俄罗斯将被“踢出”的SWIFT是什么?

LearnAndRecord 2022-07-26

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当地时间26日，美国、欧盟等宣布对俄罗斯最新制裁，决定将部分俄罗斯银行排除在SWIFT之外。

刚刚，日本首相岸田文雄表示，日本也加入将俄罗斯排除在SWIFT支付系统之外的制裁。

无注释原文：

What is SWIFT, and why does it matter in the Russia-Ukraine war?

The Washington Post

As the United States, Canada and European allies prepared to step up pressure on Russian financial institutions this weekend, they vowed to cut some banks off from the SWIFT messaging system, a network that connects banks around the world and is considered the backbone of international finance.

Whether to target Russia through SWIFT has become one of the serious points of division among Western nations on sanctions in the Ukraine crisis, with the French finance minister calling a move to cut Russia off from the mechanism a “financial nuclear weapon.”

Here’s what you need to know about SWIFT and the debate about whether to pressure the network to exclude Russian financial institutions.

◐ What is SWIFT, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication?

It is a messaging network that connects banks around the world and is considered the backbone of international finance. The Belgian-based consortium links more than 11,000 financial institutions operating in more than 200 countries and territories, acting as a critical hub to enable international payments. Last year, the system averaged 42 million messages a day, including orders and confirmations for payments, trades and currency exchanges. More than 1 percent of those messages are thought to involve Russian payments.

◐ What role might SWIFT play in the Russian invasion of Ukraine?

Eastern European countries and France were among the early advocates of economic sanctions that would cut Russia off from SWIFT. Depending on how many banks the European Union and the United States plan to target through SWIFT, they could make it more difficult for Russian entities to process transactions and could hobble the Russian economy’s ability to do business beyond its borders. When Western nations threatened to use this sanction against Russia in 2014, after it annexed Crimea, the country’s former finance minister Alexei Kudrin said it could reduce the country’s gross domestic product by 5 percent within a year. Russia’s gross domestic product was about $1.7 trillion last year, making it the 12th-largest economy in the world.

“Our diplomats fought days-long and inspiringly, so that all European countries agreed to this very strong and just decision, to cut off Russia from the international interbank network,” Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky said Saturday night.

◐ If Russian banks are cut off from SWIFT, are there alternative networks they can use?

Yes. Russia created an alternative network, the System for Transfer of Financial Messages, but financial experts say it is an inadequate replacement. By the end of 2020, the system included only 400 participants from 23 countries. There is also China’s Cross-Border Inter-Bank Payments System, which would allow countries to bypass SWIFT.

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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应

含注释全文：

What is SWIFT, and why does it matter in the Russia-Ukraine war?

The Washington Post

当美国、加拿大和欧洲盟友准备在本周末进一步对俄罗斯金融机构施加压力时，他们发誓要切断部分银行与SWIFT报文系统的联系，这个系统连接着世界各地的银行，被认为是国际金融的支柱。

ally

ally /ˈæl.aɪ/ 表示“（尤指战时的）同盟国，盟友”，英文解释为“a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one, especially during a war”举个🌰：

The US is one of Britain's staunchest allies.

美国是英国最忠实的盟友之一。

📍the Allies 特指“（第二次世界大战期间的）同盟国”，英文解释为“the countries, including the US, the UK, the USSR, and France, that fought against the Axis countries in the Second World War”

step up

1）表示“在有需要（或有机会）时采取行动”，英文解释为“to take action when there is a need or opportunity for it”举个🌰：

Investors have to step up and assume more responsibility for their assets.

投资者必须采取行动，为他们的投资承担更多责任。

2）表示“增加（尺寸或数量）；加快（进程）的速度”，英文解释为“to increase the size, amount, or speed of a process that is intended to achieve something”举个🌰：

The police are stepping up their efforts to fight crime.

警方正在加大打击犯罪活动的力度。

vow

可以作名词，表示“发誓；誓言；许愿”；也可以作动词，表示“起誓；立誓；发誓”，英文解释为“If you vow to do something, you make a serious promise or decision that you will do it.”举个🌰：

While many models vow to go back to college, few do.

很多模特儿发誓要重返大学，但几乎无人做到。

🎬电影《诸神之战》（Clash of the Titans）中的台词提到：You vowed to your wife you'd never let Helius wield a sword. 你曾对你的妻子发誓你永远不会让赫利俄斯使用武器。

backbone

1）表示“支柱；骨干；基础”，英文解释为“the most important part of a system, an organization, etc. that gives it support and strength”举个🌰：

Agriculture forms the backbone of the rural economy.

农业是农村经济的基础。

2）表示“脊梁骨；脊柱”，英文解释为“the row of small bones that are connected together down the middle of the back”；

3）表示“毅力；骨气”，英文解释为“the strength of character that you need to do sth difficult”，举个🌰：

He doesn't have the backbone to face the truth.

他没有面对现实的勇气。

是否通过SWIFT系统针对俄罗斯，已经成为西方国家在乌克兰危机制裁问题上的严重分歧点之一，法国财政部长称切断俄罗斯与该系统联系的举措是“金融核武器。”

sanction

1）常见含义表示“制裁”，英文解释为“an official order, such as the stopping of trade, that is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law”举个🌰：Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people.

由于该国发生了针对本国人民的暴力行为，许多国家都对其进行制裁。

2）可以作动词也可以作名词，表示“批准；认可”，英文解释为“If someone in authority sanctions an action or practice, they officially approve of it and allow it to be done.”举个🌰：

He may now be ready to sanction the use of force.

他或许现在正准备批准使用武力。

move

表示“行动；步骤；措施”，英文解释为“an action taken to achieve something”举个🌰：

This move towards improving childcare facilities has been widely welcomed. 这项改善保育设施的措施受到广泛欢迎。

Here’s what you need to know about SWIFT and the debate about whether to pressure the network to exclude Russian financial institutions.

以下是你需要知道的关于SWIFT及是否向该通过该系统施压以排除俄罗斯金融机构的辩论。

exclude

表示“阻止…进入；把…排斥在外”，英文解释为“to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity”举个🌰：

Microbes must, as far as possible, be excluded from the room during an operation.

在手术过程中，要尽可能防止细菌进入手术室。

🎬电影《简·爱》（Jane Eyre）中的台词提到：Children, I exhort you to shun her, exclude her, shut her out from this day forth. 孩子们，奉劝你们离她远点，排斥她，从今天起与她隔绝。

◐What is SWIFT, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication? 什么是SWIFT？

它是一个连接世界各地银行的报文网络，被认为是国际金融的支柱。这个总部设在比利时（Belgian）的协会连接着在200多个国家和地区运营的11000多家金融机构，作为一个关键的枢纽，实现国际支付。去年，该系统平均每天有4200万条信息（报文数量），包括支付、交易和货币兑换的指令和确认。这些报文中超过1%被认为涉及俄罗斯支付。

consortium

consortium /kənˈsɔːtɪəm/ 表示“（数家公司或银行联合组成的）联营企业；财团，银团；联盟”，英文解释为“A consortium is a group of people or firms who have agreed to cooperate with each other.”如：a consortium of textile manufacturers 纺织企业联合集团。

hub

hub一词可以理解为“（某地/活动）中心，枢纽，核心”，如：the commercial hub of the city 城市的商业中心，a hub airport 大型中转机场，举个🌰：

The kitchen was the hub of family life.

厨房是家庭生活的中心。

📍郑州挺住，河南加油！文中，路透社（Reuters）介绍河南就说的是： a major logistics hub in central China 中国中部的主要物流中枢，原句：Many train services across Henan, a major logistics hub in central China, have been suspended. Many highways have also been closed and flights delayed or cancelled. 河南是中国中部的一个主要物流中枢，整个河南的许多火车服务已经暂停。许多高速公路也被关闭，航班被推迟或取消。

📍《经济学人》（The Economist）2018年8月一篇提到B站的文章是这么表达的，Bilibili, an online hub for fans of comics and games.

average

average还可以作动词，表示“平均数是，平均为”，英文解释为“to reach a particular amount as an average”举个🌰：

Enquiries to our office average 1,000 calls a month.

我们办公室每个月平均接到1000个询问电话。

confirmation

表示“（常指书面的）确认，确定”，英文解释为“a statement, often written, that an arrangement or meeting is certain”如：a letter of confirmation 确认函。

currency

1）表示“货币，通货”，英文解释为“the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time”如：foreign currency 外币。

2）表示“流行；流通；通用”，英文解释为“the state of being commonly known or accepted, or of being used in many places”举个🌰：

His ideas enjoyed wide currency during the last century.

他的思想在上个世纪广为流传。

◐ What role might SWIFT play in the Russian invasion of Ukraine? SWIFT在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的过程中可能发挥什么作用？

invasion

表示“入侵，侵略”，英文解释为“an occasion when an army or country uses force to enter and take control of another country”举个🌰：

They were planning to mount an invasion of the north of the country.

他们正计划发动对该国北部的侵略。

Eastern European countries and France were among the early advocates of economic sanctions that would cut Russia off from SWIFT. Depending on how many banks the European Union and the United States plan to target through SWIFT, they could make it more difficult for Russian entities to process transactions and could hobble the Russian economy’s ability to do business beyond its borders. When Western nations threatened to use this sanction against Russia in 2014, after it annexed Crimea, the country’s former finance minister Alexei Kudrin said it could reduce the country’s gross domestic product by 5 percent within a year. Russia's gross domestic product was about $1.7 trillion last year, making it the 12th-largest economy in the world.

东欧国家和法国是经济制裁的早期倡导者之一，这些制裁将切断俄罗斯与SWIFT的联系。取决于欧盟和美国计划通过SWIFT针对多少家银行，它们可能使俄罗斯实体更难处理交易，并可能阻碍俄罗斯经济在其境外开展业务的能力。2014年，在俄罗斯吞并克里米亚（Crimea）之后，西方国家威胁要对俄罗斯实施这一制裁，该国前财政部长阿列克谢·库德林（Alexei Kudrin）说，这可能会使该国的国内生产总值（GDP）在一年内减少5%。俄罗斯去年的国内生产总值约为1.7万亿美元，是世界上第12大经济体。

advocate

1）表示“拥护者；支持者；提倡者；主张人”，英文解释为“An advocate of a particular action or plan is someone who recommends it publicly.”如：an advocate for hospital workers 医院工作人员的支持者。

2）表示“为 (某团体) 谋利益者”，英文解释为“An advocate for a particular group is a person who works for the interests of that group.”如：advocates for the homeless 为无家可归者谋利益的人。

3）表示“辩护律师”，英文解释为“An advocate is a lawyer who speaks in favour of someone or defends them in a court of law.”

entity

表示“实体；独立存在体”，英文解释为“something that exists apart from other things, having its own independent existence”举个🌰：

The museums work closely together, but are separate legal entities.

这些博物馆密切合作，但它们都是独立的法人实体。

transaction

表示“交易”，英文解释为“an occasion when someone buys or sells something, or when money is exchanged or the activity of buying or selling something”。

hobble

1）表示“约束，限制”，英文解释为“to limit something or control the freedom of someone”举个🌰：

A long list of amendments have hobbled the new legislation.

一长串修正案限制了这项新立法。

2）表示“捆缚（动物，尤指马等的）两条腿”，英文解释为“If you hobble an animal, especially a horse, you tie two of its legs together so that it cannot run away.”

3）表示“一瘸一拐地行走，跛行”，英文解释为“to walk in an awkward way, usually because the feet or legs are injured”举个🌰：

The last time I saw her she was hobbling around with a stick.

上次我见到她的时候，她拄着拐杖一瘸一拐的。

🎬电影《天地无限》（Open Range）中的台词提到：I see they hobbled you. 我看见他们给你带来了麻烦 It's been a while since I was in a fight. 我已经很久没和人交火了

annex

annex /əˈneks/ 表示“（通常指用武力或擅自）吞并；兼并；强占”，英文解释为“to take possession of an area of land or a country, usually by force or without permission”举个🌰：

The UK annexed this small island west of Scotland in 1955.

英国于1955年将这个位于苏格兰以西的小岛并入其领土。

🎬电影《幸福终点站》（The Terminal）中的台词提到：Mr. Navorski, your country was annexed from the inside. 纳沃斯基先生您的国家发生了内乱。

“我们的外交官们进行了长达数日的斗争，并取得了鼓舞人心的成果，因此所有欧洲国家都同意这一非常有力和公正的决定，切断俄罗斯与国际银行间的网络联系，”乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基（Volodymyr Zelensky）星期六晚上说。

diplomat

diplomat /ˈdɪp.lə.mæt/ 表示“外交官”，英文解释为“A diplomat is a senior official who discusses affairs with another country on behalf of his or her own country, usually working as a member of an embassy.”

just

just作形容词，表示“公正的，公平的；正义的”，英文解释为“fair; morally correct”举个🌰：

The judge's sentence was perfectly just in the circumstances.

在这种情况下，法官的判决非常公正。

类似的还有：

📍 equitable表示“公平合理的；公正的”，英文解释为“fair and reasonable; treating everyone in an equal way”

📍 fair表示“公平的；公正的”，英文解释为“Something or someone that is fair is reasonable, right, and just.”

📍 impartial表示“公正的；不偏不倚的；中立的”，英文解释为“Someone who is impartial is not directly involved in a particular situation, and is therefore able to give a fair opinion or decision about it.”如：an impartial inquiry 公正的调查。

📍 unbiased表示“无偏见的；公正的”，英文解释为“If you describe someone or something as unbiased, you mean they are fair and not likely to support one particular person or group involved in something.”如：unbiased advice 客观的忠告。

◐ If Russian banks are cut off from SWIFT, are there alternative networks they can use? 如果俄罗斯的银行被切断了与SWIFT的联系，是否有其他的可以使用？

alternative

alternative本身可以作名词也可以作形容词，表示“可替代的，供选择的（事物）”英文解释为“An alternative plan or method is one that you can use if you do not want to use another one.”举个🌰：

The opposition parties have so far failed to set out an alternative strategy.

反对党到目前为止还没有提出其他的策略。

有。俄罗斯创建了一个替代网络，即金融信息传输系统，但金融专家说这是一个不充分的替代。到2020年底，该系统只包括23个国家的400个参与方。还有中国的跨境银行间支付系统，它将允许各国绕过SWIFT系统。

bypass

动词，表示“绕过；避开”，英文解释为“to go around or avoid a place”举个🌰：

A new road now bypasses the town.

一条新路绕城镇而过。

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