刚刚，2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓
北京时间10月2日下午17:45，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩卡罗琳医学院，2023年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓：卡塔琳·考里科（Katalin Karikó）和德鲁·韦斯曼（Drew Weissman）获奖，以表彰他们在核苷碱基修饰方面的发现，这些发现使得针对COVID-19的有效mRNA疫苗得以研发。（for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19）。
🤔️小作业：
1. Which of the following is implied about the impact of the laureates' findings?
a) It was paramount especially in the early phase of the pandemic.
b) It significantly boosted the Swedish currency value.
c) It led to a 1 million kronor increase in the prize money.
d) It resulted in the exploration of Neanderthal DNA.
a) They both are established in the United States.
b) They both are named after Sagan.
c) They have a collaborative relationship in research.
d) They are competing institutions in medicine research.
无注释原文：
Nobel in medicine goes to 2 scientists whose work enabled creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
From: AP NEWS
Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for discoveries that enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
The award was given to Katalin Karikó, a professor at Sagan’s University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Drew Weissman, who performed his prizewinning research together with Karikó at the University of Pennsylvania.
“Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,” the panel that awarded the prize said.
Thomas Perlmann, secretary of the Nobel Assembly, announced the prize and said both scientists were “overwhelmed” by news of the prize when he contacted them shortly before the announcement.
Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam, part of the panel that chose the winners, said of their work that “in terms of saving lives, especially in the early phase of the pandemic, it was very important.”
The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was won last year by Swedish scientist Svante Paabo for discoveries in human evolution that unlocked secrets of Neanderthal DNA which provided key insights into our immune system, including our vulnerability to severe COVID-19.
The award was the second in the family. Paabo’s father, Sune Bergstrom, won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1982.
Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.
The prizes carry a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million). The money comes from a bequest left by the prize’s creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896.
The prize money was raised by 1 million kronor this year because of the plunging value of the Swedish currency.
The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel’s death. The prestigious peace prize is handed out in Oslo, according to his wishes, while the other award ceremony is held in Stockholm.
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Nobel in medicine goes to 2 scientists whose work enabled creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19
From: AP NEWS
Two scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for discoveries that enabled the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
周一，两位科学家因助力针对COVID-19的mRNA疫苗的研发，荣获诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
vaccine
vaccine /ˈvæk.siːn/ 表示“疫苗”，英文解释为“a substance that is put into the body of a person or animal to protect them from a disease by causing them to produce antibodies (=proteins that fight diseases)”举个🌰：This vaccine protects against some kinds of the bacteria. 这种疫苗能抵抗这些细菌中的某几种。
The award was given to Katalin Karikó, a professor at Sagan's University in Hungary and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania, and Drew Weissman, who performed his prizewinning research together with Karikó at the University of Pennsylvania.
该奖项颁给了匈牙利塞格德大学教授、宾夕法尼亚大学兼职教授卡塔琳·考里科（Katalin Karikó）和宾夕法尼亚大学教授德鲁·维斯曼（Drew Weissman），两人在宾夕法尼亚大学共同完成了这项获奖的研究。
adjunct professor
表示“兼职教授，客座教授，副教授”，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.
“Through their groundbreaking findings, which have fundamentally changed our understanding of how mRNA interacts with our immune system, the laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,” the panel that awarded the prize said.
评奖小组称：“他们开创性的研究成果，从根本上改变了我们对mRNA与免疫系统交互方式的理解，在现代人类健康面临最大威胁之一的时期，为疫苗的快速研发做出了重要贡献。”
groundbreaking
表示“开辟新天地的，独创的，开拓性的，里程碑性的”，英文解释为“You use groundbreaking to describe things which you think are significant because they provide new and positive ideas, and influence the way people think about things.” 如：groundbreaking research 开拓性的研究。
类似的：
📍pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示“先驱性的，开创性的”，英文解释为“using ideas and methods that have never been used before”如：pioneering techniques 创新技术。
📍seminal 表示“（对以后的发展）影响深远的，有重大意义的；（文章、书等）开创性的，有重大影响的”，英文解释为“a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal”，如：a seminal study 开创性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影响的著作/文章。
interact
表示“交互，交流，交往；互相作用，互相影响”，英文解释为“to communicate with or react to”举个🌰：Her teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 她的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
immune
1）表示“有免疫力”，英文解释为“cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness”举个🌰：Adults are often immune to German measles. 成人往往对风疹有免疫力。
2）表示“不受影响”，英文解释为“not affected by sth”举个🌰：You'll eventually become immune to criticism. 你终究会不用在乎批评了。
3）表示“受保护；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“protected from sth and therefore able to avoid it”举个🌰：No one should be immune from prosecution. 任何人都不应免于被起诉。
laureate
laureate /ˈlɔːrɪɪt/ 表示“荣誉获得者；获奖者”，英文解释为“a person who has been given an official honour or prize for sth important they have achieved”，如：a Nobel laureate 诺贝尔奖获得者。
unprecedented
表示“史无前例的，空前的；绝无仅有的”，英文解释为“never having happened or existed in the past”举个🌰：This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale. 环境在本世纪遭到了空前的破坏。
词源和词根："un-"是"不"的意思，"precedented"来自拉丁语的"praecedere"，意为"走在前面"。派生词：unprecedentedly，常用短语：unprecedented event 空前的事件。
🎬电影《星运里的错》（The Fault in Our Stars）中的台词提到：You are so busy being you that you have no idea how utterly unprecedented you are. 你太忙于做自己 都没有意识到自己是那么的令人心动。
panel
表示“（选定的）专家小组；讨论小组”，英文解释为“a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions as entertainment”。
Thomas Perlmann, secretary of the Nobel Assembly, announced the prize and said both scientists were “overwhelmed” by news of the prize when he contacted them shortly before the announcement.
诺贝尔大会（Nobel Assembly）秘书托马斯·珀尔曼（Thomas Perlmann）宣布了此奖项，当他在奖项宣布前不久通知这两位科学家时，他们对这个消息感到“非常震惊”。
assembly
assembly /əˈsem.bli/ 1）表示“（尤指为特定目的而经常）聚集在一起的人，（所有）与会者；集合，聚集”，英文解释为“a group of people, especially one that meets regularly for a particular purpose, such as government, or, more generally, the process of coming together, or the state of being together”如：the United Nations General Assembly 联合国大会；
2）表示“（多个班级参加的）集体活动，集会”，英文解释为“a meeting in a school of several classes, usually at the beginning of the school day, to give information or to say prayers together”举个🌰：All pupils are expected to attend school assembly. 所有学生都要参加校会。
3）表示“装配；组装；组合体；总成”，英文解释为“the process of putting together the parts of sth such as a vehicle or piece of furniture”举个🌰：Putting the bookcase together should be a simple assembly job. 组装书橱应该是个简单的装配活。
overwhelmed
overwhelmed /,əʊvə'welmd/ 作形容词，表示“（强烈地影响而使）不知所措的；被压倒的，被淹没的；受宠若惊的”，举个🌰：Sightseers may be a little overwhelmed by the crowds and noise. 观光者可能被人群和噪声搞得有点不知所措。
overwhelm /ˌoʊvərˈwelm/ 本身作动词，1）表示“（强烈地影响而）使不知所措”，英文解释为“If you are overwhelmed by a feeling or event, it affects you very strongly, and you do not know how to deal with it.”举个🌰：He was overwhelmed by a longing for times past. 他陷入了一种对过去的渴望而不能自拔。
2）表示“彻底制服；击败”，英文解释为“If a group of people overwhelm a place or another group, they gain complete control or victory over them.”举个🌰：It was clear that one massive Allied offensive would overwhelm the weakened enemy. 显然同盟国一次大规模的进攻就会彻底击败已被削弱的敌军。
Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam, part of the panel that chose the winners, said of their work that “in terms of saving lives, especially in the early phase of the pandemic, it was very important.”
评奖小组成员古尼拉·卡尔松·赫德斯塔姆（Gunilla Karlsson Hedestam）谈到他们的研究工作时表示：“在疫情初期对于拯救生命来说至关重要。”
The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was won last year by Swedish scientist Svante Paabo for discoveries in human evolution that unlocked secrets of Neanderthal DNA which provided key insights into our immune system, including our vulnerability to severe COVID-19.
去年，瑞典科学家斯万特·帕博（Svante Paabo）获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，获奖原因是他在人类进化方面的发现揭开了尼安德特人（Neanderthal）基因的秘密，为我们了解免疫系统，包括我们对新冠重症的易感性，提供了重要依据。
physiology
physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示“生理学”，英文解释为“(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work”。
unlock
表示“发掘（潜力）；揭开（秘密）”，英文解释为“If you unlock the potential or the secrets of something or someone, you release them.”举个🌰：A chemical has been discovered that may be the key to unlocking the mysteries of Parkinson's disease. 已发现一种化学物质，这可能是解开帕金森氏病之谜的钥匙。
vulnerability
vulnerability /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪləti/ 表示“易受伤害；有弱点；脆弱”，英文解释为“the quality of being vulnerable (= able to be easily hurt, influenced, or attacked), or something that is vulnerable”。
The award was the second in the family. Paabo's father, Sune Bergstrom, won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1982.
该奖项是帕博家族第二次获奖。帕博的父亲苏恩·伯格斯特龙（Sune Bergstrom）于1982年获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced Friday and the economics award on Oct. 9.
诺贝尔奖接下来的颁布日程为：周二公布物理学奖，周三公布化学奖，周四公布文学奖。和平奖将于周五公布，经济学奖将于10月9日公布。
literature
literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”
2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。
The prizes carry a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million). The money comes from a bequest left by the prize's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896.
每个奖项的奖金为1100万瑞典克朗（约合100万美元），资金源自奖项创始人、瑞典发明家阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔（Alfred Nobel）的遗赠，他于1896年去世。
kronor
kronor /'krəunə-ɔn:/ 克朗，瑞典货币单位。
bequest
bequest /bɪˈkwest/ 表示“遗赠，遗产”，英文解释为“the money or property belonging to someone that they say that, after their death, they wish to be given to other people”举个🌰：Her will included small bequests to her family, while most of her fortune went to charity. 她在遗嘱中写明将一小部分遗产留给家人，大部分都捐给慈善机构。
The prize money was raised by 1 million kronor this year because of the plunging value of the Swedish currency.
由于瑞典货币大幅贬值，今年的奖金增加了100万瑞典克朗。
plunging
plunging /ˈplʌn.dʒɪŋ/ 表示“突然下跌的，猛降的”，英文解释为“dropping suddenly or having a shape that drops a long way down”如：plunging sales figures 骤降的销售额。
currency
1）表示“货币，通货”，英文解释为“the money that is used in a particular country at a particular time”如：foreign currency 外币。
2）表示“流行；流通；通用”，英文解释为“the state of being commonly known or accepted, or of being used in many places”举个🌰：His ideas enjoyed wide currency during the last century. 他的思想在上个世纪广为流传。
The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The prestigious peace prize is handed out in Oslo, according to his wishes, while the other award ceremony is held in Stockholm.
诺贝尔奖得主将将受邀在12月10日诺贝尔逝世纪念日，参加颁奖典礼。按照诺贝尔的遗愿，享有盛誉的和平奖将在奥斯陆（Oslo）颁发，其他奖项的颁奖典礼则在斯德哥尔摩举行。
prestigious
prestigious /prɛˈstɪdʒəs/表示“有威望的，有声望的，有威信的”，英文解释为“A prestigious institution, job, or activity is respected and admired by people.”举个🌰：It's one of the best equipped and most prestigious schools in the country. 它是该国设备最好、最有声望的学校之一。
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