为什么感冒症状在夜间会加重
这轮发烧似乎有点严重，大家要注意防护呀！
🤔️小作业：
1. According to Dr. Diego Hijano, how do immune cells contribute to worse respiratory symptoms at night?
A) By suppressing the respiratory system.
B) By causing irritation and inflammation.
C) By reducing mucus production.
D) By increasing body temperature.
A) It causes severe headaches, intensifying at night.
B) It leads to pooling of mucus at the back of the throat.
C) It triggers asthma attacks, exacerbating symptoms.
D) It decreases oxygen levels during sleep.
无注释原文：
Why Cold Symptoms Are Worse at Night
From: The New York Times
It's cold and flu season. That means you're very likely surrounded by a symphony of coughs and sniffling noses — if you're not actively coughing yourself.
And whether your main complaint is a cough, a fever, a headache or a runny or stuffy nose, you may notice that you tend to feel worse at night.
That's not your imagination. Several factors are to blame, starting with your circadian rhythm, which is your body's internal clock. When the sun sets, it tells your brain to wind down for bed and, at the same time, spurs certain immune cells to become more active. Every night, those cells are recruited to different parts of your body, on the lookout for invading pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
“When they identify and try to fight off viruses, the immune cells can cause irritation and inflammation, which ends up making respiratory symptoms worse at night,” said Dr. Diego Hijano, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
Certain hormones, like cortisol, also follow a circadian rhythm. Cortisol levels are highest in the morning, which may help suppress inflammation during the day and, in turn, tamp down symptoms. As cortisol levels begin to fall in the evening, symptoms may start to flare up again.
Another factor that can make cough and cold symptoms worse at night is called postnasal drip, the mucus that starts to pool at the back of your throat when you are lying down.
“Throughout the day, the accumulation of mucus is less of a problem because gravity helps drain it when you are upright and moving around,” said Dr. Juan Chiriboga-Hurtado, a family medicine specialist at Keck Medicine of the University of Southern California. But at night, mucus can build up and trigger your instinct to cough and clear your airways.
The lack of distractions — which is typically a good thing for sleep — also makes it harder to ignore your scratchy throat at night. And the environmental conditions in your bedroom, like the dryness of the air, can irritate your respiratory tract, Dr. Chiriboga-Hurtado said.
Other illnesses, like allergies, asthma and gastrointestinal reflux, are also linked to coughing that tends to worsen at night for many of the same reasons, he said. And some medicines, like certain blood pressure drugs, might also make you cough more.
For most people with a common cold, nighttime coughing should clear up in five to seven days along with other symptoms, Dr. Chiriboga-Hurtado said. In some cases, a cough can linger for two weeks or more. But if it doesn't improve after three weeks, it's a good idea to see a doctor to check if there may be another cause.
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为纽约时报官方译文，仅供参考
含注释全文：
咳嗽、发烧、流鼻涕，为什么感冒症状在夜间会加重
Why Cold Symptoms Are Worse at Night
From: The New York Times
It's cold and flu season. That means you're very likely surrounded by a symphony of coughs and sniffling noses — if you're not actively coughing yourself.
现在是伤风感冒的季节。也就是说，就算你自己不咳，周围也少不了此起彼伏的咳嗽声和抽鼻子的声音。
symphony
symphony /ˈsɪm.fə.ni/ 表示“交响乐，交响曲”，英文解释为“a long piece of music for an orchestra, usually with four movements (= parts)”如：Mahler's ninth symphony 马勒的《第九交响曲》。
sniffle
sniffle /ˈsnɪf.əl/ 可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“（通常指因哭泣或感冒）抽鼻子，吸鼻子”，英文解释为“to breathe in quickly and repeatedly through the nose, usually because you are crying or because you have a cold”
📍a sniffle=the sniffles) 表示“鼻塞，轻微感冒”，英文解释为“a slight cold that mainly affects your nose”举个🌰：I had a cold a couple of weeks ago and it's left me with a sniffle. 我几个星期前感冒了，现在依然有些鼻塞。
And whether your main complaint is a cough, a fever, a headache or a runny or stuffy nose, you may notice that you tend to feel worse at night.
不管你的主诉是咳嗽、发烧、头痛，还是流鼻涕或鼻塞，你可能会注意到晚上病情会加重。
complaint
1）表示“怨言；投诉”，英文解释为“A complaint is a statement in which you express your dissatisfaction with a situation.”举个🌰：There's been a record number of complaints about the standard of service. 对服务水平的投诉数量空前。
2）表示“抱怨的缘由”，英文解释为“A complaint is a reason for complaining.”举个🌰：My main complaint is that we can't go out on the racecourse anymore. 我抱怨的主要缘由是我们无法再去赛马场了。
3）表示“（尤指不严重的）疾病”，英文解释为“You can refer to an illness as a complaint, especially if it is not very serious.”举个🌰：Eczema is a common skin complaint which often runs in families. 湿疹是一种常见的皮肤病，常会遗传。
runny
runny /ˈrʌnɪ/ 1）表示“太稀的；水分过多的；软的”，英文解释为“having more liquid than is usual; not solid”举个🌰：Omelettes should be runny in the middle. 煎蛋卷包馅应该是软的。Warm the honey until it becomes runny. 把蜂蜜加热到它变稀为止。
2）表示“（通常因为生病而）流鼻涕的”，英文解释为“If your nose is runny, it is producing more mucus than usual, usually because you are ill.”举个🌰：I've got a runny nose. 我今天老流鼻涕。
stuffy
stuffy /ˈstʌf.i/ 1）表示“（房间或建筑物）闷的，通风不畅的”，英文解释为“A stuffy room or building is unpleasant because it has no fresh air.”如：a stuffy office 空气污浊的办公室；
2）表示“（鼻子）不通气的，堵塞的”，英文解释为“If your nose is stuffy or you have a stuffy nose, your nose is blocked with mucus, usually because you have a cold.”
That's not your imagination. Several factors are to blame, starting with your circadian rhythm, which is your body's internal clock. When the sun sets, it tells your brain to wind down for bed and, at the same time, spurs certain immune cells to become more active. Every night, those cells are recruited to different parts of your body, on the lookout for invading pathogens like viruses and bacteria.
这可不是扑风捉影。有几个因素是罪魁祸首，首先是你的昼夜节律，也就是你体内的生物钟。太阳落山时，它会告诉你的大脑要睡觉休息了，同时刺激某些免疫细胞变得更加活跃。每天晚上，这些细胞都会派至身体的不同部位，寻找病毒和细菌等入侵的病原体。
circadian
circadian /sɜːˈkeɪ.di.ən/ 表示“（动植物的）昼夜的，约一日的，约24小时的（节律，周期）”，英文解释为“used to describe the processes in animals and plants that happen naturally during a 24-hour period”举个🌰：Our circadian clock makes it difficult to sleep during the day. 昼夜生理时钟让我们很难在白天睡觉。
rhythm
rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ 1）表示“（尤指自然界中的）规则变化，规律，节律”，英文解释为“a regular pattern of change, especially one that happens in nature”如：the rhythm of the seasons 四季的交替。
2）表示“（音乐、诗歌和舞蹈的）节奏，韵律，节律”，英文解释为“a strong pattern of sounds, words, or musical notes that is used in music, poetry, and dancing”举个🌰：He beat out a jazz rhythm on the drums. 他击出爵士乐节奏的鼓点。
set
set /set/ 作动词，熟词僻义，表示“（太阳、月球或行星）降于地平线之下，下落”，英文解释为“(of the sun, moon, or planets) to go down below the horizon (= the line at which the earth seems to join the sky)”举个🌰：We sat on the beach and watched the sun set. 我们坐在海滩上观看日落。
📍sunset /ˈsʌn.set/ 表示“日落（时分），黄昏，傍晚”，英文解释为“the time in the evening when you last see the sun in the sky”举个🌰：The fishermen set out at sunset for a night's fishing. 渔夫们日落时分出海，准备夜间捕鱼。
wind down
wind /waɪnd/ down 1）表示“（劳累或担心之后）放松下来”，英文解释为“to gradually relax after doing something that has made you tired or worried”举个🌰：When he goes on holiday, it takes him the first couple of days just to wind down. 他去度假时，开始的几天只是放松放松。
2）表示“逐步减少（业务或活动等直至停止）”，英文解释为“If someone winds down a business or activity, they gradually reduce the amount of work that is done or the number of people that are involved, usually before closing or stopping it completely.”
📍unwind /ʌnˈwaɪnd/ 作动词，相当于wind down，表示“放松；轻松”，英文解释为“to relax and allow your mind to be free from worry after a period of work or some other activity that has made you worried”举个🌰：A glass of wine in the evening helps me to unwind after work. 晚上一杯酒能让我在工作后放松一下。
spur
spur表示“鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
immune
1）表示“有免疫力”，英文解释为“cannot catch or be affected by a particular disease or illness”举个🌰：Adults are often immune to German measles. 成人往往对风疹有免疫力。
2）表示“不受影响”，英文解释为“not affected by sth”举个🌰：You'll eventually become immune to criticism. 你终究会不用在乎批评了。
3）表示“受保护；免除；豁免”，英文解释为“protected from sth and therefore able to avoid it”举个🌰：No one should be immune from prosecution. 任何人都不应免于被起诉。
recruit
表示“招聘，吸收；（尤指军队）征募新兵”，英文解释为“to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army”举个🌰：Even young boys are now being recruited into the army. 就连很年轻的男孩子都被征召入伍了。
invade
1）表示“武装入侵；侵略；侵犯”，英文解释为“to enter a country, town, etc. using military force in order to take control of it”举个🌰：The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago. 2,000年前古罗马人入侵了英国。
2）表示“（尤指造成损害或混乱地）涌入；侵袭”，英文解释为“to enter a place in large numbers, especially in a way that causes damage or confusion”举个🌰：As the final whistle blew, fans began invading the field. 比赛结束的哨声一响，球迷便开始冲入球场。
pathogen
pathogen /ˈpæθəˌdʒɛn/ 表示“病原体”，英文解释为“any small organism, such as a virus or a bacterium that can cause disease”。
“When they identify and try to fight off viruses, the immune cells can cause irritation and inflammation, which ends up making respiratory symptoms worse at night,” said Dr. Diego Hijano, a pediatric infectious disease specialist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.
圣祖德儿童研究医院的儿科传染病专家迭戈·伊哈诺博士说：“免疫细胞识别并努力击退病毒时会引起刺激和炎症，最终导致呼吸道症状在夜间加重。”
irritation
1）表示“恼怒”，英文解释为“Irritation is a feeling of annoyance, especially when something is happening that you cannot easily stop or control.”举个🌰：He tried not to let his irritation show as he blinked in the glare of the television lights. 在对着耀眼的电视光线眨眼时，他竭力不把自己的恼怒表现出来。
2）表示“恼人的事”，英文解释为“An irritation is something that keeps annoying you.”举个🌰：Don't allow a minor irritation in the workplace to mar your ambitions. 不要让工作场所中一件烦人的小事把你远大的抱负破坏了。
3）表示“刺激”，英文解释为“Irritation in a part of your body is a feeling of slight pain and discomfort there.”举个🌰：These oils may cause irritation to sensitive skins. 这几种油可能会对敏感皮肤有刺激。
inflammation
inflammation /ˌɪn.fləˈmeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“炎（症）”，英文解释为“a red, painful, and often swollen area in or on a part of your body”举个🌰：Aspirin reduces pain and inflammation. 阿司匹林可缓解疼痛和炎症。
respiratory
respiratory /ˈrɛspərətərɪ/ 表示“呼吸的”，英文解释为“connected with breathing”，如：the respiratory system 呼吸系统，respiratory diseases 呼吸道疾病。
symptom
symptom /ˈsɪmp.təm/ 表示“（疾病的）症状”，英文解释为“any feeling of illness or physical or mental change that is caused by a particular disease”举个🌰：He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache, and so on. 他说他出现了所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等。
pediatric
英式 paediatric /ˌpiː.diˈæt.rɪk/美式 pediatric 表示“儿科学的，小儿科的”，英文解释为“relating to the medical care of children”如：paediatric medicine 儿科学。
infectious
infectious /ɪnˈfek.ʃəs/ 表示“（疾病）传染性的”，英文解释为“(of a disease) able to be passed from one person, animal, or plant to another”如：an infectious disease 传染病。
Certain hormones, like cortisol, also follow a circadian rhythm. Cortisol levels are highest in the morning, which may help suppress inflammation during the day and, in turn, tamp down symptoms. As cortisol levels begin to fall in the evening, symptoms may start to flare up again.
某些激素，如皮质醇，也遵循昼夜节律。皮质醇水平在早上最高，这可能有助于在白天抑制炎症，从而缓解各种症状。随着皮质醇水平在晚上下降，症状可能会再次加重。
hormone
hormone /ˈhɔːməʊn/ 表示“激素；荷尔蒙”，英文解释为“a chemical substance produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth or influences how the cells and tissues function; an artificial substance that has similar effects”，如：growth hormones 生长激素。
cortisol
cortisol /ˈkɔː.tɪ.zɒl/ 表示“皮质醇，可的松”，英文解释为“a hormone (= a chemical made in the body ) that is used in medicine to treat parts of the body that are swollen and painful ”
suppress
suppress /səˈpres/ 表示“抑制，忍住，压抑；查禁”，英文解释为“to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating”举个🌰：She couldn't suppress her anger/annoyance/delight. 她无法抑制内心的愤怒/气恼/喜悦。
tamp down
tamp /tæmp/ 表示“夯实；捣紧；塞紧；轻拍数次以压实”，英文解释为“to press something such as soil or tobacco down firmly”
tamp down 原意来自于将物质（如烟草、土壤等）压实或捣紧。在比喻或非字面意义上，它通常用于指减少、抑制或控制某种活动、情绪或态度的强度。例如，在政治、社会或经济的语境中，“tamp down”可能指减轻紧张、缓和情绪、降低期望或抑制某种趋势。举个🌰：We need to tamp down the rumors before they cause panic. 我们需要压制这些谣言，以免它们引起恐慌。
flare up
flare /fleər/ (up) 表示“（暴力、疼痛或愤怒）爆发，突发，加剧”，英文解释为“When something bad such as violence, pain, or anger flares (up), it suddenly starts or gets much worse.”举个🌰：Tempers flared after a three-hour delay at the Airport yesterday. 昨天机场3小时的航班延误引得群情激愤。
Another factor that can make cough and cold symptoms worse at night is called postnasal drip, the mucus that starts to pool at the back of your throat when you are lying down.
另一个可能使咳嗽和感冒症状在晚上加重的因素叫做鼻后滴漏，也就是当你躺下时，喉咙后部开始有粘液集聚。
postnasal
nasal /ˈneɪzəl/ 表示“鼻的”，英文解释为“related to the nose”如：nasal passages 鼻道，nasal congestion 鼻塞，the nasal cavity 鼻腔，a nasal spray 鼻腔喷剂。
postnasal 表示“鼻后的”
drip
drip /drɪp/ 1）作动词，表示“（使）滴下”，英文解释为“If a liquid drips, it falls in drops, or you make it fall in drops.”举个🌰：Water dripped down the wall. 水顺着墙滴下来。
2）作名词，表示“输液；滴注器”，英文解释为“a method of slowly giving someone liquid medicine or food through a tube into a vein, or a piece of equipment for doing this”举个🌰：He was on a drip for three days. 已经给他输液输了三天了。
3）表示“一滴;滴液”，英文解释为“a drop of liquid”如：drips of paint/sweat 几滴油漆/汗珠。
mucus
mucus /ˈmjuː.kəs/ 表示“（粘膜分泌的）粘液”，英文解释为“a thick liquid produced inside the nose and other parts of the body”举个🌰：This drug reduces mucus production in the gut. 这种药可以减少肠道的粘液分泌。
“Throughout the day, the accumulation of mucus is less of a problem because gravity helps drain it when you are upright and moving around,” said Dr. Juan Chiriboga-Hurtado, a family medicine specialist at Keck Medicine of the University of Southern California. But at night, mucus can build up and trigger your instinct to cough and clear your airways.
南加州大学凯克医学中心的家庭医学专家胡安·奇里博加-乌尔塔多博士说，“在白天，粘液的集聚不会造成困扰，因为行走的时候，重力会帮你排出粘液。”但到了晚上，粘液就会聚集起来，触发你咳嗽和清理呼吸道的本能。
accumulation
accumulation /əˌkjuː.mjəˈleɪ.ʃən/ 表示“积累；积聚；积攒”，英文解释为“an amount of something that has been collected”举个🌰：Despite this accumulation of evidence, the government persisted in doing nothing. 尽管种种迹象不断出现，政府仍然坚持不采取任何行动。
gravity
1）常见含义表示“重力；地球引力”，英文解释为“the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped”如：the laws of gravity 万有引力定律，物理课上学的g=9.8还是g=10你还记得吗？
🎬电影《星际迷航》（Star Trek）中的台词提到：Captain, we're caught in the gravity well. It's got us. 舰长 我们被引力井吸住了，它吸住我们了。
2）表示“严重性”，英文解释为“extreme importance and a cause for worry”，可以替换seriousness，举个🌰：Punishment varies according to the gravity of the offence. 处罚根据罪行的严重程度而有所不同。
3）表示“严肃；庄严”，英文解释为“serious behaviour, speech or appearance”举个🌰：They were asked to behave with the gravity that was appropriate in a court of law. 他们被要求在法庭上表现出应有的严肃态度。
drain
drain /dreɪn/ 1）表示“（使）排出，（使）排放，放干（液体）”，英文解释为“If you drain something, you remove the liquid from it, usually by pouring it away or allowing it to flow away, and if something drains, liquid flows away or out of it.”举个🌰：Drain the pasta thoroughly. 把意大利面条中的水完全沥干。
2）表示“使减少；使降低；消耗”，英文解释为“to reduce or cause something to reduce”举个🌰：The long war had drained the resources of both countries. 那场旷日持久的战争使两国元气大伤。
upright
upright /ˈʌp.raɪt1）表示“诚实的；负责的；正直的”，英文解释为“honest, responsible, and moral”举个🌰：She behaved as any upright citizen would have under the circumstances. 她在这种情况下的做法和所有正直公民一样。
2）表示“竖直的；直立的；垂直的”，英文解释为“placed in a vertical position”举个🌰：Keep the bottle upright. 保持瓶子直立。
trigger
1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个🌰：Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction. 坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。
2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个🌰：A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger. 一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。
类似的还有：
📍stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个🌰：The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination. 这首诗能够激发起想象力。
📍provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
📍spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个🌰：It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats. 是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
🎬电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
instinct
instinct /ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/ 表示“本能，直觉”，英文解释为“the way people or animals naturally react or behave, without having to think or learn about it”举个🌰：All his instincts told him to stay near the car and wait for help. 他的直觉告诉他要呆在车旁、等待救援。
📍"Gut instinct" refers to an individual's intuitive or instinctive feeling or response to a situation. It is a term used to describe a strong and immediate reaction that comes from within, often without conscious reasoning.
The lack of distractions — which is typically a good thing for sleep — also makes it harder to ignore your scratchy throat at night. And the environmental conditions in your bedroom, like the dryness of the air, can irritate your respiratory tract, Dr. Chiriboga-Hurtado said.
没有太多需要你分心的事情——这通常对睡眠是件好事——也会让人在晚上更加难以忽视喉咙痒的问题。奇里博加-乌尔塔多说，卧室的环境条件，比如空气干燥，也会刺激呼吸道。
scratchy
scratchy /ˈskrætʃ.i/ 1）表示“扎人的，穿着不舒服的（衣物）；刺痒的”，英文解释为“Scratchy clothes are rough and uncomfortable.”
2）表示“带沙沙的杂音的”，英文解释为“making a rough, unpleasant sound like sth being scratched across a surface”
3）表示“书写不畅的，出墨情况异常的（钢笔等）”，英文解释为“A scratchy pen does not write easily and without interruption”举个🌰：This pen's scratchy. Do you have another one? 这只钢笔不好写。你还有别的吗？
Other illnesses, like allergies, asthma and gastrointestinal reflux, are also linked to coughing that tends to worsen at night for many of the same reasons, he said. And some medicines, like certain blood pressure drugs, might also make you cough more.
他说，其他一些疾病，比如过敏、哮喘和胃肠道反流，也跟咳嗽有关，出于许多相同的原因，咳嗽也往往会在晚上加重。还有一些药物，比如某些降压药，也可能会让你咳得更厉害。
allergy
allergy /ˈæl.ə.dʒi/ 表示“变应性；过敏反应；过敏性”，英文解释为“a condition that makes a person become sick or develop skin or breathing problems because they have eaten certain foods or been near certain substances”如：an allergy to wheat 对小麦过敏。
asthma
asthma /ˈæsmə/ 表示“气喘，哮喘”，英文解释为“a medical condition that makes breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked”，如：an asthma sufferer 哮喘病患者。
gastrointestinal
gastrointestinal /ˌɡæs.trəʊˌɪn.tesˈtaɪ.nəl/ 表示“胃肠（里）的;与肠胃相关的”，英文解释为“in or relating to both the stomach and the intestine (= the long tube that food passes through after the stomach)”如：the gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道。
reflux
reflux /ˈriː.flʌks/ 表示“（胃内液体进入食管）回流，反流”，英文解释为“a condition in which liquid from the stomach moves upwards into the oesophagus (= the tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach)”如：acid reflux 胃酸回流。
For most people with a common cold, nighttime coughing should clear up in five to seven days along with other symptoms, Dr. Chiriboga-Hurtado said. In some cases, a cough can linger for two weeks or more. But if it doesn't improve after three weeks, it's a good idea to see a doctor to check if there may be another cause.
奇里博加-乌尔塔多说，对于大多数普通感冒患者来说，夜间咳嗽应该会在五到七天内与其他症状一起消失。在某些情况下，咳嗽可能会持续两周或更长时间。但如果三周后仍未好转，最好去看医生，检查是否是其他原因导致的。
linger
1）表示“（想法、感觉、疾病）继续存留，逗留；徘徊”，英文解释为“When something such as an idea, feeling, or illness lingers, it continues to exist for a long time, often much longer than expected.”举个🌰：The scent of her perfume lingered on in the room. 她的香水味在房间里久久不散。
2）表示“继续逗留”，英文解释为“If you linger somewhere, you stay there for a longer time than is necessary, for example, because you are enjoying yourself.”举个🌰：Customers are welcome to linger over coffee until around midnight. 顾客们可以慢慢品味咖啡到午夜。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述疫情下的生活成本的文章中提到：For as long as fears of viral contagion linger, many businesses could struggle to attract new custom, 只要对病毒蔓延的恐惧未消，许多企业可能很难吸引到新客户。
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2015年2月8日
2023年11月24日
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