或事物时）小心的，谨慎的，留神的，小心翼翼的”，英文解释为“careful when dealing with sb/sth because you think that there may be a danger or problem”举个🌰：

Be wary of strangers who offer you a ride.

提防那些主动让你搭车的陌生人。

俄罗斯方面一再否认入侵的说法，而西方领导人则坚持认为入侵迫在眉睫，并不断威胁说，如果普京先生一意孤行，就会采取严厉的制裁、使其在国际上被排斥。

imminent

表示“临近的，即将发生的”，英文解释为“coming or likely to happen very soon”，如：imminent disaster/danger 迫在眉睫的灾难/危险。

sanction

1）常见含义表示“制裁”，英文解释为“an official order, such as the stopping of trade, that is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law”。

2）可以作动词也可以作名词，表示“批准；认可”，英文解释为“If someone in authority sanctions an action or practice, they officially approve of it and allow it to be done.”举个🌰：

He may now be ready to sanction the use of force.

他或许现在正准备批准使用武力。

pariah

pariah /pəˈraɪ.ə/本身表示“为社会所抛弃者；受蔑视的人；不被信任者”，英文解释为“a person who is not accepted by a social group, especially because he or she is not liked, respected, or trusted”

📍有一个说法叫pariah state，表示被排斥的国家或放逐国家（Pariah state），指该国因其国际行为与国际规范脱轨，或在国际权力联盟结构终缺乏稳定支持，而处于外交孤立或易受责难的国家，与国际法或国际规范脱轨的行为如支持恐怖主义或无视于国际法或外交规范、体制、或条约的国家行为。

📍A pariah state (also called an international pariah or a global pariah) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the international community. A pariah state may face international isolation, sanctions or even an invasion by nations who find its policies, actions, or even its very existence unacceptable.

US president Joe Biden has long said he thinks the Russian leader will “move in” on Ukraine, while Mr Johnson has warned that “gloomy” intelligence suggests Moscow is planning a lightning raid on Kyiv.

美国总统拜登（Joe Biden）长期以来一直表示，他认为俄罗斯领导人将“进军”乌克兰，而约翰逊（Johnson）先生则警告说，“令人悲观的”情报表明，俄罗斯方面正在计划对基辅（Kyiv）进行闪电式袭击。

gloomy

1）表示“前景黯淡的；悲观的”，英文解释为“not expecting or believing anything good in a situation”；

2）表示“忧郁；愁闷；沮丧的”，英文解释为“unhappy and without hope”如：a gloomy person/expression 一个愁容满面的人/一个沮丧的表情。

3）表示“灰暗的，幽暗的”，英文解释为“dark in a way that is unpleasant and makes it difficult to see”举个🌰：

What gloomy weather we're having!

今天天气太阴沉了！

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇针对《没有工作的世界》的书评文章中提到：This gloomy view of the impact of technology is plausible. 这种对技术影响的悲观论调似乎言之有理。

raid

表示“（通常由一小队人发起的）突袭，袭击”，英文解释为“a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people”举个🌰：

The commandos made/staged/carried out a daring raid (on the enemy).

突击队大胆（向敌人）发起了突袭。