啊？
近日，B站公布2023年度弹幕——“啊？”。
据B站官方介绍，当所见所闻刷新自身认知，当代年轻人往往会用“啊？”来抒发惊叹，比如看到UP主展示绝活时、发现宝藏内容时、见证重大科技突破时。今年，B站用户一共发送了超1320万次“啊？”弹幕。
🤔️小作业：
1. In the context of the article, how has the term "ah?" used in Bilibili's bullet comments evolved in terms of its function?
A) From a simple expression of agreement to a complex emotive response
B) From an ordinary phrase to a distinctive marker of Bilibili's user interaction
C) From a standard greeting to a unique identifier of content appreciation
D) From a casual interjection to a formal response mechanism
A) A preference for straightforward communication
B) An inclination towards expressing nuanced emotions
C) A tendency for critical analysis of content
D) A habit of engaging in detailed discussions
无注释原文：
Bilibili’s top bullet comment of 2023 is “ah?” as users expressed surprise 13 million times this year
From: SCMP
Chinese video streaming platform Bilibili’s word of 2023 is a single-character question of shock: Ah?
The word, written simply as a in pinyin, was used as an interrogative clause 13.2 million times on the platform this year, flooding viewers’ screens in Bilibili’s famed “bullet comments”, which whisk by in horizontal streams atop videos as people watch.
The Shanghai-based company called the word, expressed with a question mark, the “most representative bullet comment” of 2023 in a post to its official WeChat account on Friday.
Coupled with different punctuation, “ah” is often used in Chinese to express feelings of excitement, surprise or disbelief. When posed as a question, it translates roughly as, “Huh?”
Young users – the prime demographic for Bilibili – often use it in response to videos showing people with unique skills or major scientific and technological breakthroughs, the company said.
Bullet comments originated in Japan but became popular in China after Bilibili adopted the style. Other domestic video platforms eventually followed suit, including Baidu’s iQiyi and Tencent Video.
The topics of the hottest videos where the term appeared spanned a wide range of areas such as cutting-edge technology, video games and traditional Chinese culture.
When China’s state-owned nuclear power corporation announced in August that it had passed a milestone in its quest to create an “artificial sun”, powered by nuclear fusion, comments on a related video published to China Central Television’s military channel on Bilibili were filled with the term. The two-minute long video has nearly 1 million views and 70,000 likes.
In March, when video game reviewer IGN published a gameplay trailer of The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom – the latest title in the hit franchise from Kyoto-based console maker Nintendo – Chinese fans again flooded screens with “ah?” to express their surprised excitement.
Bilibili, which found early growth as an anime streaming site after its founding in 2009, has evolved into one of China’s largest video platforms by targeting Millennials and Gen Z users.
The platform saw daily active users grow 14 per cent in the third quarter to 102.8 million, according to its latest financial report. It has yet to turn a profit since going public on the Nasdaq in 2018, and this year has focused on cost-saving measures.
Its popularity with younger users has made Bilibili a trendsetter in internet vernacular. It started publicising the most popular bullet comments of the year in 2017.
The top comment last year was youya, meaning “elegant” or “graceful”, which is used as a compliment during impressive moments in videos.
In 2021, the word of the year was pofangle, which is used to express the feeling of being left emotionally vulnerable, similar to the term “I’m shook” in English.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Bilibili's top bullet comment of 2023 is “ah?” as users expressed surprise 13 million times this year
From: SCMP
Chinese video streaming platform Bilibili's word of 2023 is a single-character question of shock: Ah?
中国视频流媒体平台哔哩哔哩2023年年度弹幕是一个表达震惊的单字疑问句：啊？
streaming
📍stream /striːm/ 动词，表示“用流式传输，流播（无须待整个文件下载到计算机便可播放互联网上的视频或音频文件）；在线收听（或收看）”，英文解释为“to play video or sound on a computer by receiving it as a continuous stream, from the Internet for example, rather than needing to wait until the whole of the material has been downloaded”。
📍streaming 名词，表示“（音频或视频的）流动式接收，在线收听（或收看）”，英文解释为“the activity of listening to or watching sound or video directly from the internet”举个🌰：NTV Sports now comes with free live streaming for mobile devices. NTV体育台现在向用户提供免费的手机直播服务。
📍streaming service表示“流媒体服务，串流服务”，英文解释为“a service that sends video, music, etc., over the internet so that people can watch or listen to it immediately rather than having to download it, or rather than having to watch or listen at a particular time when something is broadcast”举个🌰：A streaming service such as Netflix or Amazon Prime provides unlimited streaming of TV shows, movies, comedy specials and original programming. 网飞或亚马逊Prime等流媒体服务可提供电视节目、电影、喜剧特辑和原创节目的无限流媒体节目。
ah
ah /ɑː/ 表示“（表示理解、愉快、痛苦、惊奇或注意到某事物）啊”，英文解释为“used to express understanding, pleasure, pain, surprise, or the fact that you have noticed something”举个🌰：Ah, I see. 啊，我明白了。
The word, written simply as a in pinyin, was used as an interrogative clause 13.2 million times on the platform this year, flooding viewers' screens in Bilibili's famed “bullet comments”, which whisk by in horizontal streams atop videos as people watch.
这个词，用拼音写作“a”，今年在该平台上作为疑问句被使用了1320万次，高频地出现在哔哩哔哩著名的“弹幕”中。弹幕是指人们观看视频时在视频画面上横穿屏幕快速滑过的评论。
interrogative
interrogative /ˌɪn.təˈrɒɡ.ə.tɪv/ 表示“疑问词；疑问句”，英文解释为“a word or sentence used when asking a question”举个🌰："Who" and "why" are interrogatives. who 和 why 是疑问词。
clause
clause /klɔːz/ 1）表示“（法律文件的）条款，款项”，英文解释为“a particular part of a written legal document, for example a law passed by Parliament or a contract (= an agreement)”举个🌰：They have added/deleted/amended a clause in the contract which says the company can make people redundant for economic reasons. 他们在合同中增加/删除/修改了一项条款，该条款称公司可以因为经济原因裁减人员。
2）表示“从句”，英文解释为“a group of words, consisting of a subject and a finite form of a verb”
famed
famed /feɪmd/ 表示“著名的，闻名的”，英文解释为“famous or known to many people”如：the famed Chinese strategist Sun Tzu 中国著名的军事战略家孙子。
弹幕
早在2019年，AWSL！！！文中就提到B站中「弹幕」的相关表达，B站的一大特色就是「弹幕」。先看官方介绍，Our pioneered community feature - bullet chatting - transforms viewing experience by allowing audience to share thoughts and feelings real-time with others viewing the same video. Bullet chatting，或者说是，Bullet Chat.
另外，还有bullet comment和bullet screen的说法，都离不开bullet一词。什么是弹幕？Bullet comments are viewer–generated texts superimposed onto online videos. “被叠加”在视频上的用户评论。
whisk
whisk /wɪsk/ 表示“突然拿走，快速带走”，英文解释为“to take something or someone somewhere else suddenly and quickly”举个🌰：Our coffees were whisked away before we'd even finished them. 我们的咖啡还没有喝完就被匆匆拿走了。
horizontal
horizontal /ˌhɒr.ɪˈzɒn.təl/ 表示“水平的；与地面（或底边、顶边）平行的；横的”，英文解释为“parallel to the ground or to the bottom or top edge of something”举个🌰：Draw a horizontal line across the bottom of the page. 在本页底部画一条水平线。
atop
atop /əˈtɒp/ 表示“在…之上，在…顶上”，英文解释为“on or at the top of”举个🌰：She sat atop a two-metre wall. 她坐在一堵两米高的墙上。
The Shanghai-based company called the word, expressed with a question mark, the “most representative bullet comment” of 2023 in a post to its official WeChat account on Friday.
这家总部位于上海的公司周五在其官方微信公众号上发布文章称，这个带有问号的词是2023年“最具代表性的弹幕”。
Coupled with different punctuation, “ah” is often used in Chinese to express feelings of excitement, surprise or disbelief. When posed as a question, it translates roughly as, “Huh?”
结合不同的标点符号，“啊”在汉语中经常用来表达兴奋、惊讶或难以置信的感觉。当它作为疑问句使用时，大致相当于英语中的“Huh？”
punctuation
punctuation /ˌpʌŋk.tʃuˈeɪ.ʃən/ 表示“标点符号；标点符号用法”，英文解释为“(the use of) special symbols that you add to writing to separate phrases and sentences to show that something is a question, etc.”举个🌰：His letter was completely without punctuation. 他的信里一个标点也没有。
huh
huh /hə/ 1）表示“（表示没听清楚或不理解）嗯，啊”，英文解释为“used to show that you have not heard or understood something”举个🌰："Huh? What did you say?" “嗯？你说什么？”
2）表示“（用于表示不赞同）哼，啊”，英文解释为“used to express disapproval”举个🌰：Huh, I don't think much of that idea! 哼，我觉得那个主意不怎么样！
3）[mainly US]表示“（用于句尾，尤用于寻求他人的赞同时）嗯”，英文解释为“used at the end of a question or statement, especially when you want someone to agree with what you have said”举个🌰：Pretty cool, huh? 很酷，是不是？
Young users – the prime demographic for Bilibili – often use it in response to videos showing people with unique skills or major scientific and technological breakthroughs, the company said.
该公司表示，当看到人们展示绝活或见证重大科技突破时，年轻人——哔哩哔哩主要用户群体——往往会用“啊？”来抒发惊叹。
prime
prime /praɪm/ 1）表示“首要的，主要的；基本的”，英文解释为“main or most important”举个🌰：This is a prime example of 1930s architecture. 这是20世纪30年代建筑风格的一个重要的范例。
2）表示“质量最好的，一流的”，英文解释为“of the best quality”举个🌰：The hotel is in a prime location in the city centre. 该旅馆位于市中心的黄金地段。
demographic
demographic /ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk/ 1）作形容词，表示“人口的；人口统计的；人口学的”，英文解释为“relating to demography (= the study of populations and the different groups that make them up)”举个🌰：There have been monumental social and demographic changes in the country. 该国的社会和人口状况已经发生了巨大的变化。
2）作名词，表示“（顾客）族群”，英文解释为“a group of people, for example customers, who are similar in age, social class, etc.”举个🌰：This demographic (young teenagers) is the fastest-growing age group using the site. 该族群（十几岁的年轻人）是使用这个网站人数增长最快的年龄群体。
Bullet comments originated in Japan but became popular in China after Bilibili adopted the style. Other domestic video platforms eventually followed suit, including Baidu's iQiyi and Tencent Video.
弹幕起源于日本，哔哩哔哩引入这种风格后才在中国流行起来。其他国内视频平台也纷纷效仿，包括百度旗下的爱奇艺和腾讯视频。
originate
originate /əˈrɪdʒ.ən.eɪt/ 表示“起源，发源，发端；产生”，英文解释为“to come from a particular place, time, situation, etc.”举个🌰：Although the technology originated in the UK, it has been developed in the US 尽管这项技术起源于英国，但它在美国得到了发展。
follow suit
follow suit表示“仿效”，英文解释为“to do the same thing as someone else”举个🌰：When one airline reduces its prices, the rest soon follow suit. 一家航空公司降价，其余的会很快纷纷仿效。
The topics of the hottest videos where the term appeared spanned a wide range of areas such as cutting-edge technology, video games and traditional Chinese culture.
高频出现该弹幕的热门视频话题涵盖前沿科技、电子游戏和中国传统文化等多个领域。
span
span /spæn/ 1）表示“横跨”，英文解释为“A bridge or other structure that spans something such as a river or a valley stretches right across it.”举个🌰：Travellers get from one side to the other by walking across a footbridge that spans a little stream. 旅游者通过一座横跨小溪的人行桥从一边走到另一边。
2）表示“持续”，英文解释为“If something spans a long period of time, it lasts throughout that period of time or relates to that whole period of time.”举个🌰：His professional career spanned 16 years. 他的职业生涯持续了16年。
cutting-edge
cutting-edge /ˌkʌt.ɪŋˈedʒ/ 表示“尖端的，前沿的”，英文解释为“Cutting-edge techniques or equipment are the most advanced that there are in a particular field.”举个🌰：What we are planning is cutting-edge technology never seen before. 我们正在筹划的是前所未见的尖端技术。
🎬电影《像素大战》（Pixels）中的台词提到：I'm thinking this is a cutting-edge multinational enterprise. 我想是某先进跨国组织干的。
📍state-of-the-art表示“（技术上）最先进的”，英文解释为“If you describe something as state-of-the-art, you mean that it is the best available because it has been made using the most modern techniques and technology.”
📍leading edge表示“（某活动领域的）最重要位置，领先地位；（尤指技术上的）前沿，尖端”，英文解释为“The leading edge of a particular area of research or development is the area of it that seems most advanced or sophisticated.”如：at the leading edge of scientific research 在科学研究的前沿。
When China's state-owned nuclear power corporation announced in August that it had passed a milestone in its quest to create an “artificial sun”, powered by nuclear fusion, comments on a related video published to China Central Television's military channel on Bilibili were filled with the term. The two-minute long video has nearly 1 million views and 70,000 likes.
今年8月，中国核工业集团有限公司宣布，其“人造太阳”项目（核聚变技术）达成了重要里程碑时，哔哩哔哩上央视军事频道的一段相关视频的评论充满了这个词。这段两分钟长的视频有近100万的播放量和7万个点赞。
milestone
milestone /ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/ 表示“里程碑；重大事件；转折点”，英文解释为“an important event in the development or history of something or in someone's life”举个🌰：He felt that moving out of his parents' home was a real milestone in his life. 他感到搬出父母家是他一生中一个真正的转折点。
quest
quest /kwest/ 表示“探索；寻求；追求”，英文解释为“a long search for something that is difficult to find, or an attempt to achieve something difficult”举个🌰：Nothing will stop them in their quest for truth. 没有什么可以阻止他们对真理的追求。
nuclear fusion
📍nuclear fusion /ˌnjuː.klɪə ˈfjuː.ʒən/ 表示“核聚变”，英文解释为“the process of joining two nuclei to produce energy”
📍nuclear fission /ˌnjuː.klɪə ˈfɪʃ.ən/ 表示“核裂变”
In March, when video game reviewer IGN published a gameplay trailer of The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom – the latest title in the hit franchise from Kyoto-based console maker Nintendo – Chinese fans again flooded screens with “ah?” to express their surprised excitement.
今年3月，当电子游戏评论网站IGN发布《塞尔达传说：王国之泪》（The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom）游戏预告片时，中国粉丝再次用满屏弹幕“啊？”来表达他们惊讶和兴奋。《塞尔达传说：王国之泪》是总部位于京都的游戏机制造商任天堂热门游戏系列的最新作品。
trailer
trailer /ˈtreɪlə/，表示“（电影或电视节目的）预告片”，英文解释为“a series of short scenes from a film/movie or television programme, shown in advance to advertise it”。
📍常出现的还有一个词叫teaser，词典里的意思是“前导广告，悬念式广告（含蓄而引人好奇）”，英文解释为“an advertisement for a product that does not mention the name of the product or say much about it but is intended to make people interested and likely to pay attention to later advertisements”。也可以用来指“预告”，“预热”片。
hit
hit /hɪt/ 表示“（唱片、电影或戏剧的）成功；很受欢迎的人（或事物）”，英文解释为“If a CD, film, or play is a hit, it is very popular and successful.”举个🌰：The song became a massive hit in 2023. 这首歌在2023年取得了巨大成功。
franchise
franchise /ˈfræntʃaɪz/ 最常见的意思与“特许经营权”有关，既可以作可数名词，又可以做及物动词。作可数名词时具体表示“（公司授予某人的）特许经营权”，英文解释为“A franchise is an authority that is given by an organization to someone, allowing them to sell its goods or services or to take part in an activity which the organization controls.”比如“建造、运营隧道的特许权”就可以用“the franchise to build and operate the tunnel.”表示。
📍可以理解为「一部电影的所有系列，系列电影」A film series is also called a film “franchise” which consists of a number of films based on the same characters.
📍作及物动词时具体表示“出售…的特许经营权”，英文解释为“If a company franchises its business, it sells franchises to other companies, allowing them to sell its goods or services.”举个🌰：She has recently franchised her business. 她最近已出售了其公司的特许经营权。
📍它还有另外一个意思，表示“选举权”，用作不可数名词，英文解释为“Franchise is the right to vote in an election.”
📍而在体育运动领域，指的是“球队，职业运动队”（a professional sports team），如在“湖人总冠军！”文中出现过：Second, Pelinka lived up to Bryant's prediction that Pelinka would help turn the franchise around within two to three years after the Lakers hired him in 2017. 第二，佩林卡不负布莱恩特的预言，在2017年湖人队聘请他之后，佩林卡将在两到三年内帮助球队扭转局面。此处代指的就是“火箭队”，
console
表示“控制台，操纵台”，英文解释为“A console is a panel with a number of switches or knobs that is used to operate a machine.”举个🌰：Several nurses sat before a console of flickering lights and bleeping monitors. 几名护士坐在灯光闪烁、监听器嘟嘟作响的控制台前。
🎮这里指的是「手柄；掌机；游戏机」。
Bilibili, which found early growth as an anime streaming site after its founding in 2009, has evolved into one of China's largest video platforms by targeting Millennials and Gen Z users.
哔哩哔哩在2009年成立之初是一家动漫流媒体网站，通过瞄准千禧一代和Z世代用户群体，如今已发展成为中国最大的视频平台之一。
anime
anime /ˈænɪˌmeɪ/表示“（日本的）动画片”，英文解释为“Japanese films made using characters and images that are drawn rather than real, or one of these films”。
animation 表示“动画；动画片”，英文解释为“moving images created from drawings, models, etc. that are photographed or created by a computer”。
📍有个说法叫：ACG指的就是Animation（动画）、Comics（漫画）与Games（游戏）的首字母缩写。
evolve
evolve /ɪˈvɒlv/ 表示“（使）逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变，进化”，英文解释为“to develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complicated form; to develop sth in this way”举个🌰：The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer. 这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。
Millennials
millennial /mɪˈlen.i.əl/ 表示“一千年的，千禧年的；与2000年有关的”，英文解释为“relating to a millennium or to the year 2000”如：millennial celebrations 千禧年庆祝活动。
作名词，通常复数，表示“千禧世代”，英文解释为“a person who was born around the time of the millennium”举个🌰：Millennials have grown up with the internet and can't imagine a world without it. 千禧世代在互联网环境中长大，无法想象没有互联网的世界会是什么样的。
📍千禧世代一般是指出生于20世纪且20世纪时未成年，在跨入21世纪（即2000年）以后达到成年年龄的一代人。这代人的成长时期几乎同时和互联网/计算机科学的形成与高速发展时期相吻合。有时会使人误以为指新千年（即2000年）之后出生的人。
Gen Z
Gen Z /ˌdʒen ˈzed/ Generation Z的缩写，表示“Z世代（通常指1990年代后期和2000年代前期出生的人）”，英文解释为“short for Generation Z : a way of referring to the group of people who were born in the late 1990s and early 2000s.”
📍Z世代（Generation Z），美国及欧洲的流行用语，意指在1990年代中叶至2000年后出生的人。一般来说，他们主要是X世代的小孩，但也有较年轻的婴儿潮世代或是较年长的Y世代的小孩。他们又被称为M世代（多工世代，multitasking）、C世代（连结世代，Connected Generation）、网络世代（Net Generation），或是互联网世代（the Internet Generation）。（Wikipedia）
The platform saw daily active users grow 14 per cent in the third quarter to 102.8 million, according to its latest financial report. It has yet to turn a profit since going public on the Nasdaq in 2018, and this year has focused on cost-saving measures.
根据其最新财务报告，该平台第三季度的日活跃用户增长了14%，达到1.028亿。自2018年在纳斯达克上市以来，该公司尚未实现盈利，今年该公司着重实施了降本增效举措。
turn a profit
表示“开始盈利”，英文解释为“to begin to earn a profit”举个🌰：He’s been in business nine years, but has not yet turned a profit. 他进入这个行业已有九年，但还没有开始盈利。
go public
1）表示“公开，公之于众”，英文解释为“to tell everyone about something that was secret”举个🌰：The planners are almost ready to go public on the road-building scheme. 规划者们差不多准备好公布筑路方案了。
2）表示“（公司）公开发售股票，上市”，英文解释为“to become a public company”举个🌰：The company went public in 2023. 这家公司于2023年上市。
🎬电影《美国队长3：内战》（Captain America: Civil War）中的台词提到：Tips have been pouring in since that footage went public. 录像公布后收到了很多线报。
🎬电影《心理游戏》（The Game）中的台词提到：CRS won't go public. They're family owned. 「消服会」不上市，它是家族企业。
Its popularity with younger users has made Bilibili a trendsetter in internet vernacular. It started publicising the most popular bullet comments of the year in 2017.
哔哩哔哩在年轻用户群体中的受欢迎程度使其成为互联网流行语的引领者。它于2017年开始公布每年最受欢迎的弹幕。
trendsetter
trendsetter /ˈtrendˌset.ər/ 表示“（尤指在服饰方面）引领时尚者，开创新潮流者”，英文解释为“a person, organization, etc. that starts new fashions, especially in clothes”举个🌰：They are not only the biggest fast food chain, but also the industry's trendsetter. 他们不仅是世界上最大的快餐连锁店，而且是该行业的潮流领导者。
vernacular
vernacular /vəˈnæk.jə.lər/ 1）表示“本地话，方言；白话”，英文解释为“the form of a language that a particular group of speakers use naturally, especially in informal situations”
2）表示“（建筑的）本地风格，民间风格”，英文解释为“in architecture, a local style in which ordinary houses are built”
The top comment last year was youya, meaning “elegant” or “graceful”, which is used as a compliment during impressive moments in videos.
去年的年度弹幕是“优雅”，用于称赞视频中令人印象深刻的时刻。
compliment
compliment /ˈkɒm.plɪ.mənt/ 可以作动词，也可以作名词，表示“赞美；称赞；钦佩；致敬；致意”，英文解释为“to tell sb that you like or admire sth they have done, their appearance, etc.”举个🌰：She complimented him on his excellent German. 她夸奖他德语棒极了。
区分：
📍complement /ˈkɒm.plɪ.ment/ 表示“补充；补足；使完善；为…增色”，英文解释为“to make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it”举个🌰：Strawberries and cream complement each other perfectly. 草莓加奶油相得益彰。
In 2021, the word of the year was pofangle, which is used to express the feeling of being left emotionally vulnerable, similar to the term “I'm shook” in English.
2021年的年度弹幕是“破防了”，用于表达情感脆弱的感觉，类似于英语中的“I'm shook”。
vulnerable
vulnerable /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/ 表示“易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的”，英文解释为“able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked”举个🌰：I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on. 一丝不挂地站在那儿，我感觉自己不堪一击。
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