教资考试报名人数升至1144.2万
今天，教育部教师工作司司长任友群在“教育这十年”“1+1”系列发布会上表示，十年来，教师资格考试和定期注册制度全面实行，教师资格考试报名人数由最初的17.2万人次跃升至今年的1144.2万人次。
借（cèng）此（gè）机（rè）会（diǎn），我们来看看近期在美国引发关注的“教师荒”问题。
无注释原文：
Merit Pay Is the Solution to Teacher Shortages
From: Bloomberg
August 23, 2022
With a new school year getting underway, public-school districts in the US are sounding alarms about a looming shortage of teachers. In response, some states have loosened rules to bring more workers, including those who haven’t yet earned a college degree, into the profession. These efforts are worthwhile — but they’re only addressing half the problem.
Although reports of a nationwide “exodus” of teachers are exaggerated, acute shortages have persisted for years in certain areas, especially in low-income and rural districts. District leaders have also reported increased difficulty filling vacancies for full-time math, science and high school teachers. For the most part, money isn’t the issue: Over the past two years, districts have tapped federal relief money to ramp up hiring of substitutes and remote-learning instructors who could step in for teachers out with Covid, but they have been slow to spend the funds. As the pandemic subsides, those resources could be used to hire teachers in high-need areas.
The big challenge is finding them. With enrollment in teacher-preparation programs in steep decline, states are boosting incentives to attract new graduates and to keep experienced teachers in the work force. They're also experimenting with other ways to broaden the labor pool. Pennsylvania has lifted restrictions to allow teachers licensed in other states, while Arizona permits candidates with subject-matter expertise to work without a teaching credential. In Georgia, retired teachers can return to the classroom and keep their pension benefits. Roughly a dozen states have made it easier to get a teaching license, with both Arizona and Florida waiving long-standing requirements that teachers earn bachelor’s degrees before being hired for full-time positions; in Florida, military veterans without degrees can obtain five-year teaching certificates if they pass an exam in the subject they’re hired to teach.
Policies like these have provoked the ire of unions, which say they convey disrespect for teachers and undermine professional standards. And it’s surely fair to worry about hiring unqualified applicants. Yet in teaching, as in other occupations, merely having a degree is no guarantee of competence — and there’s little evidence that teachers with formal education credentials produce better outcomes for students than those without them.
Rather than dwelling on degrees or other credentials, districts should try to focus more on ability — in part by revamping how teachers are evaluated and paid. Linking teachers’ compensation to their performance would help to raise academic standards, encourage new teachers to pursue professional development, and draw more skilled workers to the profession. Districts in at least 30 states offer performance-based bonuses to teachers, which have led to average gains in student learning equal to an additional three weeks of school.
Programs that offer incentives partly based on students’ standardized test scores have also been found to improve retention rates among Black and Latino teachers and those working in low-income schools. Despite what the unions say, competent educators should have nothing to fear from such reforms. If anything, veteran teachers stand to benefit from the focus on attracting new talent, which should push up salaries across the board.
After two years of disrupted and inadequate learning, confidence in the American public school system is near an all-time low. Expanding programs to recruit new teachers in places where they’re most needed — and paying them what they’re worth — are necessary steps toward giving all students the education they deserve.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Merit Pay Is the Solution to Teacher Shortages
From: Bloomberg
August 23, 2022
With a new school year getting underway, public-school districts in the US are sounding alarms about a looming shortage of teachers. In response, some states have loosened rules to bring more workers, including those who haven’t yet earned a college degree, into the profession. These efforts are worthwhile — but they’re only addressing half the problem.
随着新学年的到来，美国的公立学区对即将到来的教师短缺发出了警告。为此，一些州放宽了规定，让更多人员进入这个行业，包括那些尚未获得大学学位的人。这些努力是值得的——但它们只解决了一半的问题。
underway
表示“正在进行的；正在发生的”，英文解释为“If something is underway, it is happening now.”举个🌰：
Economic recovery is already underway.
经济已开始复苏了。
📍get underway表示“开始”，英文解释为“to begin”举个🌰：
The film festival gets underway on 6 September.
电影节于9月6日开幕。
sound the alarm
sound the alarm 表示“拉响警报；发出警报”，英文解释为“to cause a noise to be made or say or shout a message to warn people about something”举个🌰：
Quick, sound the alarm - there's a fire in the machine room!
快，拉警报——机房里着火了！
looming
表示“（不希望或不愉快的事情）迫近的，逼近的”，英文解释为“(of something unwanted or unpleasant) about to happen soon and causing worry”如：the looming crisis 迫在眉睫的危机。
Although reports of a nationwide “exodus” of teachers are exaggerated, acute shortages have persisted for years in certain areas, especially in low-income and rural districts. District leaders have also reported increased difficulty filling vacancies for full-time math, science and high school teachers. For the most part, money isn’t the issue: Over the past two years, districts have tapped federal relief money to ramp up hiring of substitutes and remote-learning instructors who could step in for teachers out with Covid, but they have been slow to spend the funds. As the pandemic subsides, those resources could be used to hire teachers in high-need areas.
尽管有关教师在全国范围内“外流”的报道有些夸大，但在某些地区，尤其是低收入和农村地区，教师严重短缺已经持续多年。地区领导人还表示，填补全职数学、科学和高中教师空缺的难度增加了。在大多数情况下，钱不是问题：在过去两年里，各地区利用联邦救济资金增加了对代课教师和网课教师的雇佣，这些教师可以接替因新冠疫情而缺席的教师，但他们一直在缓慢地使用这些资金。随着疫情的平息，这些资源可以用来在高需求地区雇佣教师。
exodus
exodus /ˈek.sə.dəs/ 1）表示“（大批人的）退出，离开”，英文解释为“the movement of a lot of people from a place”举个🌰：
There has been a mass exodus of workers from the villages to the towns.
一直有大量工人源源不断从农村涌入城市。
2）Exodus大写时表示“《出埃及记》（基督教《圣经‧旧约》第二卷，记载摩西率领以色列人离开埃及之事）”，英文解释为“the second book of the Bible telling of Moses and the journey of the Israelites out of Egypt”
exaggerate
exaggerate /ɪɡˈzædʒ.ə.reɪt/ 表示“夸张；夸大；对…言过其实”，英文解释为“to make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is”举个🌰：
Don't exaggerate - it wasn't that expensive.
不要言过其实——没有那么贵。
acute
1）表示“严峻的”，英文解释为“You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense.”举个🌰：
There is an acute shortage of water.
水严重短缺。
2）表示“（疾病）急性的”，英文解释为“an acute illness is one that has quickly become severe and dangerous”如：acute appendicitis 急性阑尾炎。
persist
1) 表示“继续存在（发生）”，英文解释为“If something bad persists, it continues to exist or happen”举个🌰：
If the pain persists, you must see a doctor.
如果一直痛，你就必须去看医生了。
2) 表示“坚持；执意”，英文解释为“to continue to do something, although this is difficult, or other people oppose it”举个🌰：
‘I don't think it's right,’ He persisted.
“我认为那不对。”他坚持说道。
vacancy
表示“（职位）空缺”，英文解释为“a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do”举个🌰：
There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays.
商店有个星期六上班的店员职位空缺。
tap
1）表示“轻敲；轻拍；轻叩”（to hit sb/sth quickly and lightly）举个🌰：
He tapped at the door.
他轻轻敲门。
2）表示“轻触（手机或平板电脑等给予指令）”（to touch the screen of a phone, tablet computer, etc. in order to give an instruction for something to happen）举个🌰：
You can manage the repeat and shuffle options by tapping the screen once and swiping to the left.
你可以通过轻触一下屏幕向左滑动来使用重复和移动功能。
3）表示“ 在（电话或电报线）上装窃听器；窃听”（to use a small device attached to a phone in order to listen secretly to what people are saying）举个🌰：
He suspected that his phone had been tapped.
他怀疑自己的电话被人窃听了。
4）表示“利用，开发，发掘（已有的资源、知识等）”（to make use of a source of energy, knowledge, etc. that already exists）举个🌰：
We need to tap the expertise of the people we already have.
我们需要利用我们现有人员的专业知识。
🎬电影《头号玩家》（Ready Player One）中的台词提到：This isn't real, you're tapping my feed. 这不是真的 你们拦截了我的信号。
🎬电影《银河护卫队2》（Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2）中的台词提到：She wouldn't even tap her foot. Wouldn't move a muscle. 她也毫不动容 连脚趾头也不动一下。
ramp up
1）表示“加快（速度）；增加（威力）；提高（费用）”，英文解释为“to increase the speed, power, or cost of something”举个🌰：
Announcement of the merger is expected to ramp up share prices over the next few days.
预计公司合并的消息发布后，接下来的几天里股票价格会上扬。
2）表示“（公司）扩大，增加，增多（业务等）”，英文解释为“If a business ramps up its activity, it increases it.”举个🌰：
The company announced plans to ramp up production to 10,000 units per month.
这家公司宣布了每月生产1万件的增产计划。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述新型冠状病毒抗体检测的文章中提到：Even when they are cleared for general use it will take time for manufacturers to ramp up the production of tests, 即便在检测设备被获准通用之后，制造商要扩大生产也需要时间，
substitute
1）作名词，表示“代替者；代替物；代用品”，英文解释为“a person or thing that you use or have instead of the one you normally use or have”，如：a meat substitute 肉食替代品。
2）也可以直接表示“代课教师”，等同于substitute teacher.
3）作动词，表示“用…代替，代之以”，英文解释为“to use something or someone instead of another thing or person”举个🌰：
You can substitute oil for butter in this recipe.
这道菜中你可以用食用油代替黄油。
step in
表示“插手；介入；居中斡旋”，英文解释为“to become involved in a difficult situation or argument in order to help find a solution”举个🌰：
An outside buyer has stepped in to save the company from going out of business.
一个外来买主介入，使公司免于破产。
subside
表示“减弱；平息”，英文解释为“If a feeling or noise subsides, it becomes less strong or loud.”举个🌰：
The pain had subsided during the night.
那疼痛在晚间已减轻了。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述贝佐斯的文章中提到：One question is whether the digital surge will subside. 一个问题是这轮数字化浪潮会否退去。
The big challenge is finding them. With enrollment in teacher-preparation programs in steep decline, states are boosting incentives to attract new graduates and to keep experienced teachers in the work force. They're also experimenting with other ways to broaden the labor pool.
最大的挑战是找到他们。随着教师培养计划的注册人数急剧下降，各州正在加大激励措施，以吸引新毕业生，让有经验的教师留在工作岗位上。他们还在尝试其他方法来扩大教师储备。
enrollment
表示“登记，入学，注册，登记（人数）”，英文解释为“the act of officially joining a course, school, etc.; the number of people who do this”
steep
1）表示“（上升或下降）急剧的，大起大落的”，英文解释为“A steep rise or fall is one that goes very quickly from low to high or from high to low.”举个🌰：
There has been a steep increase/rise in prices.
物价飞涨。
2）表示“（斜坡）陡的，陡峭的”，英文解释为“(of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle”如：a steep slope 陡坡。
boost
作动词，表示“改善；提高；增强；推动”，英文解释为“to improve or increase something”举个🌰：
The theatre managed to boost its audiences by cutting ticket prices.
剧院设法通过降低票价来增加观众数量。
📍“佩洛西有病还是先治病吧”文中提到be boosted，get boosted用来指打了加强针（疫苗），也有说booster shot/booster dose.
incentive
表示“激励；刺激；鼓励”，英文解释为“something that encourages you to do sth”举个🌰：
There is no incentive for people to save fuel.
没有使人们节约燃料的鼓励办法。
Pennsylvania has lifted restrictions to allow teachers licensed in other states, while Arizona permits candidates with subject-matter expertise to work without a teaching credential. In Georgia, retired teachers can return to the classroom and keep their pension benefits. Roughly a dozen states have made it easier to get a teaching license, with both Arizona and Florida waiving long-standing requirements that teachers earn bachelor’s degrees before being hired for full-time positions; in Florida, military veterans without degrees can obtain five-year teaching certificates if they pass an exam in the subject they’re hired to teach.
宾夕法尼亚州（Pennsylvania）已经取消了限制，允许在其他州获得资格证的教师工作，而亚利桑那州（Arizona）允许具有学科专业知识的候选人在没有教师资格证的情况下工作。在佐治亚州（Georgia），退休教师可以重返课堂并保留他们的养老金福利。大约有十几个州已经让获得教师资格证变得更加容易，亚利桑那州和佛罗里达州（Florida）都放弃了长期以来要求教师在被聘为全职职位之前获得学士学位的要求；在佛罗里达州，没有学位的退伍军人如果通过了应聘科目的考试，就可以获得五年的教师资格证。
lift
1）早在2020年「武汉解封」冬已尽，春来兮！文中CNN的标题「China lifts 76-day lockdown on Wuhan as city reemerges from coronavirus crisis」就有提到有提到lift ... lockdown，lift作动词，表示「解除，撤销，停止」，英文解释为：to remove or end restrictions，如：to lift a ban 解除禁令。
license
作名词，表示“许可证，执照，牌照”，英文解释为“an official document that gives you permission to own, do, or use something, usually after you have paid money and/or taken a test”如：a dog licence 养狗牌照。
作动词，表示“许可，授权，特许”，英文解释为“to give someone official permission to do or have something”举个🌰：
Several companies have been licensed to sell these products.
一些公司获得了这些产品的销售许可。
subject matter
表示“（谈话、写作、艺术等的）主题，题材，主要内容”，英文解释为“the things that are being talked or written about, or used as the subject of a piece of art, etc.”举个🌰：
The subject matter of the documentary was not really suitable for children.
这部纪录片的主题不太适合儿童。
expertise
表示“专门技能（知识）；专长”，英文解释为“a high level of knowledge or skill”举个🌰：
We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal.
我们很羡慕他那一手烹调绝活。
credential
credential /krɪˈden.ʃəl/ 一般用复数credentials，表示“（表明某人有资格做某事的）资历；（身份或资格的）证明文件；资格证书；证明书；证件”，英文解释为“Someone's credentials are their previous achievements, training, and general background, which indicate that they are qualified to do something. Someone's credentials are a letter or certificate that proves their identity or qualifications.”如：her credentials as a specialist 她作为一名研究专家的资历。举个🌰：
All the candidates had excellent academic credentials.
所有候选人都具有优秀的学历。
pension
表示“养老金；退休金；抚恤金”，英文解释为“an amount of money paid regularly by the government or a private company to a person who does not work any more because they are too old or have become ill”。
📍政府工作报告中经常出现的一个词，比如2017年报告：提高低保、优抚、退休人员基本养老金等标准，We increased subsistence allowances, benefits for entitled groups, basic pension payments, and other subsidies;
waive
表示“放弃（权利）；不遵守（规则）”，英文解释为“to not demand something you have a right to, or not cause a rule to be obeyed”举个🌰：
The bank manager waived the charge (= said we didn't have to pay), as we were old and valued customers.
那位银行经理没有收取我们的费用，因为我们是尊贵的老顾客。
bachelor's degree
表示“学士学位”，英文解释为“a first degree at college or university”
veteran
veteran /ˈvetərən/ 1）表示“老手，（在某方面）经验丰富的人”，英文解释为“someone who has had a lot of experience of a particular activity”，如：veteran leader/veteran journalist/actor/goalkeeper etc 资深领袖/资深记者/资深演员/经验丰富的守门员等。
2）表示“老兵，退伍军人”，英文解释为“someone who has been in the armed forces during a war”如：a Vietnam veteran 越战老兵。
certificate
certificate /səˈtɪf.ɪ.kət/ 1）表示“证书；证明”，英文解释为“an official document that states that the information on it is true”如：a birth/marriage/death certificate 出生/结婚/死亡证明
2）表示“成绩合格证书；毕业证书”，英文解释为“the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an exam”举个🌰：
She has a Certificate in Drama Education.
她有戏剧教育资格证书。
Policies like these have provoked the ire of unions, which say they convey disrespect for teachers and undermine professional standards. And it’s surely fair to worry about hiring unqualified applicants. Yet in teaching, as in other occupations, merely having a degree is no guarantee of competence — and there’s little evidence that teachers with formal education credentials produce better outcomes for students than those without them.
这类政策已经引起了工会的愤怒，他们说，这些政策表达了对教师的不尊重，破坏了专业标准。担心聘用不合格的申请者当然是合理的。然而，在教学领域，就像在其他职业中一样，仅仅拥有学位并不能保证就有能力——几乎没有证据表明，拥有正式教师资格证的教师比没有的教师能为学生带来更好的成果。
provoke
1）表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
2）表示“激怒，挑衅”，英文解释为“to make or try to make a person or an animal angry”举个🌰：
It was a vicious-looking dog and I didn't want to provoke it.
那只狗看起来很凶，我可不想招惹它。
ire
ire /aɪə/ 表示“愤怒”，不可数名词，英文解释为“Ire is anger.”举个🌰：
Their ire was directed mainly at the company.
他们的愤怒主要针对该公司。
undermine
表示“（常指逐渐地）削弱信心、权威等，损害”，英文解释为“to make someone less confident, less powerful, or less likely to succeed, or to make something weaker, often gradually”举个🌰：
Criticism just undermines their confidence.
批评只是削弱了他们的信心。
unqualified
unqualified /ʌnˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/ 表示“不合格的，无资格的，不胜任的”，英文解释为“An unqualified person does not have the qualifications needed for a particular job.”
📍动词原形：qualify 1）表示“（使）具有资格，（使）合格”，英文解释为“to successfully finish a training course so that you are able to do a job; to have or achieve the necessary skills, etc.”举个🌰：
She hopes to qualify (as a teacher) at the end of the year.
她希望在年底获得（教师）资格。
🎬电影《合伙人》（The Company Men）中的台词提到：只靠我的薪水我们不可能再成功申请房贷 We're not going to be able to qualify for another house on just my salary.
Rather than dwelling on degrees or other credentials, districts should try to focus more on ability — in part by revamping how teachers are evaluated and paid. Linking teachers’ compensation to their performance would help to raise academic standards, encourage new teachers to pursue professional development, and draw more skilled workers to the profession. Districts in at least 30 states offer performance-based bonuses to teachers, which have led to average gains in student learning equal to an additional three weeks of school.
与其纠结于学位或其他证书，各学区应该尝试更多地关注能力——部分应该通过改革教师的评估和薪酬方式。将教师薪酬与他们的表现挂钩将有助于提高学术标准，鼓励新教师追求专业发展，并吸引更多高水平人才进入这一行业。至少有30个州的学区向教师提供基于绩效的奖金，这使得学生学习的平均收益相当于增加三周的学习时间。
dwell on sth
dwell /dwel/ on sth 表示“老是想着，一直在说（尤指不好或令人不快之事）”，英文解释为“to keep thinking or talking about something, especially something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：
In his speech, he dwelt on the plight of the sick and the hungry.
演讲时他一直在说遭受疾病和饥饿折磨的人们所处的困境。
revamp
表示“改变；修改；（通常指）改进外观，翻新”，英文解释为“to make changes to the form of sth, usually to improve its appearance”举个🌰：
We revamped the management system, but the business is doing no better than it was before.
我们对管理制度作了彻底改进，但是经营业绩并不比从前好。
🎬电影《鬼寓143》（Apartment 143）中的台词提到：We revamped the entire electrical system. 我们改造了整个电气系统。
compensation
compensation /ˌkɒmpɛnˈseɪʃən/ 1）表示“补偿（或赔偿）物；（尤指）赔偿金，补偿金；赔偿”，英文解释为“If something is some compensation for something bad that has happened, it makes you feel better.”举个🌰：
He gained some compensation for her earlier defeat by winning the final open class.
他通过赢得公开赛的决赛获得了对先前失利的一些补偿。
2）表示“报酬（雇员获得的金钱和其他福利的总和）”，英文解释为“the combination of money and other benefits (= rewards) that an employee receives for doing their job”举个🌰：
Annual compensation for our executives includes salary and bonus under our incentive plan.
我们的高级管理人员获得的年度报酬包括工资以及按奖励计划发放的奖金。
bonus
bonus /ˈbəʊ.nəs/ 表示“奖金；红利；津贴”，英文解释为“an extra amount of money that is given to you as a present or reward for good work as well as the money you were expecting”如：a productivity bonus 生产效益奖金。
Programs that offer incentives partly based on students’ standardized test scores have also been found to improve retention rates among Black and Latino teachers and those working in low-income schools. Despite what the unions say, competent educators should have nothing to fear from such reforms. If anything, veteran teachers stand to benefit from the focus on attracting new talent, which should push up salaries across the board.
部分基于学生标准化考试成绩的激励计划也被证明可以提高黑人和拉丁裔教师以及在低收入学校工作的教师的留任率。不管工会怎么说，有能力的教育工作者不应该害怕这些改革。如果有什么不同的话，资深教师将受益于吸引新人才的重点——全面提高工资。
retention
表示“保留；保持；维持”，英文解释为“the continued use, existence, or possession of something or someone”如：water/heat retention 水分保持/热量滞留。
Latino
Latino /ˌlætˈiː.nəʊ/ 表示“（生活在美国的）拉丁美洲人，拉丁美洲后裔”，英文解释为“a person who lives in the US and who comes from, or whose family comes from, Latin America”
competent
表示“有能力的；能干的；称职的”，英文解释为“able to do something well”如：a competent cook 能干的厨师。
across the board
表示“影响到各个领域和阶层的；全面的”，英文解释为“happening or having an effect on people at every level and in every area”举个🌰：
The improvement has been across the board.
情况全面好转。
After two years of disrupted and inadequate learning, confidence in the American public school system is near an all-time low. Expanding programs to recruit new teachers in places where they’re most needed — and paying them what they’re worth — are necessary steps toward giving all students the education they deserve.
经过两年中断和不充分的学习，人们对美国公立学校制度的信心接近历史最低点。扩大计划在最需要的地方招聘新教师，并支付他们应得的报酬，是让所有学生获得他们应得的教育的必要步骤。
recruit
表示“招聘，吸收；（尤指军队）征募新兵”，英文解释为“to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army”举个🌰：
Even young boys are now being recruited into the army.
就连很年轻的男孩子都被征召入伍了。
- 今日盘点 -
underway
sound the alarm
looming
exodus
exaggerate
acute
persist
vacancy
tap
ramp up
substitute
step in
subside
enrollment
steep
boost
incentive
lift
license
subject matter
expertise
credential
pension
waive
bachelor's degree
veteran
certificate
provoke
ire
undermine
unqualified
dwell on sth
revamp
compensation
bonus
retention
Latino
competent
across the board
recruit
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LearnAndRecord
2015年2月8日
2022年9月6日
第2768天
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