研究：每天走4000步或能显著降低死亡风险
近日，一项最新研究表明，每天至少走4000步可显著降低早逝风险，且走得步数越多，影响越大。该研究发表于《欧洲预防心脏病学杂志》（European Journal of Preventive Cardiology）。
🤔️小作业：
1. What point is Dr. Ibadete Bytyçi trying to make about the study’s findings on walking more than 20,000 steps?
A. The results are conclusive and should be widely accepted.
B. More studies need to be conducted for confirmation.
C. The health benefits of such a high step count are undeniable.
D. Most people are already walking these amounts daily.
A. Inadequate exercise
B. Limited movement
C. Incomplete workouts
D. Short-term exertion
A. Lifestyle changes are always more effective than pharmacological treatments.
B. Pharmacological treatments can replace the need for lifestyle changes.
C. Both can be tailored to individual needs for optimum health benefits.
D. Intensive exertion has been proven beneficial by several studies.
无注释原文：
World's largest study shows the more you walk, the lower your risk of death, even if you walk fewer than 5,000 steps
From: EurekAlert
The number of steps you should walk every day to start seeing benefits to your health is lower than previously thought, according to the largest analysis to investigate this.
The study, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology today (Wednesday), found that walking at least 3967 steps a day started to reduce the risk of dying from any cause, and 2337 steps a day reduced the risk of dying from diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease).
However, the new analysis of 226,889 people from 17 different studies around the world has shown that the more you walk, the greater the health benefits. The risk of dying from any cause or from cardiovascular disease decreases significantly with every 500 to 1000 extra steps you walk. An increase of 1000 steps a day was associated with a 15% reduction in the risk of dying from any cause, and an increase of 500 steps a day was associated with a 7% reduction in dying from cardiovascular disease.
The researchers, led by Maciej Banach, Professor of Cardiology at the Medical University of Lodz, Poland, and Adjunct Professor at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, found that even if people walked as many as 20,000 steps a day, the health benefits continued to increase. They have not found an upper limit yet.
“Our study confirms that the more you walk, the better,” says Prof. Banach. “We found that this applied to both men and women, irrespective of age, and irrespective of whether you live in a temperate, sub-tropical or sub-polar region of the world, or a region with a mixture of climates. In addition, our analysis indicates that as little as 4,000 steps a day are needed to significantly reduce deaths from any cause, and even fewer to reduce deaths from cardiovascular disease.”
There is strong evidence that a sedentary lifestyle may contribute to an increase in cardiovascular disease and a shorter life. Studies have shown that insufficient physical activity affects more than a quarter of the world's population. More women than men (32% versus 23%), and people in higher income countries compared to low-income countries (37% versus 16%) do not undertake a sufficient amount of physical activity. According to World Health Organization data, insufficient physical activity is the fourth most frequent cause of death in the world, with 3.2 million deaths a year related to physical inactivity.
Dr Ibadete Bytyçi from the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo, senior author of the paper, says: “Until now, it's not been clear what is the optimal number of steps, both in terms of the cut-off points over which we can start to see health benefits, and the upper limit, if any, and the role this plays in people's health. However, I should emphasise that there were limited data available on step counts up to 20,000 a day, and so these results need to be confirmed in larger groups of people.”
This meta-analysis is the first not only to assess the effect of walking up to 20,000 steps a day, but also to look at whether there are any differences depending on age, sex or where in the world people live.
The studies analysed by the researchers followed up participants for a median (average) of seven years. The mean (average) age was 64, and 49% of participants were female.
In people aged 60 years or older, the size of the reduction in risk of death was smaller than that seen in people aged younger than 60 years. In the older adults, there was a 42% reduction in risk seen in those who walked between 6,000 and 10,000 steps a day, while there was a 49% reduction in risk in younger adults who walked between 7,000 and 13,000 steps a day.
Prof. Banach says: “In a world where we have more and more advanced drugs to target specific conditions such as cardiovascular disease, I believe we should always emphasise that lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, which was a main hero of our analysis, might be at least as, or even more effective in reducing cardiovascular risk and prolonging lives. We still need good studies to investigate whether these benefits may exist for intensive types of exertion, such as marathon running and iron man challenges, and in different populations of different ages, and with different associated health problems. However, it seems that, as with pharmacological treatments, we should always think about personalising lifestyle changes.”
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
World's largest study shows the more you walk, the lower your risk of death, even if you walk fewer than 5,000 steps
From: EurekAlert
The number of steps you should walk every day to start seeing benefits to your health is lower than previously thought, according to the largest analysis to investigate this.
一项最大规模的分析调查发现，要达到健康效益，我们每天所需行走的步数比过去认为的要少。
The study, published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology today (Wednesday), found that walking at least 3967 steps a day started to reduce the risk of dying from any cause, and 2337 steps a day reduced the risk of dying from diseases of the heart and blood vessels (cardiovascular disease).
今天（周三）发表在《欧洲预防心脏病杂志》（European Journal of Preventive Cardiology）上的研究发现，每天至少走3967步可降低死于任何原因的风险，而每天走2337步则可降低因心脏和血管疾病（心血管疾病）死亡的风险。
cardiology
cardiology /ˌkɑː.diˈɒl.ə.ɡi/ 表示“心脏病学”，英文解释为“the study and treatment of medical conditions of the heart”
cardiovascular
cardiovascular /ˌkɑːdɪəʊˈvæskjʊlə/ 表示“心血管的”，英文解释为“Cardiovascular means relating to the heart and blood vessels.”举个🌰：Smoking places you at serious risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease. 吸烟会严重增加罹患心血管和呼吸道疾病的风险。
blood vessel
blood vessel /ˈblʌd ˌves.əl/ 表示“血管”，英文解释为“any of the tubes through which blood flows in the body”
However, the new analysis of 226,889 people from 17 different studies around the world has shown that the more you walk, the greater the health benefits. The risk of dying from any cause or from cardiovascular disease decreases significantly with every 500 to 1000 extra steps you walk. An increase of 1000 steps a day was associated with a 15% reduction in the risk of dying from any cause, and an increase of 500 steps a day was associated with a 7% reduction in dying from cardiovascular disease.
然而，对来自全球各地17项不同研究的226,889人进行的新分析表明，走得越多，对健康的益处越大。每多走500到1000步，死于任何原因或心血管疾病的风险都会显著降低。每天多走1000步，死于任何原因的风险会降低15%，而每天多走500步，死于心血管疾病的风险会降低7%。
The researchers, led by Maciej Banach, Professor of Cardiology at the Medical University of Lodz, Poland, and Adjunct Professor at the Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, found that even if people walked as many as 20,000 steps a day, the health benefits continued to increase. They have not found an upper limit yet.
由波兰罗兹医科大学心脏病学教授、约翰霍普金斯大学医学院Ciccarone心血管疾病预防中心客座教授马谢伊·巴纳赫（Maciej Banach）带领的研究人员发现，即使人们每天步行多达2万步，对健康的益处也在不断增加。他们还没有找到上限。
adjunct professor
表示“兼职教授，客座教授，副教授”，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.
📍adjunct /ˈædʒ.ʌŋkt/ 表示“附属物；附件”，英文解释为“something added or connected to a larger or more important thing”举个🌰：I hoped I would find the computer course a useful adjunct to my other studies. 我希望学了这门计算机课程后，会使其他科目的学习如虎添翼。
“Our study confirms that the more you walk, the better,” says Prof. Banach. “We found that this applied to both men and women, irrespective of age, and irrespective of whether you live in a temperate, sub-tropical or sub-polar region of the world, or a region with a mixture of climates. In addition, our analysis indicates that as little as 4,000 steps a day are needed to significantly reduce deaths from any cause, and even fewer to reduce deaths from cardiovascular disease.”
“我们的研究证实，你走得越多越好，”巴纳赫教授说，“我们发现，这一点适用于男性和女性，无论年龄大小，也无论你生活在温带、亚热带或亚极地地区，还是气候混合地区。此外，我们的分析表明，每天只需走4000步就可以显著减少任何原因导致的死亡风险，而降低心血管疾病死亡的风险所需的步数甚至更少。”
irrespective
irrespective /ˌɪr.ɪˈspek.tɪv/ 表示“不考虑地，不顾地”，英文解释为“without considering; not needing to allow for”举个🌰：The legislation must be applied irrespective of someone's ethnic origins. 这项法律不分族裔，适用于所有人。
temperate
temperate /ˈtem.pər.ət/ 表示“（气候）温带的，温和的”，英文解释为“(of weather conditions) neither very hot nor very cold”如：a temperate climate 温和的气候。
tropical
表示“热带的；来自热带的；产于热带的”，英文解释为“coming from, found in or typical of the tropics”如：tropical fish 热带鱼。
There is strong evidence that a sedentary lifestyle may contribute to an increase in cardiovascular disease and a shorter life. Studies have shown that insufficient physical activity affects more than a quarter of the world's population. More women than men (32% versus 23%), and people in higher income countries compared to low-income countries (37% versus 16%) do not undertake a sufficient amount of physical activity. According to World Health Organization data, insufficient physical activity is the fourth most frequent cause of death in the world, with 3.2 million deaths a year related to physical inactivity.
有确凿证据表明，久坐不动的生活方式可能会导致患心血管疾病风险增加和寿命缩短。研究表明，超过四分之一的全球人口体育锻炼不足。女性中有32%的人没有进行足够的锻炼，而男性这个比例是23%。在高收入国家，37%的人没有足够的锻炼，而在低收入国家这个比例是16%。根据世卫组织的数据，体育锻炼不足是世界上第四大最常见的死亡原因，每年有320万人的死亡与体育锻炼不足有关。
sedentary
sedentary /ˈsed.ən.tər.i/ 表示“需要久坐的；缺乏锻炼的，少活动的”，英文解释为“involving little exercise or physical activity”如：a sedentary job/occupation 久坐的工作/职业。
versus
versus /ˈvɜːsəs/ 经常看到缩写vs，vs.或者是单单一个v，就是指的versus /ˈvɜːsəs/，表示“（比较两种不同想法、选择等）与…相对，与…相比”，英文解释为“used to compare two different ideas, choices, etc.”如：private education versus state education 私立教育与公共教育相比，举个🌰：It is France versus Brazil in the final. 决赛是法国队对巴西队。
undertake
1）表示“（开始）做，承担，从事（尤指耗时或困难之事）”，英文解释为“to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult”举个🌰：Students are required to undertake simple experiments. 要求学生们做些简单的实验。
2）undertake to do表示“承诺，允诺，答应”，英文解释为“to promise that you will do something”举个🌰：She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. 她答应不公布有关人员的名字。
Dr Ibadete Bytyçi from the University Clinical Centre of Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo, senior author of the paper, says: “Until now, it's not been clear what is the optimal number of steps, both in terms of the cut-off points over which we can start to see health benefits, and the upper limit, if any, and the role this plays in people's health. However, I should emphasise that there were limited data available on step counts up to 20,000 a day, and so these results need to be confirmed in larger groups of people.”
这篇论文的主要作者、科索沃普里什蒂纳大学临床中心的伊巴德特·比蒂奇博士（Dr Ibadete Bytyçi）说：“到目前为止，我们还不清楚每天走多少步最佳，包括走到多少步能达到健康效益、上限（如有）是多少步，以及这对人们的健康所起的作用。不过，我要强调的是，每天2万步的数据有限，因此这些结果需要在更大的人群中进行确认。”
optimal
表示“最优的，最佳的；优化的”，英文解释为“best; most likely to bring success or advantage”举个🌰：A mixture of selected funds is an optimal choice for future security and return on investment. 同时选择几种基金是确保未来投资安全和投资收益的最佳选择。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述量化交易的文章中提到：It requires algorithms that first establish and then fine-tune the optimal period over which to do the sorting. 这需要通过算法来确定并微调出一个最优的筛选期。
cut-off
表示“截止点；界限”，英文解释为“a point or limit when you stop sth”举个🌰：Is there a cut-off point between childhood and adulthood? 童年与成年之间有分界线吗？
This meta-analysis is the first not only to assess the effect of walking up to 20,000 steps a day, but also to look at whether there are any differences depending on age, sex or where in the world people live.
这项荟萃分析不仅是首次评估每天行走多达20,000步的影响，还研究了年龄、性别或人们居住的地方是否存在差异。
meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Meta-analysis can be performed when there are multiple scientific studies addressing the same question, with each individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some degree of error.（Wikipedia）
📍荟萃分析，又称“Meta分析”、“元分析”，是一种统计方法，它结合了多项独立的研究的结果，以得到一个整体的结论。通过这种方法，研究者可以更精确地估计某种因素或治疗的效果，因为它合并了大量的数据，从而增加了统计的效力。简单说，元分析就是“对研究进行的研究”。
assess
assess /əˈses/ 表示“评价;评定;对…估价”，英文解释为“to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something”举个🌰：The insurers will need to assess the flood damage. 保险公司需要对洪水造成的损失进行估定。
The studies analysed by the researchers followed up participants for a median (average) of seven years. The mean (average) age was 64, and 49% of participants were female.
这些研究平均对参与者进行了七年的随访调查。其中，参与者平均年龄是64岁，49%是女性。
In people aged 60 years or older, the size of the reduction in risk of death was smaller than that seen in people aged younger than 60 years. In the older adults, there was a 42% reduction in risk seen in those who walked between 6,000 and 10,000 steps a day, while there was a 49% reduction in risk in younger adults who walked between 7,000 and 13,000 steps a day.
在60岁或以上的人群中，死亡风险降低的幅度小于60岁以下的人群。在老年人中，每天走6000到10000步的人，风险降低了42%，而在年轻人中，每天走7000到13000步的人，风险降低了49%。
Prof. Banach says: “In a world where we have more and more advanced drugs to target specific conditions such as cardiovascular disease, I believe we should always emphasise that lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, which was a main hero of our analysis, might be at least as, or even more effective in reducing cardiovascular risk and prolonging lives. We still need good studies to investigate whether these benefits may exist for intensive types of exertion, such as marathon running and iron man challenges, and in different populations of different ages, and with different associated health problems. However, it seems that, as with pharmacological treatments, we should always think about personalising lifestyle changes.”
巴纳赫教授表示：“在当今世界，针对心血管疾病等特定病症的药物越来越先进，我认为，我们应该始终强调，改变生活方式，包括饮食和锻炼——这是我们分析的主要内容之一——在降低心血管疾病风险和延长寿命方面可能至少和药物一样有效，甚至更有效。我们仍需要深入的研究来了解这些益处是否存在于像马拉松跑和铁人三项这样的高强度运动中，以及在不同年龄的人群和有不同相关健康问题的人群中是否存在。但看来，就像药物治疗一样，我们在考虑生活方式的改变时，也应该始终考虑因人而异的策略。”
prolong
prolong /prəˈlɒŋ/ 表示“延长，拖延”，英文解释为“to make something last a longer time”举个🌰：We were having such a good time that we decided to prolong our stay by another week. 我们过得非常愉快，决定再多呆一个星期。
exertion
exertion /ɪɡˈzɜː.ʃən/ 1）表示“尽力；努力；费力”，英文解释为“the use of a lot of mental or physical effort”举个🌰：I get out of breath with any kind of physical exertion. 我一干点体力活就上气不接下气。
2）表示“运用；行使（权威、权力等）；施加（影响等）”，英文解释为“the use of something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something happen”如：the exertion of influence over who was appointed to the job 对于被授予该职位的人施以影响。
pharmacological
pharmacological /ˌfɑːrməkəˈlɑːdʒɪkl/ 表示“用药物治疗的”，英文解释为“relating to treatment that uses drugs”
personalise
personalise / personalize /ˈpɜː.sən.əl.aɪz/ 1）表示“（对某物作改动或标上…）使成为个人专有，使具个人特色”，英文解释为“If you personalize an object, you change it or add to it so that it is obvious that it belongs to or comes from you.”举个🌰：The computer allows you to personalize standard letters by adding a greeting to each one. 电脑允许个人在标准信笺上添加问候语使其更加个人化。
2）表示“使…符合（某人的）特定需求，使个性化”，英文解释为“to make something suitable for the needs of a particular person”举个🌰：She hired a trainer to create a personalized exercise schedule to get her into shape. 她请了一名教练来为她量身定制一个塑身计划。
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