世卫组织官宣：阿斯巴甜可能致癌
上月底，路透社报道称，知情人透露，阿斯巴甜将在7月中旬被列为可能致癌物。
今天，世卫组织官方发布阿斯巴甜（aspartame）危害及风险评估结果：国际癌症研究机构援引对人类致癌性的“有限证据”，将阿斯巴甜归为可能对人类致癌之列（国际癌症研究机构第2B组），联合专家委员会重申其每日允许摄入量为每公斤体重40毫克。
不过，假设没有其他方面的食物摄入，一罐含有200或300毫克阿斯巴甜的软饮料，一位体重70公斤的成人每天要饮用9-14罐以上才会超过每日允许摄入量。
🤔️小作业（请大家尽量不在选项上划线）
1. What is the main purpose of this article?
a. To promote the use of aspartame in food products.
b. To detail a new research study on aspartame's health risks.
c. To provide a comprehensive history of aspartame.
d. To highlight the need for more research on aspartame's potential carcinogenic hazards.
a. The IARC considers all types of exposures while the JECFA only considers dietary exposure.
b. The IARC classifies aspartame as possibly carcinogenic, while the JECFA reaffirms its safe daily intake.
c. The IARC concludes that aspartame is a definite carcinogen, while the JECFA maintains it is safe.
d. The IARC and the JECFA have identical views on aspartame.
a. Inconclusive scientific findings.
b. Few studies exist on the subject.
c. Evidence that is restricted in some manner.
d. Evidence that is not entirely convincing.
无注释原文：
Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released
From: WHO
Assessments of the health impacts of the non-sugar sweetener aspartame are released today by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Citing “limited evidence” for carcinogenicity in humans, IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B) and JECFA reaffirmed the acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight.
Aspartame is an artificial (chemical) sweetener widely used in various food and beverage products since the 1980s, including diet drinks, chewing gum, gelatin, ice cream, dairy products such as yogurt, breakfast cereal, toothpaste and medications such as cough drops and chewable vitamins.
“Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Every year, 1 in 6 people die from cancer. Science is continuously expanding to assess the possible initiating or facilitating factors of cancer, in the hope of reducing these numbers and the human toll,” said Dr Francesco Branca, Director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, WHO. “The assessments of aspartame have indicated that, while safety is not a major concern at the doses which are commonly used, potential effects have been described that need to be investigated by more and better studies.”
The two bodies conducted independent but complementary reviews to assess the potential carcinogenic hazard and other health risks associated with aspartame consumption. This was the first time that IARC has evaluated aspartame and the third time for JECFA.
After reviewing the available scientific literature, both evaluations noted limitations in the available evidence for cancer (and other health effects).
IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) on the basis of limited evidence for cancer in humans (specifically, for hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a type of liver cancer). There was also limited evidence for cancer in experimental animals and limited evidence related to the possible mechanisms for causing cancer.
JECFA concluded that the data evaluated indicated no sufficient reason to change the previously established acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–40 mg/kg body weight for aspartame. The committee therefore reaffirmed that it is safe for a person to consume within this limit per day. For example, with a can of diet soft drink containing 200 or 300 mg of aspartame, an adult weighing 70kg would need to consume more than 9–14 cans per day to exceed the acceptable daily intake, assuming no other intake from other food sources.
IARC’s hazard identifications are the first fundamental step to understand the carcinogenicity of an agent by identifying its specific properties and its potential to cause harm, i.e. cancer. IARC classifications reflect the strength of scientific evidence as to whether an agent can cause cancer in humans, but they do not reflect the risk of developing cancer at a given exposure level. The IARC hazard evaluation considers all types of exposures (e.g. dietary, occupational). The strength-of-evidence classification in Group 2B is the third highest level out of 4 levels, and it is generally used either when there is limited, but not convincing, evidence for cancer in humans or convincing evidence for cancer in experimental animals, but not both.
“The findings of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals, and of limited mechanistic evidence on how carcinogenicity may occur, underscore the need for more research to refine our understanding on whether consumption of aspartame poses a carcinogenic hazard,” said Dr Mary Schubauer-Berigan of the IARC Monographs programme.
JECFA’s risk assessments determine the probability of a specific type of harm, i.e. cancer, to occur under certain conditions and levels of exposure. It is not unusual for JECFA to factor IARC classifications into its deliberations.
“JECFA also considered the evidence on cancer risk, in animal and human studies, and concluded that the evidence of an association between aspartame consumption and cancer in humans is not convincing,” said Dr Moez Sanaa, WHO’s Head of the Standards and Scientific Advice on Food and Nutrition Unit. “We need better studies with longer follow-up and repeated dietary questionnaires in existing cohorts. We need randomized controlled trials, including studies of mechanistic pathways relevant to insulin regulation, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, particularly as related to carcinogenicity.”
The IARC and JECFA evaluations of the impact of aspartame were based on scientific data collected from a range of sources, including peer-reviewed papers, governmental reports and studies conducted for regulatory purposes. The studies have been reviewed by independent experts, and both committees have taken steps to ensure the independence and reliability of their evaluations.
IARC and WHO will continue to monitor new evidence and encourage independent research groups to develop further studies on the potential association between aspartame exposure and consumer health effects.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为世卫组织官方译文，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released
From: WHO
Assessments of the health impacts of the non-sugar sweetener aspartame are released today by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Citing “limited evidence” for carcinogenicity in humans, IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2B) and JECFA reaffirmed the acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight.
国际癌症研究机构、世界卫生组织（世卫组织）和粮食及农业组织（粮农组织）食品添加剂联合专家委员会（下称联合专家委员会）今天发布了无糖甜味剂阿斯巴甜对健康影响的评估报告。国际癌症研究机构援引对人类致癌性的“有限证据”，将阿斯巴甜归为可能对人类致癌之列（国际癌症研究机构第2B组），联合专家委员会重申其每日允许摄入量为每公斤体重40毫克。
sweetener
表示“甜味剂，甜化剂”，英文解释为“an artificial substance that has a similar taste to sugar, or a small pill made of this”
additive
表示“（食品的）添加剂，添加物”，英文解释为“An additive is a substance which is added in small amounts to foods or other things in order to improve them or to make them last longer.”
📍词根“-ive”表示"具有...性质的"，前缀“add-”表示"添加"。想象你正在给食物添加"添加剂"以改善味道或外观。类似的：preservative（防腐剂）
carcinogenicity
carcinogenicity，作名词，表示“致癌性；致癌力”。carcinogenic /ˌkɑː.sən.əˈdʒen.ɪk/ 作形容词，表示“致癌的”，英文解释为“used to refer to a substance that causes cancer”
classify
表示“将…分类，将…归类；把…分级”，英文解释为“to divide things into groups according to their type”举个🌰：The books in the library are classified by/according to subject. 图书馆的书是按照学科分类的。
reaffirm
表示“重申，再次声明；加强”，英文解释为“to give your support to a person, plan, idea, etc. for a second time; to state something as true again”举个🌰：The government yesterday reaffirmed its commitment to the current peace process. 政府昨天重申了对目前和平进程的承诺。
intake
intake /ˈɪn.teɪk/ 表示“摄入量”，英文解释为“the amount of a particular substance that is eaten or drunk during a particular time”
Aspartame is an artificial (chemical) sweetener widely used in various food and beverage products since the 1980s, including diet drinks, chewing gum, gelatin, ice cream, dairy products such as yogurt, breakfast cereal, toothpaste and medications such as cough drops and chewable vitamins.
阿斯巴甜是一种人造（化学）甜味剂，自20世纪80年代以来广泛用于各种食品和饮料制品，包括减肥饮料、口香糖、明胶、冰淇淋、酸奶等乳制品、早餐麦片、牙膏和止咳药水和维生素咀嚼片等药物。
artificial
表示“人造的，人工的；仿造的”，英文解释为“made by people, often as a copy of something natural”如：clothes made of artificial fibres 人造纤维面料的服装。
beverage
表示“饮料”，英文解释为“Beverages are drinks.”如：alcoholic beverages 含酒精的饮料。
chewing gum
chewing gum /ˈtʃuː.ɪŋ ˌɡʌm/ 表示“口香糖”，英文解释为“a sweet that you keep in your mouth and chew to get its flavour, but do not swallow”举个🌰：Would you like a piece/stick of chewing gum? 你要来片/块口香糖吗？
gelatin
gelatine /ˈdʒel.ə.tiːn/ 表示“明胶；骨胶；动物胶”，英文解释为“a clear substance made from animal bones and used especially to make jelly”
yogurt
yogurt /ˈjɒɡ.ət/ 表示“酸奶；小包装酸奶”，英文解释为“Yogurt is a food in the form of a thick, slightly sour liquid that is made by adding bacteria to milk. A yogurt is a small container of yogurt.”
cereal
cereal /ˈsɪə.ri.əl/ 1）表示“（尤指早晨加牛奶食用的）谷类食物”，英文解释为“a food that is made from grain and eaten with milk, especially in the morning”如：breakfast cereals 早餐麦片；2）表示“谷类植物，谷物”，英文解释为“a plant that is grown to produce grain”如：cereal crops 谷类作物。
cough drop
cough drop /ˈkɒf ˌdrɒp/ 表示“止咳糖，止咳片”，英文解释为“a hard, sweet piece of medicine that you suck on to help a cough get better”
vitamin
vitamin /ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn/ 表示“维生素；维他命”，英文解释为“any of a group of natural substances that are necessary in small amounts for the growth and good health of the body”如：a vitamin pill 维生素片。
“Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. Every year, 1 in 6 people die from cancer. Science is continuously expanding to assess the possible initiating or facilitating factors of cancer, in the hope of reducing these numbers and the human toll,” said Dr Francesco Branca, Director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, WHO. “The assessments of aspartame have indicated that, while safety is not a major concern at the doses which are commonly used, potential effects have been described that need to be investigated by more and better studies.”
“癌症是全球主要死因之一。每年，每6人中就有1人死于癌症。正在不断扩大科学探索，评估癌症的可能诱发或促进因素，以期减少患病数和人类死亡，”世卫组织营养和食品安全司司长Francesco Branca博士说。“对阿斯巴甜的评估表明，虽然在常用量方面安全性不是主要问题，但已对潜在影响作了描述，需要通过更多更好的研究来进行调查。”
facilitate
表示“促进；促使；使便利”，英文解释为“to make something possible or easier”举个🌰：The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs. 新坡道将方便轮椅进入。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述国内电动车行业的文章中提到：The state also facilitates the roll-out of advanced technical features for the benefit of the public at large. 政府也在提供便利来促进企业推出能造福普罗大众的先进技术功能。
toll
1）表示“伤亡；损失；破坏”，英文解释为“suffering, deaths, or damage”，一般指“（死亡、事故或灾难的）总数”举个🌰：Independent sources say that the death toll from the earthquake runs into thousands. 独立消息人士称地震中的伤亡人数达到数千人。
2）表示“(道路或桥梁）收费；通行费”，英文解释为“A toll road or toll bridge is a road or bridge that you have to pay to use.”举个🌰：Most people who drive the toll roads don't use them every day. 大部分开车上收费公路的人不是每天都走公路。
dose
1）表示“一剂”（a measured amount of something such as medicine），如：a dose of penicillin 一剂青霉素；
2）表示“一些（糟糕或不愉快的事）”，英文解释为“an amount or experience of something, often something bad or unpleasant”举个🌰：He received a hefty dose of bad news this week. 本周他得到了许多坏消息。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述谷歌的文章中提到：The first route would involve taking a strong dose of managerial medicine to become a more tightly run conglomerate. 第一种解决方法是给它服用一剂管理上的强效药，让它成为管理更严格的企业集团。
The two bodies conducted independent but complementary reviews to assess the potential carcinogenic hazard and other health risks associated with aspartame consumption. This was the first time that IARC has evaluated aspartame and the third time for JECFA.
两个机构的审查既独立又相互补充，目的是评估与食用阿斯巴甜相关的潜在致癌危害和其他健康风险。这是国际癌症研究机构首次对阿斯巴甜进行评估，也是联合专家委员会对其开展的第三次评估。
complementary
complementary /ˌkɒm.plɪˈmen.tər.i/ 表示“补充的；互补的；补足的”，英文解释为“useful or attractive together”如：complementary colours/flavours/skills 互补色/风味/技能。
📍词根“-mentary”表示"具有...性质的"，前缀“comple-”来自拉丁词"complere"，表示"填满"。想象这两个研究人员具有"互补的"技能。类似的：supplementary（补充的）.
hazard
表示“危险（物），危害（物）”，英文解释为“something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage”如：a fire/safety hazard 火灾/安全隐患，举个🌰：The busy traffic entrance was a hazard to pedestrians. 那个繁忙的车辆入口处对行人来说很不安全。
After reviewing the available scientific literature, both evaluations noted limitations in the available evidence for cancer (and other health effects).
经过审查现有的科学文献，两方面的评估都指出癌症（和其他健康影响）方面的现有证据存在局限性。
literature
literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”
2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。
IARC classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) on the basis of limited evidence for cancer in humans (specifically, for hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a type of liver cancer). There was also limited evidence for cancer in experimental animals and limited evidence related to the possible mechanisms for causing cancer.
国际癌症研究机构根据人类癌症（特别是肝细胞[hepatocellular carcinoma]癌这种肝癌）方面的有限证据，将阿斯巴甜归类为可能对人类致癌（第2B组）。在实验动物中发现的致癌证据也有限，与导致癌症的可能机理有关的证据同样有限。
JECFA concluded that the data evaluated indicated no sufficient reason to change the previously established acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–40 mg/kg body weight for aspartame. The committee therefore reaffirmed that it is safe for a person to consume within this limit per day. For example, with a can of diet soft drink containing 200 or 300 mg of aspartame, an adult weighing 70kg would need to consume more than 9–14 cans per day to exceed the acceptable daily intake, assuming no other intake from other food sources.
联合专家委员会得出结论，所评估的数据表明没有充分理由改变以往确定的阿斯巴甜每公斤体重0-40毫克这一每日允许摄入量。因此，委员会重申，人们可在这个每日限量内放心食用。例如，假设没有其他方面的食物摄入，一罐含有200或300毫克阿斯巴甜的减肥软饮料，一位体重70公斤的成人每天要饮用9-14罐以上才会超过每日允许摄入量。
exceed
表示“超过，超出（数量）；超越（规定的范围）”，英文解释为“to be greater than a number or amount, or to go past an allowed limit”举个🌰：The final cost should not exceed ￥100. 最终的花费不应超出100元。
📍词根“-ceed”表示"走，去"，前缀“ex-”表示"出，超出"。近义词：surpass（超过），同根词：proceed（进行），succeed（成功）
assume
1）表示“假定；假设；认为”，英文解释为“to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it”举个🌰：It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work. 普遍认为，紧张是工作过重所致。
2）表示“承担，担任；僭取，夺取；呈现，具有”，英文解释为“to take or begin to have responsibility or control, sometimes without the right to do so, or to begin to have a characteristic”举个🌰：The new president assumes office at midnight tonight. 新总统在今晚午夜就职。
IARC’s hazard identifications are the first fundamental step to understand the carcinogenicity of an agent by identifying its specific properties and its potential to cause harm, i.e. cancer. IARC classifications reflect the strength of scientific evidence as to whether an agent can cause cancer in humans, but they do not reflect the risk of developing cancer at a given exposure level. The IARC hazard evaluation considers all types of exposures (e.g. dietary, occupational). The strength-of-evidence classification in Group 2B is the third highest level out of 4 levels, and it is generally used either when there is limited, but not convincing, evidence for cancer in humans or convincing evidence for cancer in experimental animals, but not both.
国际癌症研究机构的危害确认工作，是通过确认一种物质的具体特性及其造成危害（即癌症）的可能性来了解其致癌性的首个基本步骤。国际癌症研究机构分类反映了某种物质是否会引起人类癌症的科学证据的强度，但它们并不反映在特定暴露水平下发生癌症的风险。国际癌症研究机构危害评估考虑了所有类型的暴露情况（如饮食暴露、职业暴露）。证据强度分类第2B组是最高4个级别中的第三级，并且通常用于存在有限但不令人信服的人类癌症证据情况或具有令人信服的实验动物癌症证据情况，但不能同时用于两种情况。
identify
1）表示“认出，识别”，英文解释为“to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is”举个🌰：Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice. 就连年龄最小的婴儿也能根据声音分辨出自己的妈妈。
2）表示“确定；发现”，英文解释为“to recognize a problem, need, fact, etc. and to show that it exists”举个🌰：The research will be used to identify training needs. 该研究将用来确定培训的需求。
specific
specific /spəˈsɪf.ɪk/ 1）表示“明确的；确切的；具体的”，英文解释为“clear and exact”举个🌰：No specific allegations have yet been made about the prison officers' behaviour. 对于典狱官的行为，尚未作出明确的指控。
2）表示“特定的；特有的”，英文解释为“relating to one thing and not others; particular”举个🌰：The virus attacks specific cells in the brain. 这种病毒专门攻击大脑内特定的细胞。
property
表示“属性，性能，特性”，英文解释为“a quality in a substance or material, especially one that means that it can be used in a particular way”举个🌰：One of the properties of copper is that it conducts heat and electricity very well. 铜的特性之一是导热导电能力强。
i.e.
表示“也就是，即”，英文解释为“used especially in writing before a piece of information that makes the meaning of something clearer or shows its true meaning”举个🌰：The hotel is closed during low season, i.e. from October to March. 这家旅馆在淡季，即从10月到3月，关门停业。
“The findings of limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals, and of limited mechanistic evidence on how carcinogenicity may occur, underscore the need for more research to refine our understanding on whether consumption of aspartame poses a carcinogenic hazard,” said Dr Mary Schubauer-Berigan of the IARC Monographs programme.
“人类和动物致癌性的证据有限，致癌性如何发生的机理证据也有限，这一发现强调了需要开展更多研究来完善我们对食用阿斯巴甜是否构成致癌危害的理解，”来自国际癌症研究机构专著规划的Mary Schubauer-Berigan博士表示。
mechanistic
mechanistic /ˌmek.əˈnɪs.tɪk/ 表示“机械论（者）的；僵化的”，英文解释为“thinking of living things as if they were machines”
underscore
表示“突出显示；强调”，英文解释为“If something such as an action or an event underscores another, it draws attention to the other thing and emphasizes its importance.”举个🌰：The figures underscore the state of the economic recovery.数据突出显示了经济复苏的状态。
🎬电影《笔下求生》（Stranger Than Fiction）中的台词提到：lts desperate attempts to escape... only underscore the hopelessness of its plight. 它绝望的挣扎 只能强调它无望的处境。
refine
1）表示“完善；改进，改善”，英文解释为“If something such as a process, theory, or machine is refined, it is improved by having small changes made to it.”举个🌰：Surgical techniques are constantly being refined. 外科手术技术正在不断得到完善。
2）表示“（尤指去除不需要的杂质而）精炼，提炼，提纯”，英文解释为“to make something pure or improve something, especially by removing unwanted material”
📍词根“-fine”表示"细，精"，前缀“re-”表示"再，重新"。同根词：refinery（炼油厂）
pose
摆pose这个词大家应该都比较熟悉，作名词，表示“（为拍照、画像等摆出的）样子，姿势”，英文解释为“a particular position in which a person stands, sits, etc. in order to be photographed, painted, etc.”
而pose作动词，1）表示“摆好姿势（拍照）”，英文解释为“to move into and stay in a particular position, in order to be photographed, painted, etc.”举个🌰：We all posed for our photographs next to the Statue of Liberty. 我们都在自由女神像边摆好了姿势拍照。
2）表示“造成，引起（尤指问题或困难）”，英文解释为“to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty”举个🌰：Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone. 核武器对所有的人都构成了威胁。
3）表示“（尤指在正式场合）提出（问题），质询”，英文解释为“to ask a question, especially in a formal situation such as a meeting”举个🌰：Can we go back to the question that LR posed earlier? 我们能否回到LR早先提出的那个问题上去？
JECFA’s risk assessments determine the probability of a specific type of harm, i.e. cancer, to occur under certain conditions and levels of exposure. It is not unusual for JECFA to factor IARC classifications into its deliberations.
联合专家委员会所做的风险评估确定在特定条件和暴露水平情况下发生特定类型伤害（即癌症）的可能性。联合专家委员会将国际癌症研究机构分类纳入其审议内容的情况并不罕见。
deliberation
表示“细想；考虑；商议；审议”，英文解释为“the process of carefully considering or discussing sth”举个🌰：After ten hours of deliberation, the jury returned a verdict of ‘not guilty’. 经过十小时的商议，陪审团宣告了“无罪”的裁决。
📍2023年政府工作报告「Part 1」中「请予审议」处理为：(ask) for your deliberation and approval；
“JECFA also considered the evidence on cancer risk, in animal and human studies, and concluded that the evidence of an association between aspartame consumption and cancer in humans is not convincing,” said Dr Moez Sanaa, WHO’s Head of the Standards and Scientific Advice on Food and Nutrition Unit. “We need better studies with longer follow-up and repeated dietary questionnaires in existing cohorts. We need randomized controlled trials, including studies of mechanistic pathways relevant to insulin regulation, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, particularly as related to carcinogenicity.”
“联合专家委员会还在动物和人类研究中考虑了癌症风险的证据，并得出结论，食用阿斯巴甜与人类癌症之间存在关联的证据并不令人信服，”世卫组织食品和营养标准和科学建议处处长Moez Sanaa博士说。“我们需要开展更好的研究，在现有队列中进行更长时间的随访并重复开展饮食问卷调查。我们需要开展随机对照试验，包括与胰岛素调节、代谢综合征和糖尿病相关的机理途径的研究，特别是与致癌性相关的研究。”
follow-up
1）作名词，表示“后续行动；后续事物”，英文解释为“an action or a thing that continues sth that has already started or comes after sth similar that was done earlier”举个🌰：The book is a follow-up to her excellent television series. 这本书是继她的优秀电视系列片之后的又一力作。
2）也可作“形容词”表示“后续的；进一步的”。
questionnaire
questionnaire /ˌkwes.tʃəˈneər/ 表示“问卷；情况调查表”，英文解释为“a list of questions that several people are asked so that information can be collected about something”
cohort
cohort /ˈkoʊ.hɔːrt/ 表示“有共同特点（通常指年龄）的一群人”，英文解释为“a group of people who share a characteristic, usually age”举个🌰：This study followed up a cohort of 100 patients aged 65+ for six months after their discharge home. 这项研究对100位年龄在65岁以上、出院回家的患者进行了6个月的跟踪观察。
insulin
insulin /ˈɪnsjəlɪn/表示“胰岛素”，英文解释为“a chemical substance produced in the body that controls the amount of sugar in the blood (by influencing the rate at which it is removed); a similar artificial substance given to people whose bodies do not produce enough naturally”
metabolic
metabolic /ˌmɛtəˈbɒlɪk/ 表示“新陈代谢的”，英文解释为“Metabolic means relating to a person's or animal's metabolism.”举个🌰：People who have inherited a low metabolic rate will gain weight. 因遗传而新陈代谢速度慢的人会发胖。
syndrome
syndrome /ˈsɪndrəʊm/ 表示“综合征，征群，综合症状”，英文解释为“a combination of medical problems that shows the existence of a particular disease or mental condition”
diabetes
diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtɪs, -tiːz/ 表示“糖尿病”，英文解释为“a disease in which the body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood.”
The IARC and JECFA evaluations of the impact of aspartame were based on scientific data collected from a range of sources, including peer-reviewed papers, governmental reports and studies conducted for regulatory purposes. The studies have been reviewed by independent experts, and both committees have taken steps to ensure the independence and reliability of their evaluations.
国际癌症研究机构和联合专家委员会对阿斯巴甜影响的评估，是基于从一系列来源收集的科学数据，包括同行评议论文、政府报告和出于监管目的进行的研究。这些研究已经过独立专家的审查，两个委员会都已采取措施确保其评价的独立性和可靠性。
peer-review
表示“同行评审，同行评议”，英文解释为“the evaluation by fellow specialists of research that someone has done in order to assess its suitability for publication or further development”。
IARC and WHO will continue to monitor new evidence and encourage independent research groups to develop further studies on the potential association between aspartame exposure and consumer health effects.
国际癌症研究机构世卫组织将继续对新的证据进行监测，并鼓励独立研究小组进一步研究阿斯巴甜暴露与消费者健康影响之间的潜在联系。
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2015年2月8日
2023年7月14日
第3079天
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