意大利宣布禁止使用ChatGPT
近日，意大利有关部门宣布，即日起禁止使用聊天机器人ChatGPT，并对其展开调查。
🤔️小作业：
1. What is ChatGPT and what are the concerns around it?
2. Why has Italy banned ChatGPT and what are the consequences for OpenAI?
3. What is BEUC calling for regarding ChatGPT and similar chatbots, and why?
无注释原文：
ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns
From: BBC
Italy has become the first Western country to block advanced chatbot ChatGPT.
The Italian data-protection authority said there were privacy concerns relating to the model, which was created by US start-up OpenAI and is backed by Microsoft.
The regulator said it would ban and investigate OpenAI "with immediate effect".
Millions of people have used ChatGPT since it launched in November 2022.
It can answer questions using natural, human-like language and it can also mimic other writing styles, using the internet as it was in 2021 as its database.
Microsoft has spent billions of dollars on it and it was added to Bing last month.
It has also said that it will embed a version of the technology in its Office apps, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook.
There have been concerns over the potential risks of artificial intelligence (AI), including its threat to jobs and the spreading of misinformation and bias.
Earlier this week key figures in tech, including Elon Musk, called for these types of AI systems to be suspended amid fears the race to develop them was out of control.
The Italian watchdog said that not only would it block OpenAI's chatbot but it would also investigate whether it complied with General Data Protection Regulation.
GDPR governs the way in which we can use, process and store personal data.
The watchdog said on 20 March that the app had experienced a data breach involving user conversations and payment information.
It said there was no legal basis to justify "the mass collection and storage of personal data for the purpose of 'training' the algorithms underlying the operation of the platform".
It also said that since there was no way to verify the age of users, the app "exposes minors to absolutely unsuitable answers compared to their degree of development and awareness".
Bard, Google's rival artificial-intelligence chatbot, is now available, but only to specific users over the age of 18 - because of those same concerns.
The Italian data-protection authority said OpenAI had 20 days to say how it would address the watchdog's concerns, under penalty of a fine of €20 million ($21.7m) or up to 4% of annual revenues.
Elsewhere, the Irish data protection commission - responsible for upholding the fundamental right of individuals in the EU to have their personal data protected - told the BBC it is following up with the Italian regulator to understand the basis for their action and "will coordinate with all EU data protection authorities" in connection to the ban.
The Information Commissioner's Office, the UK's independent data regulator, told the BBC it would "support" developments in AI but that it was also ready to "challenge non-compliance" with data protection laws.
Dan Morgan, from cybersecurity ratings provider SecurityScorecard said the ban shows the importance of regulatory compliance for companies operating in Europe.
"Businesses must prioritise the protection of personal data and comply with the stringent data protection regulations set by the EU - compliance with regulations is not an optional extra."
'Not sufficiently regulated'
Consumer advocacy group BEUC also called on EU and national authorities - including data-protection watchdogs - to investigate ChatGPT and similar chatbots, following the filing of a complaint in the US.
Although the EU is currently working on the world's first legislation on AI, BEUC's concern is that it would take years before the AI Act could take effect, leaving consumers at risk of harm from a technology that is not sufficiently regulated.
Ursula Pachl, deputy director general of BEUC, warned that society was "currently not protected enough from the harm" that AI can cause.
"There are serious concerns growing about how ChatGPT and similar chatbots might deceive and manipulate people. These AI systems need greater public scrutiny, and public authorities must reassert control over them," she said.
ChatGPT is already blocked in a number of countries.
OpenAI has not yet responded to the BBC's request for comment.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns
From: BBC
Italy has become the first Western country to block advanced chatbot ChatGPT.
意大利已成为第一个禁止高级聊天机器人ChatGPT的西方国家。
block
block /blɒk/ 表示“堵塞；阻挡；阻碍”，英文解释为“to prevent movement through something”举个🌰：
A fallen tree is blocking the road. 一棵倒下的树挡住了路。
在社交媒体上「屏蔽」某人，不看某人的动态，用的就是block。
The Italian data-protection authority said there were privacy concerns relating to the model, which was created by US start-up OpenAI and is backed by Microsoft.
意大利数据保护机构表示，该模型存在隐私问题。该模型由美国初创公司OpenAI创建，并得到微软的投资。
start-up
start-up /ˈstɑːt.ʌp/ 表示“刚起步的小企业，新兴小型企业”，英文解释为“a small business that has just been started”举个🌰：
Start-ups are very vulnerable in the business world. 商界中刚起步的小企业非常脆弱。
The regulator said it would ban and investigate OpenAI "with immediate effect".
监管机构表示，将“立即”禁止和调查OpenAI。
Millions of people have used ChatGPT since it launched in November 2022.
自2022年11月推出以来，已有数百万人使用过ChatGPT。
It can answer questions using natural, human-like language and it can also mimic other writing styles, using the internet as it was in 2021 as its database.
ChatGPT可以使用自然的、类似人类的语言回答问题，也可以模仿其他写作风格，以2021年的互联网数据作为其数据库。
mimic
1）表示“模仿（人的言行举止）；（尤指）做滑稽模仿”，英文解释为“to copy the way sb speaks, moves, behaves, etc., especially in order to make other people laugh”举个🌰：
She's always mimicking the teachers. 她总喜欢模仿老师的言谈举止。
2）表示“（外表或行为举止）像，似”，英文解释为“to look or behave like sth else”举个🌰：
The robot was programmed to mimic a series of human movements. 机器人可按程序设计模仿人的各种动作。
Microsoft has spent billions of dollars on it and it was added to Bing last month.
微软为此花费了数十亿美元，并于上个月将其添加到了必应（Bing）搜索引擎中。
It has also said that it will embed a version of the technology in its Office apps, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook.
微软还表示将在其Office应用程序（包括Word、Excel、PowerPoint和Outlook）中嵌入该技术的一个版本。
embed
表示“嵌入（插入、埋入）”，英文解释为“If an object embeds itself in a substance or thing, it becomes fixed there firmly and deeply.”举个🌰：
One of the bullets passed through his chest before embedding itself in a wall. 其中一颗子弹穿过他的胸膛然后嵌入一面墙中。
There have been concerns over the potential risks of artificial intelligence (AI), including its threat to jobs and the spreading of misinformation and bias.
人们对人工智能（AI）的潜在风险感到担忧，包括其对就业的威胁以及对虚假信息和偏见的传播。
bias
表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：
Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias. 雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。
Earlier this week key figures in tech, including Elon Musk, called for these types of AI systems to be suspended amid fears the race to develop them was out of control.
本周早些时候，因担心研发AI系统的竞赛失控，包括埃隆·马斯克（Elon Musk）在内的科技界领袖人物呼吁暂停这类系统。
suspend
1）表示“（因犯错而）暂令停职；暂令停学；暂令停止参加活动”，英文解释为“If someone is suspended from work, school, etc., they are temporarily not allowed to work, go to school, or take part in an activity because of having done something wrong.”举个🌰：
He was suspended for four games after arguing with the referee. 跟裁判发生争执之后，他被停赛4场。
2）表示“暂停”，英文解释为“If you suspend something, you delay it or stop it from happening for a while or until a decision is made about it”举个🌰：
The union suspended the action this week. 工会本周暂停了这一行动。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述英国房价上涨的文章中提到：Britain has temporarily suspended stamp duty, a tax on buying houses. 英国已经暂停征收购房印花税。
3）表示“悬挂”，英文解释为“to hang”举个🌰：
The builders worked on wooden platforms, suspended by ropes from the roof of the building. 建筑工人站在用绳子从房顶上吊下来的木制平台上作业。
The Italian watchdog said that not only would it block OpenAI's chatbot but it would also investigate whether it complied with General Data Protection Regulation.
意大利监管机构表示，不仅会屏蔽OpenAI的聊天机器人，还会调查其是否符合《通用数据保护条例》（General Data Protection Regulation，GDPR）。
watchdog
表示“（监督公司活动及监护人们权利的）监督人，监察团体；监察员；监察委员会”，英文解释为“A watchdog is a person or committee whose job is to make sure that companies do not act illegally or irresponsibly.”如：an anticrime watchdog group funded by New York businesses 一个由纽约商界资助的反犯罪监察组织。
chatbot
chatbot /ˈtʃæt.bɒt/ 表示“聊天机器人，网络聊天系统”，英文解释为“a computer program designed to have a conversation with a human being, especially over the internet”
comply
表示“服从；遵守；依从”，英文解释为“to act according to an order, set of rules, or request”举个🌰：
There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. 不遵守规定者将受到严惩。
GDPR governs the way in which we can use, process and store personal data.
《通用数据保护条例》规定了人们可以如何使用、处理和存储个人数据。
The watchdog said on 20 March that the app had experienced a data breach involving user conversations and payment information.
该监管机构于3月20日表示，该应用程序存在用户对话和支付信息数据泄漏。
breach
可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“违反”，英文解释为“A breach of an agreement, a law, or a promise is an act of breaking it.”举个🌰：
He was accused of a breach of secrecy rules. 他被指控违反保密条例。
It said there was no legal basis to justify "the mass collection and storage of personal data for the purpose of 'training' the algorithms underlying the operation of the platform".
该监管机构表示，没有法律依据可以证明“为了‘训练’平台运行的算法而进行大规模收集和存储个人数据是合理的”。
justify
表示“证明…有理”，英文解释为“To justify a decision, action, or idea means to show or prove that it is reasonable or necessary.”举个🌰：
No argument can justify a war. 没有任何理由能证明战争有理。
algorithm
It also said that since there was no way to verify the age of users, the app "exposes minors to absolutely unsuitable answers compared to their degree of development and awareness".
该监管机构还表示，由于没有办法核实用户年龄，该应用程序“会向未成年人展示与其成长和意识程度不相称的、极其不合适的回答”。
verify
表示“核实；查对；核准；证明；证实”，英文解释为“to check that sth is true or accurate；to show or say that sth is true or accurate”举个🌰：
We have no way of verifying his story. 我们无法核实他所说的情况。
Her version of events was verified by neighbours. 她对这些事件的说法已得到邻居的证实。
minor
minor /ˈmaɪnə/ 1）表示“未成年人”，英文解释为“a person who is under the age at which you legally become an adult and are responsible for your actions”
2）表示“辅修科目；辅修课程”，英文解释为“a subject that you study at university in addition to your major”。
Bard, Google's rival artificial-intelligence chatbot, is now available, but only to specific users over the age of 18 - because of those same concerns.
Google竞品人工智能聊天机器人Bard现已推出，但因存在相同的担忧，只对年满18岁的特定用户开放。
rival
作名词，表示“竞争对手；敌手”，英文解释为“a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area”；
作动词，表示“可与…相媲美，比得上”，英文解释为“to be as good, clever, beautiful, etc. as someone or something else”举个🌰：
No computer can rival a human brain for/in complexity. 没有任何计算机比得上人脑复杂。
The Italian data-protection authority said OpenAI had 20 days to say how it would address the watchdog's concerns, under penalty of a fine of €20 million ($21.7m) or up to 4% of annual revenues.
意大利数据保护机构表示，OpenAI有20天时间来回应监管机构的担忧，否则将面临2000万欧元（2170万美元）或年度收入4%的罚款。
penalty
1）表示“惩罚；处罚；刑罚”，英文解释为“a punishment for breaking a law, rule or contract”举个🌰：
The penalty for travelling without a ticket is ￥100. 无票乘车的罚款为100元。
2）特指“点球；罚点球得分”，英文解释为“a chance to score a goal or point without any defending players, except the goalkeeper, trying to stop it; the goal or point that is given if it is successful. This chance is given because the other team has broken the rules.”
Elsewhere, the Irish data protection commission - responsible for upholding the fundamental right of individuals in the EU to have their personal data protected - told the BBC it is following up with the Italian regulator to understand the basis for their action and "will coordinate with all EU data protection authorities" in connection to the ban.
在其他地方，负责维护欧盟个人数据保护基本权利的爱尔兰数据保护委员会告诉英国广播公司（BBC），它正在与意大利监管机构跟进，以了解他们采取行动的依据，并就封禁事宜“与所有欧盟数据保护机构相协调”。
uphold
表示“支持，维护，赞成（尤指法律上的决议）”，英文解释为“to defend or keep a principle or law, or to say that a decision that has already been made, especially a legal one, is correct”如：to uphold a conviction/an appeal/a complaint 维持原判；受理上诉/申诉，举个🌰：
You are expected to uphold the law whether you agree with it or not. 不管你赞成与否都应该维护法律。
The Information Commissioner's Office, the UK's independent data regulator, told the BBC it would "support" developments in AI but that it was also ready to "challenge non-compliance" with data protection laws.
英国独立数据监管机构——英国信息专员办公室告诉BBC，它将“支持”人工智能的发展，但也将对“不遵守”数据保护法的行为“提出质疑”。
commissioner
commissioner /kəˈmɪʃ.ən.ər/ 表示“（政府部门或某一组织的）委员，专员，特派员，长官”，英文解释为“an important official who has responsibility in a government department or another organization”如：the commissioner in charge of the police force 负责伦敦警察队伍的长官。
compliance
表示“服从；遵守；依从”，英文解释为“the act of obeying an order, rule, or request”举个🌰：
It is the job of the inspectors to enforce compliance with the regulations. 强制人们遵守法规是督察的责任。
Dan Morgan, from cybersecurity ratings provider SecurityScorecard said the ban shows the importance of regulatory compliance for companies operating in Europe.
来自网络安全评级提供商SecurityScorecard的丹·摩根（Dan Morgan）表示，此禁令显示了在欧洲经营的公司遵守监管合规性的重要性。
"Businesses must prioritise the protection of personal data and comply with the stringent data protection regulations set by the EU - compliance with regulations is not an optional extra."
“企业必须优先考虑保护个人数据，并遵守欧盟制定的严格数据保护法规——遵守法规并非可有可无的事情。”
prioritize
prioritize/prioritise 1）表示“按重要性排列；划分优先顺序”，英文解释为“to put tasks, problems, etc. in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important first”举个🌰：
You should make a list of all the jobs you have to do and prioritize them. 你应该把所有必须做的事都列出来，并按轻重缓急排个顺序。
2）表示“优先处理”，英文解释为“to treat sth as being more important than other things”举个🌰：
The organization was formed to prioritize the needs of older people. 这个机构是为优先满足老年人的需要而成立的。
stringent
stringent /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ 表示“严格的；严厉的”，英文解释为“very strict and that must be obeyed”，如：stringent air quality regulations 严格的空气质量管理条例。
'Not sufficiently regulated' “监管不力”
Consumer advocacy group BEUC also called on EU and national authorities - including data-protection watchdogs - to investigate ChatGPT and similar chatbots, following the filing of a complaint in the US.
消费者权益组织——欧洲消费者联盟（BEUC）还呼吁欧盟和各国有关部门（包括数据保护监管机构）对ChatGPT及同类聊天机器人进行调查，此前有人在美国提出投诉。
advocacy
advocacy /ˈæd.və.kə.si/ 表示“拥护，主张，提倡”，英文解释为“public support for an idea, plan, or way of doing something”如：a nonprofit advocacy group 一个非盈利性的倡议团体。
file
complaint
1）表示“怨言；投诉”，英文解释为“A complaint is a statement in which you express your dissatisfaction with a situation.”举个🌰：
There's been a record number of complaints about the standard of service. 对服务水平的投诉数量空前。
2）表示“抱怨的缘由”，英文解释为“A complaint is a reason for complaining.”举个🌰：
My main complaint is that we can't go out on the racecourse anymore. 我抱怨的主要缘由是我们无法再去赛马场了。
3）表示“（尤指不严重的）疾病”，英文解释为“You can refer to an illness as a complaint, especially if it is not very serious.”举个🌰：
Eczema is a common skin complaint which often runs in families. 湿疹是一种常见的皮肤病，常会遗传。
Although the EU is currently working on the world's first legislation on AI, BEUC's concern is that it would take years before the AI Act could take effect, leaving consumers at risk of harm from a technology that is not sufficiently regulated.
尽管欧盟目前正在制定世界上第一部关于AI的立法，但欧洲消费者联盟担心AI法案需要数年时间才能生效，这将使消费者处于监管不力的技术伤害风险之中。
legislation
表示“法律；立法”，英文解释为“a law or set of laws suggested by a government and made official by a parliament”举个🌰：
The government has promised to introduce legislation to limit fuel emissions from cars. 政府许诺将通过立法来限制汽车尾气排放。
Ursula Pachl, deputy director general of BEUC, warned that society was "currently not protected enough from the harm" that AI can cause.
欧洲消费者联盟副总干事乌尔苏拉·帕克尔（Ursula Pachl）警告说，社会“目前对AI可能造成的伤害保护不够”。
"There are serious concerns growing about how ChatGPT and similar chatbots might deceive and manipulate people. These AI systems need greater public scrutiny, and public authorities must reassert control over them," she said.
“人们越来越担心ChatGPT及同类聊天机器人可能会欺骗和操纵人们。这些AI系统需要更严格的公众监督，政府当局必须重新控制它们，”她说。
manipulate
deceive
表示“欺骗，蒙骗；隐瞒”，英文解释为“to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage”举个🌰：
The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones. 该公司用旧计算机冒充新机器欺骗顾客。
scrutiny
scrutiny /ˈskruːtɪnɪ/表示“细看，仔细审查；监视”，英文解释为“the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it”举个🌰：
His private life came under media scrutiny. 他的私生活开始受到媒体的密切关注。
reassert
reassert /ˌriː.əˈsɜːt/ 1）表示“重新发挥作用；重新主张”，英文解释为“to do something to show that you still have power”举个🌰：
It is time for Congress to reassert its authority on the issue. 现在是国会在这个问题上重新显示权威的时候了。
2）表示“重申，重新确认”，英文解释为“to say again that something is definitely true”举个🌰：
He reasserted his claim that he was the candidate who would bring change. 他重申自己是能够带来改变的候选人。
ChatGPT is already blocked in a number of countries.
ChatGPT已被许多国家屏蔽。
OpenAI has not yet responded to the BBC's request for comment.
OpenAI尚未回应BBC的置评请求。
- 今日盘点 -
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