科学家警告防晒霜悖论
近日，加拿大麦吉尔大学（McGill University）研究人员发现，防晒霜越来越受欢迎，但与此同时，黑色素瘤和皮肤癌的患病率也在攀升。研究人员把这一现象称为“防晒霜悖论”。
🤔️小作业：
1. The primary purpose of this article is to:
a) Encourage more usage of sunscreen
b) Discuss the inefficacy of sunscreens
c) Expose the misconception around sunscreens
d) Criticize the marketing of sunscreen products
a) They are well-informed but still at risk.
b) They avoid sun exposure.
c) They have the lowest melanoma incidence rates.
d) They tend to ignore the UV index.
无注释原文：
The sunscreen paradox: Researchers warn of 'false sense of security'
From: Science Daily
Sunscreen usage is climbing, but so are melanoma and skin cancer rates: this, researchers say, is the sunscreen paradox.
"The problem is that people use sunscreen as a 'permission slip' to tan," said Dr. Ivan Litvinov, an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine and Chair of the Dermatology Division at McGill University and co-author with Dr. Sandra Peláez, Dr. Richie Jeremian and Dr. Pingxing Xie of two recent studies that explore the sunscreen paradox.
"People think they are protected from skin cancer because they are using a product marketed to prevent a condition."
Most people don't apply enough sunscreen or stay in the sun for hours after applying sunscreen in the morning. "This gives them a false sense of security," said Litvinov.
To understand the factors between varying incidence rates of melanoma in the Atlantic provinces of Canada, a group of researchers including Litvinov and Peláez conducted 23 focus groups.
In the study, they found that Canadians living in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island -- provinces with high melanoma incidence rates -- were more likely to report using sun protection, more aware of the health risks of sun exposure, and more apt to follow the UV index. Despite this, they also received more sun exposure due to warmer temperatures and a tendency to engage in outdoor activities.
Similarly, in a second study of the United Kingdom Biobank by Jeremian, Xie and Litvinov, the researchers documented that sunscreen use was surprisingly associated with a more than twofold risk of developing skin cancer.
The sunscreen paradox
"These combined findings suggest a sunscreen paradox, whereby individuals with higher levels of sun exposure also tend to use more but not an adequate quantity of sunscreen or other sun-protection measures, providing a false sense of security," said Litvinov.
Interventions to address knowledge and practice gaps in sun protection and skin cancer prevention must consider this sunscreen paradox and the unique norms of communities around the world, he added.
"Sunscreen is important, but it is also the least effective way to protect your skin when compared to sun protective clothing, rash guards, and sun avoidance. People can and should enjoy the outdoors, but without getting a sun burn or a suntan," said Litvinov.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
The sunscreen paradox: Researchers warn of 'false sense of security'
From: Science Daily
Sunscreen usage is climbing, but so are melanoma and skin cancer rates: this, researchers say, is the sunscreen paradox.
防晒霜越来越受欢迎，但与此同时，黑色素瘤和皮肤癌的患病率也在攀升。研究人员把这一现象称为“防晒霜悖论”。
sunscreen
sunscreen /ˈsʌn.skriːn/ 表示“防晒霜，防晒油”，英文解释为“a substance that you put on your skin to prevent it from being damaged by the sun”
melanoma
melanoma /ˌmel.əˈnəʊ.mə/ 表示“黑色素瘤”，英文解释为“a type of skin cancer that appears as a coloured mark or growth on the skin”
paradox
paradox /ˈpærəˌdɒks/ 表示“自相矛盾的情况；似非而是的说法，悖论”，英文解释为“a situation or statement that seems impossible or is difficult to understand because it contains two opposite facts or characteristics”举个🌰：It's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty. 大量喝水经常会让人感觉口渴，这是看似矛盾而正确的奇怪说法。
"The problem is that people use sunscreen as a 'permission slip' to tan," said Dr. Ivan Litvinov, an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine and Chair of the Dermatology Division at McGill University and co-author with Dr. Sandra Peláez, Dr. Richie Jeremian and Dr. Pingxing Xie of two recent studies that explore the sunscreen paradox.
麦吉尔大学（McGill University）医学系副教授、皮肤科主任伊万·利特维诺夫（Ivan Litvinov）博士说：“问题在于，人们使用防晒霜当作晒黑的‘准许证’。”他与桑德拉·佩拉耶斯（Sandra Peláez）博士、里奇·杰雷米安（Richie Jeremian）博士和谢平兴（Pingxing Xie，音译）博士共同撰写了最近两项探索防晒霜悖论的研究。
slip
slip /slɪp/ 作动词，表示“滑倒；滑跤；溜走”，也可以指“摆脱；挣脱；松开；放走”，英文解释为“to get free; to make sth/sb/yourself free from sth”举个🌰：The ship had slipped its moorings in the night. 那艘船在夜间漂离了停泊处。
作名词，熟词僻义，1）表示“纸条；小纸片”，英文解释为“a small piece of paper”如：a slip of paper 一张纸条。
2）表示“小错误，疏漏”，英文解释为“a small mistake”举个🌰：She's made one or two slips - mainly spelling errors - but it's basically well written. 她犯了一两个小错误——主要是拼写错误——不过基本上写得很不错。
tan
tan /tæn/ 表示“晒成棕褐色的肤色”，英文解释为“pleasantly brown skin caused by being in the hot sun”如：a deep tan 晒得黝黑的皮肤。
dermatology
dermatology /ˌdɜː.məˈtɒl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“皮肤学”，英文解释为“the scientific study of the skin and its diseases”
division
1）表示“部门（如部、处、室、科等）”，英文解释为“a separate part of an army or large organization”如：the sales division 销售部。
2）表示“（体育运动的）级”，英文解释为“a group of teams that play against each other in a particular sport”如：The team plays in one of the lower divisions. 低一级队伍的球员。
"People think they are protected from skin cancer because they are using a product marketed to prevent a condition."
“人们认为自己受到了保护不会患上皮肤癌，因为他们使用的是一种以预防疾病为卖点的产品。”
condition
熟词僻义，除了表示“情况，状况”，condition本身可以表示“疾病”，英文解释为“any of different types of diseases”如：to suffer from a heart/skin condition 患有心脏/皮肤病。
📍out of condition 可以表示“身体状况不佳，不在状态”（not healthy enough for hard physical exercise, as a result of not taking part in sport or other physical activities）。
Most people don't apply enough sunscreen or stay in the sun for hours after applying sunscreen in the morning. "This gives them a false sense of security," said Litvinov.
大部分人涂抹防晒霜的量不足，或是早上涂完防晒霜后，在阳光下停留数小时。利特维诺夫说：“这让他们产生了一种虚假的安全感。”
To understand the factors between varying incidence rates of melanoma in the Atlantic provinces of Canada, a group of researchers including Litvinov and Peláez conducted 23 focus groups.
为了弄清楚加拿大大西洋四省黑色素瘤不同发病率之间的因素，包括利特维诺夫和佩拉耶斯在内的研究团队进行了23个焦点小组访谈。
incidence
incidence /ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/ 表示“事件；（事件的）发生率”，英文解释为“an event, or the rate at which something happens”举个🌰：There have been quite a few incidences of bullying in the school this year. 今年该校发生了好几起欺凌弱小的事件。
focus group
focus group /ˈfəʊ.kəs ˌɡruːp/ 表示“焦点小组（就某一问题进行讨论以解决问题或提出建议）”，英文解释为“a group of people who have been brought together to discuss a particular subject in order to solve a problem or suggest ideas”
📍焦点小组，也称小组访谈（英文：Focus Group），是社会科学研究中常用的质性研究方法。一般由一个经过研究训练的调查者主持，采用半结构方式（即预先设定部分访谈问题的方式），与一组被调查者交谈。
In the study, they found that Canadians living in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island -- provinces with high melanoma incidence rates -- were more likely to report using sun protection, more aware of the health risks of sun exposure, and more apt to follow the UV index. Despite this, they also received more sun exposure due to warmer temperatures and a tendency to engage in outdoor activities.
在这项研究中，他们发现，住在新斯科舍省和爱德华王子岛省（黑色素瘤发病率较高的省份）的加拿大人更有可能使用防晒产品，更了解阳光照射对健康的危害，也更会关注紫外线指数。然而，由于气温更高且人们更倾向于参与户外活动，他们实际上接触到的阳光更多。
apt
apt /æpt/ 表示“适当的，恰当的；合适的”，英文解释为“suitable or right for a particular situation”，如：an apt comment/description 中肯的评论/贴切的描述。
be apt to do sth/be apt to be sth 表示“易于做…的；常做…的”，英文解释为“to be likely to do something or to often do something”举个🌰：The kitchen roof is apt to (= likely to) leak when it rains. 一下雨厨房屋顶就容易漏。
Similarly, in a second study of the United Kingdom Biobank by Jeremian, Xie and Litvinov, the researchers documented that sunscreen use was surprisingly associated with a more than twofold risk of developing skin cancer.
同样，在杰雷米安、谢平兴和利特维诺夫基于英国生物银行数据的第二项研究中，研究人员发现，使用防晒霜的人患皮肤癌的风险竟然比不使用的人高出两倍多。
twofold
twofold /ˈtuː.fəʊld/ 1）表示“两倍的”，英文解释为“twice as big or as much”举个🌰：a twofold increase in the price of natural gas 天然气的价格上涨了两倍。
2）表示“有两部分的”，英文解释为“having two parts”举个🌰：The problem is twofold. 问题有两方面。
The sunscreen paradox 防晒霜悖论
"These combined findings suggest a sunscreen paradox, whereby individuals with higher levels of sun exposure also tend to use more but not an adequate quantity of sunscreen or other sun-protection measures, providing a false sense of security," said Litvinov.
利特维诺夫解释：“这些研究结果综合在一起，表明存在防晒霜悖论。也就是说，那些日晒程度较高的人也更倾向于使用更多的防晒霜或防晒措施，但量却并不充足，从而产生了一种虚假的安全感。”
quantity
quantity /ˈkwɒn.tə.ti/ 表示“（尤指可测量或确定的）量，数量，分量”，英文解释为“the amount or number of something, especially that can be measured”举个🌰：We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night. 那天晚上我们大吃大喝了一通。
Interventions to address knowledge and practice gaps in sun protection and skin cancer prevention must consider this sunscreen paradox and the unique norms of communities around the world, he added.
他还强调，为了弥补防晒和皮肤癌预防知识和实践的差距，干预措施必须要考虑到这一防晒霜悖论，以及世界各地社区的特殊文化和习惯。
Intervention
表示“干涉，介入；（由家庭成员、朋友或医护人员共同开会劝导有酗酒或毒瘾问题者接受现实并开始治疗的）干预活动”，英文解释为“Intervention is the act of intervening in a situation. A meeting at which someone with a drug or alcohol problem is asked by family members, friends, or health workers to accept the fact that they have a problem and is encouraged to get treatment”
norms
表示“规范；行为标准”，英文解释为“standards of behaviour that are typical of or accepted within a particular group or society”，如：social/cultural norms 社会/文化规范。
📍the norm 表示“常态，正常行为”，英文解释为“a situation or type of behaviour that is expected and considered to be typical”举个🌰：One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 每个家庭一个孩子在一些国家正迅速普遍起来。
"Sunscreen is important, but it is also the least effective way to protect your skin when compared to sun protective clothing, rash guards, and sun avoidance. People can and should enjoy the outdoors, but without getting a sun burn or a suntan," said Litvinov.
“防晒霜固然重要，但与防晒服、防晒衣和避免日晒相比，它其实是效果最差的防晒手段。人们可以，也应该享受户外活动，但同时也要避免晒伤或晒黑，” 利特维诺夫说。
rash guard
rash guard /ˈræʃ ˌɡɑːrd/ 表示“（冲浪等运动中所穿的）紧身防磨上衣”，英文解释为“a piece of clothing that fits the top half of the body tightly, made of special material and worn on its own or under a wetsuit for activities such as surfing, to prevent the skin from being rubbed and to protect against the sun”
suntan
suntan /ˈsʌn.tæn/ 表示“（皮肤）晒黑”，英文解释为“pleasantly brown skin caused by being in hot sun”举个🌰：She's on the beach all day, trying to get a really deep suntan. 她一整天都呆在海滩上，想把皮肤晒得黑黑的。
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