《自然》年度人物榜单首次出现“非人类”
近日，《自然》（Nature）杂志公布了其2023年度十大人物榜单（Nature' 10），但与往年不同的是，今年的榜单包含十位科学家和一个非人类（non-human）——ChatGPT。
🤔️小作业：
1. What is a key reason for including ChatGPT in Nature's list of influential entities in science for 2023?
A) Its ability to autonomously conduct scientific experiments.
B) Its significant impact on scientific practices and discussions.
C) Its role in reducing the environmental impact of scientific research.
D) Its contribution to the development of new scientific theories.
A) The difficulty in accessing its programming code and training materials.
B) Its constantly evolving nature and frequent updates.
C) The lack of expert knowledge in AI among scientists.
D) Its inability to explain its reasoning process.
无注释原文：
ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad
From: NATURE
It co-wrote scientific papers — sometimes surreptitiously. It drafted outlines for presentations, grant proposals and classes, churned out computer code, and served as a sounding board for research ideas. It also invented references, made up facts and regurgitated hate speech. Most of all, it captured people's imaginations: by turns obedient, engaging, entertaining, even terrifying, ChatGPT took on whatever role its interlocutors desired — and some they didn't.
Why include a computer program in a list of people who have shaped science in 2023? ChatGPT is not a person. Yet in many ways, this program has had a profound and wide-ranging effect on science in the past year.
ChatGPT's sole objective is to plausibly continue dialogues in the style of its training data. But in doing so, it and other generative artificial-intelligence (AI) programs are changing how scientists work. They have also rekindled debates about the limits of AI, the nature of human intelligence and how best to regulate the interaction between the two. That's why this year's Nature's 10 has a non-human addition.
Some scientists have long been aware of the potential of large language models (LLMs). But for many, it was ChatGPT's release as a free-to-use dialogue agent in November 2022 that quickly revealed this technology's power and pitfalls. The program was created by researchers at OpenAI in San Francisco, California; among them was Ilya Sutskever, also profiled in this year's Nature's 10. It is built on a neural network with hundreds of billions of parameters, which was trained, at a cost estimated at tens of millions of dollars, on a giant online corpus of books and documents. Large teams of workers were also hired to edit or rate its responses, further shaping the bot's output. This year, OpenAI upgraded ChatGPT's underlying LLM and connected it to other programs so that the tool can take in and create images, and can use mathematical and coding software for help. Other firms have rushed out competitors.
For some researchers, these apps have already become invaluable lab assistants — helping to summarize or write manuscripts, polish applications and write code. ChatGPT and related software can help to brainstorm ideas, enhance scientific search engines and identify research gaps in the literature, says Marinka Zitnik, who works on AI for medical research at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Models trained in similar ways on scientific data could help to build AI systems that can guide research, perhaps by designing new molecules or simulating cell behaviour, Zitnik adds.
But the technology is also dangerous. Automated conversational agents can aid cheats and plagiarists; left unchecked, they could irreversibly foul the well of scientific knowledge. Undisclosed AI-made content has begun to percolate through the Internet and some scientists have admitted using ChatGPT to generate articles without declaring it.
Then there are the problems of error and bias, which are baked into how generative AI works. LLMs build up a model of the world by mapping language's interconnections, and then spit back plausible samplings of this distribution with no concept of evaluating truth or falsehood. This leads to the programs reproducing historical prejudices or inaccuracies in their training data, and making up information, including non-existent scientific references.
Emily Bender, a computational linguist at the University of Washington, Seattle, sees few appropriate ways to use what she terms synthetic text-extruding machines. ChatGPT has a large environmental impact, problematic biases and can mislead its users into thinking that its output comes from a person, she says. On top of that, OpenAI is being sued for stealing data and has been accused of exploitative labour practices (by hiring freelancers at low wages).
The size and complexity of LLMs means that they are intrinsically ‘black boxes', but understanding why they produce what they do is harder when their code and training materials aren't public, as in ChatGPT's case. The open-source LLM movement is growing, but so far, these models are less capable than the large proprietary programs.
Some countries are developing national AI-research resources to enable scientists outside large companies to build and study big generative AIs. But it remains unclear how far regulation will compel LLM developers to disclose proprietary information or build in safety features.
No one knows how much more there is to squeeze out of ChatGPT-like systems. Their capabilities might yet be limited by the availability of computing power or new training data. But the generative AI revolution has started. And there's no turning back.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad
From: NATURE
It co-wrote scientific papers — sometimes surreptitiously. It drafted outlines for presentations, grant proposals and classes, churned out computer code, and served as a sounding board for research ideas. It also invented references, made up facts and regurgitated hate speech. Most of all, it captured people's imaginations: by turns obedient, engaging, entertaining, even terrifying, ChatGPT took on whatever role its interlocutors desired — and some they didn't.
它与人共同撰写科学论文——有时是不为人知的。它为演讲、资助提案和课程起草大纲，编写计算机代码，并作为研究想法的参谋。它也会编造参考文献、捏造事实、反复传播仇恨言论。最重要的是，它激发了人们的想象力：时而顺从，时而引人入胜，时而有趣，甚至时而令人生畏，ChatGPT扮演着对话者想要的任何角色——以及有些不是他们想要的角色。
surreptitiously
surreptitiously /ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.əs.li/ 表示“偷偷地；秘密地；不正当地”，英文解释为“secretly, without anyone seeing or knowing”。
draft
draft /drɑːft/ 1）作名词，表示“草案；草稿；草图”，英文解释为“a piece of text, a formal suggestion, or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed form”举个🌰：This is only a rough draft - the finished article will have pictures too. 这只是一个粗略的草稿——定稿后的文章中还会有一些图片。
2）熟词僻义，表示“（美国职业球队在赛季之初选拔新队员的）选秀制度”，英文解释为“the system by which sports teams in the US choose new young players at the beginning of each season”如：the NBA draft，NBA选秀制。
3）作名词，表示“（钻进某处的）风”，英文解释为“A draft is a current of air that comes into a place in an undesirable way.”举个🌰：Block drafts around doors and windows. 挡住门窗周围的风。
4）作动词，表示“起草（文件、计划等）”，英文解释为“to write down a document for the first time, including the main points but not all the details”举个🌰：Draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. 先起草一个项目草案，我们可以在会上就此讨论。
outline
outline /ˈaʊt.laɪn/ 作名词，表示“大纲，概要，提要”，英文解释为“a description of the main facts about something”举个🌰：If you read the minutes of the meeting, they'll give you a broad outline of what was discussed. 如果你看了会议记录，就会知道讨论的大概内容。
作动词，表示“略述，概括”，英文解释为“to give the main facts about something”举个🌰：At the interview she outlined what I would be doing. 面试时她简要介绍了一下我将要从事的工作。
grant
grant /ɡrɑːnt/ 作名词，浙大博士生和蜜橘商家的聊天记录火了文中，表示“（尤指政府为特殊目的给予个人或组织的）拨款，补助金”，英文解释为“an amount of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose”如：a student/research grant 助学金/研究拨款，举个🌰：They'd got a special grant to encourage research 他们已得到了一笔用来支持研究的特别补助金。
作动词，表示“（通常指官方）同意，准予，授予”，英文解释为“to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way”举个🌰：They granted her an entry visa. 他们发给她入境签证。
proposal
proposal /prəˈpəʊ.zəl/ 表示“建议；计划；提案”，英文解释为“a suggestion, sometimes a written one”举个🌰：Congress has rejected the latest economic proposal put forward by the President. 议会否决了总统最近提出的经济计划。
churn sth out
churn sth out 表示“快速大量生产，大量炮制，艰苦地做出”，英文解释为“To churn out something means to produce large quantities of it very quickly.”举个🌰：He began to churn out literary compositions in English. 他开始用英文很快地创作出大量的文学作品。
sounding board
sounding board /ˈsaʊn.dɪŋ ˌbɔːd/ 表示“（检测新想法或建议是否可行的）测试人（或班子）；决策咨询人（或班子）；参谋；试验想法的人或团体”，英文解释为“a person or group of people that you use to test something such as a new idea or suggestion to see if they will accept it or if they think it will work”
reference
reference /ˈref.ər.əns/ 1）表示“提到；谈到；论及”，英文解释为“a mention of something”举个🌰：Knowing what had happened, I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings. 因为我知道发生了什么，所以就避开不谈婚礼的事儿。
2）表示“引文出处；参考书目”，英文解释为“a writer or a book, article, etc. that is mentioned in a piece of writing, showing you where particular information was found”
📍单词“reference”由词根“-ence”（表示“行为或过程”）和前缀“refer-”（来自拉丁语“referre”，表示“带回，引用”）组成。想象你在论文的最后加入了一些“reference”，这就是“reference”。
regurgitate
regurgitate /rɪˈɡɜː.dʒɪ.teɪt/ 1）表示“（不加思考地）重复；照搬；照本宣科”，英文解释为“If you regurgitate facts, you just repeat what you have heard without thinking about it.”举个🌰：Many students simply regurgitate what they hear in lectures. 很多学生只会鹦鹉学舌般地重复从课堂上听来的东西。
2）表示“（使）（咽下的食物）返回到口中；反刍”，英文解释为“to bring back swallowed food into the mouth”举个🌰：Owls regurgitate partly digested food to feed their young. 猫头鹰将半消化的食物吐出来喂幼鸟。
obedient
obedient /əˈbiː.di.ənt/ 表示“服从的；顺从的，听话的”，英文解释为“doing, or willing to do, what you have been told to do by someone in authority”举个🌰：Students are expected to be quiet and obedient in the classroom. 学生们在课堂上应该安静听话。
engaging
engaging /ɪnˈɡeɪ.dʒɪŋ/ 表示“令人愉快的；有吸引力的；迷人的”，英文解释为“pleasant, attractive, and charming”如：an engaging smile/manner/person 迷人的微笑/迷人的风度/魅力十足的人。
interlocutor
interlocutor /ˌɪntəˈlɒkjʊtə/ 1）表示“对话者，参加谈话者”，英文解释为“someone who is involved in a conversation”
2）表示“（谈话中的）代言人”，英文解释为“someone who is involved in a conversation and who is representing someone else”举个🌰：He was able to act as interpreter and interlocutor for our group. 他可以充当我们小组的翻译和代言人。
Why include a computer program in a list of people who have shaped science in 2023? ChatGPT is not a person. Yet in many ways, this program has had a profound and wide-ranging effect on science in the past year.
为什么要把一个计算机程序列入影响2023年科学领域的人物名单中？ChatGPT并非人类。然而，在过去的一年里，这个程序在许多方面对科学产生了深远而广泛的影响。
ChatGPT's sole objective is to plausibly continue dialogues in the style of its training data. But in doing so, it and other generative artificial-intelligence (AI) programs are changing how scientists work. They have also rekindled debates about the limits of AI, the nature of human intelligence and how best to regulate the interaction between the two. That's why this year's Nature's 10 has a non-human addition.
ChatGPT的唯一目标是以其训练数据的风格合理地继续对话。但在此过程中，它和其他生成式人工智能（AI）程序正在改变科学家的工作方式。它们还重新引发了关于人工智能的局限性、人类智能的本质以及如何最好地规范两者之间互动的争论。这就是为什么今年《自然》（Nature）杂志十大人物增加了非人类。
plausibly
plausibly /ˈplɔː.zə.bli/ 副词，plausible形容词，表示“有道理的；可信的；貌似真实的，貌似有理的”，英文解释为“in a way that is likely to be true, or is possible to believe”举个🌰：Her story sounded perfectly plausible. 她的说辞听起来言之有理。
generative
generative /ˈdʒen.ər.ə.tɪv/ 表示“有生产能力的；能生成的”，英文解释为“able to produce or create something”如：the generative power of the mind 大脑的生成能力。
📍ChatGPT全名就是：Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer.
rekindle
rekindle /ˌriːˈkɪn.dəl/ 表示“重新激起；重新唤起”，英文解释为“to make someone have a feeling that they had in the past”举个🌰：The holiday was a last chance to rekindle their love. 这次休假是使他们重新燃起爱情之火的最后一次机会。
🎬电影《消失的爱人》（Gone Girl）中的台词提到：Reboot, retool, rekindle, whatever! 重启 重组 重燃 随便什么词。
Some scientists have long been aware of the potential of large language models (LLMs). But for many, it was ChatGPT's release as a free-to-use dialogue agent in November 2022 that quickly revealed this technology's power and pitfalls. The program was created by researchers at OpenAI in San Francisco, California; among them was Ilya Sutskever, also profiled in this year's Nature's 10. It is built on a neural network with hundreds of billions of parameters, which was trained, at a cost estimated at tens of millions of dollars, on a giant online corpus of books and documents. Large teams of workers were also hired to edit or rate its responses, further shaping the bot's output. This year, OpenAI upgraded ChatGPT's underlying LLM and connected it to other programs so that the tool can take in and create images, and can use mathematical and coding software for help. Other firms have rushed out competitors.
一些科学家早已意识到大语言模型（LLM）的潜力。但对许多人来说，2022年11月ChatGPT作为免费使用的对话机器人发布后，才迅速揭示了这项技术的威力和缺陷。该程序由位于加利福尼亚州旧金山的OpenAI公司研究人员创建，其中包括伊利亚·苏茨克沃（Ilya Sutskever），他也是今年《自然》杂志十大人物之一。ChatGPT建立在一个拥有数千亿参数的神经网络上，该网络是基于庞大的在线书籍和文档语料库上训练出来的，估计耗资数千万美元。该公司还聘请了大量工作人员来编辑或评估评估其回答内容，进一步优化ChatGPT的输出。今年，OpenAI升级了ChatGPT的底层LLM，并将其接入其他程序，以便该工具能够接收和生成图像，并能够使用数学和编码软件寻求帮助。其他公司也急于推出竞品。
agent
agent /ˈeɪ.dʒənt/ 1）表示“代理人；代理商”，英文解释为“a person who acts for or represents another”举个🌰：Please contact our agent in Spain for further information. 如需更多信息，请联系本公司在西班牙的代理。
2）表示“（演员、艺术家、作家等的）经纪人，代理人；代理商”，英文解释为“a person who represents an actor, artist, or writer”
3）表示“特工人员；间谍”，英文解释为“someone who works secretly for the government or other organization”如：a secret/foreign agent 特工人员/外国间谍。
4）表示“原动力，动因；作用剂”，英文解释为“a person or thing that produces a particular effect or change”如：a powerful cleaning agent 高效清洁剂，a raising agent for cakes 蛋糕发酵剂。
reveal
reveal /rɪˈviːl/ 表示“揭露；泄露；透露”，英文解释为“to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret”举个🌰：He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians. 他因为向俄国人泄密而被监禁。
pitfall
pitfall /ˈpɪt.fɔːl/ 表示“隐患；陷阱”，英文解释为“a likely mistake or problem in a situation”举个🌰：There's a video that tells new students about pitfalls to avoid. 有一个视频讲述了新生应避免的错误。
neural network
neural network /ˌnjʊə.rəl ˈnet.wɜːk/ 表示“神经网络”，英文解释为“a computer system or a type of computer program that is designed to copy the way in which the human brain operates”
parameter
parameter /pəˈræm.ɪ.tər/ 表示“参数；限定因素；界限；范围；规范”，英文解释为“a set of facts or a fixed limit that establishes or limits how something can or must happen or be done”举个🌰：The researchers must keep within the parameters of the experiment. 研究员必须在试验既定的范围内进行研究。
corpus
corpus /ˈkɔːpəs/ 表示“语料库”，英文解释为“a collection of written or spoken material stored on a computer and used to find out how language is used”。
underlying
underlying /ˌʌn.dəˈlaɪ.ɪŋ/ 1）表示“暗含的；深层的；潜在的”，英文解释为“real but not immediately obvious”举个🌰：And what might be the underlying significance of these supposedly random acts? 这些看似偶然的行为，其暗含的意义可能是什么呢？
2）表示“以…为基础的”，英文解释为“used to describe something on which something else is based”举个🌰：The price of the investment fell below the value of the underlying assets. 这一投资项目的价格已经跌至低于标的资产价值。
rush sth out
rush /rʌʃ/ sth out表示“匆匆生产；赶制”，英文解释为“to very quickly produce something and make it available to sell”举个🌰：When the war started, several publishers rushed out books on the conflict. 战争一爆发，几家出版社就迅速出版了一批有关这场冲突的书。
For some researchers, these apps have already become invaluable lab assistants — helping to summarize or write manuscripts, polish applications and write code. ChatGPT and related software can help to brainstorm ideas, enhance scientific search engines and identify research gaps in the literature, says Marinka Zitnik, who works on AI for medical research at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Models trained in similar ways on scientific data could help to build AI systems that can guide research, perhaps by designing new molecules or simulating cell behaviour, Zitnik adds.
对于一些研究人员来说，这些应用程序已经成为宝贵的实验室助手——帮助总结或撰写论文初稿、润色申请书和编写代码。马萨诸塞州波士顿哈佛医学院从事人工智能医学研究的玛丽卡·齐特尼克（Marinka Zitnik）表示，ChatGPT及相关软件有助于集思广益，提升科学搜索引擎的性能，并在学术论文中找出尚未研究的领域。齐特尼克补充道，以类似方式对科学数据进行训练的模型有助于构建能够指导研究的人工智能系统，也许可以设计出新的分子或模拟细胞行为。
manuscript
manuscript /ˈmæn.jə.skrɪpt/ 表示“手稿；原稿”，英文解释为“the original copy of a book or article before it is printed”举个🌰：He sent the 400-page manuscript to his publisher. 他将400页的手稿寄给了他的出版商。
polish
polish /ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/ 1）表示“擦，擦亮，磨光”，英文解释为“to rub something using a piece of cloth or brush to clean it and make it shine”如：to polish the furniture 擦家具。
2）表示“修改；润饰；润色”，英文解释为“to make changes to sth in order to improve it”举个🌰：The statement was carefully polished and checked before release.这项声明是经仔细润色检查后才发表的。
brainstorm
brainstorm /ˈbreɪn.stɔːm/ 表示“自由讨论，集思广益，脑力激荡”，英文解释为“(of a group of people) to suggest a lot of ideas for a future activity very quickly before considering some of them more carefully”举个🌰：The team got together to brainstorm (the project). 组员们聚集在一起（就这个项目）集思广益。
enhance
enhance /ɪnˈhɑːns/ 表示“提高；增加；增强；增进”，英文解释为“to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something”举个🌰：These scandals will not enhance the organization's reputation. 这些丑闻可不会提高这个组织的声誉。
search engine
search engine /ˈsɜːtʃ ˌen.dʒɪn/ 表示“搜索引擎”，英文解释为“a computer program that finds information on the internet by looking for words that you have typed in”
literature
literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”
2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。
molecule
molecule /ˈmɒl.ɪ.kjuːl/ 表示“分子”，英文解释为“the smallest unit, consisting of a group of atoms, into which a substance can be divided without a change in its chemical nature”举个🌰：A molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. 水分子由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成。
形容词性：📍molecular /məʊˈlɛkjʊlə/ 表示“分子的”，英文解释为“Molecular means relating to or involving molecules.”，如：the molecular structure of fuel 燃料的分子结构。
simulate
simulate /ˈsɪmjuleɪt/ 表示“模拟，模仿；假装，伪装”，英文解释为“to do or make something that looks real but is not real”举个🌰：In cheap furniture, plastic is often used to simulate wood. 廉价家具经常用塑料模仿木材。
But the technology is also dangerous. Automated conversational agents can aid cheats and plagiarists; left unchecked, they could irreversibly foul the well of scientific knowledge. Undisclosed AI-made content has begun to percolate through the Internet and some scientists have admitted using ChatGPT to generate articles without declaring it.
但这项技术也很危险。自动对话机器人可能会帮助作弊者和剽窃者；如果不加以控制，可能会对科学知识宝库造成不可逆转的破坏。未经披露的AI生成内容已经开始在互联网上流传一些科学家承认使用ChatGPT生成文章却未声明。
plagiarist
plagiarist /ˈpleɪ.dʒər.ɪst/ 表示“剽窃者”，英文解释为“a person who uses another person's ideas or work and pretends that it is their own”举个🌰：The reporter was shown to be a liar and a plagiarist. 该记者被证明是个说谎者和剽窃者。
irreversibly
irreversibly /ˌɪr.ɪˈvɜː.sə.bli/ 表示“不可逆转地；不能撤回地；不可挽回地”，英文解释为“in a way that is not possible to change or impossible to return to a previous condition”
undisclosed
undisclosed /ˌʌn.dɪsˈkləʊzd/ 表示“未披露的，未公开的，保密的”，英文解释为“If official information is undisclosed, it is secret.”举个🌰：The meeting is taking place at an undisclosed location. 会议在一个秘密地点召开。
percolate
percolate /ˈpɜː.kəl.eɪt/ 1）表示“渗透，渗漏，渗入”，英文解释为“If a liquid percolates, it moves slowly through a substance with very small holes in it.”举个🌰：Sea water percolates down through the rocks. 海水从岩石中间渗流过去。
2）表示“扩散;弥漫”，英文解释为“to spread slowly”举个🌰：The news has begun to percolate through the staff. 消息开始在员工中传开来。
Then there are the problems of error and bias, which are baked into how generative AI works. LLMs build up a model of the world by mapping language's interconnections, and then spit back plausible samplings of this distribution with no concept of evaluating truth or falsehood. This leads to the programs reproducing historical prejudices or inaccuracies in their training data, and making up information, including non-existent scientific references.
然后是错误和偏见的问题，这是生成式AI工作原理中固有的。大语言模型通过映射语言的相互联系构建了一个世界模型，然后在没有评估真假的情况下，从这个分布中输出看似合理的样本。这导致程序复现在训练数据中的历史偏见或不准确之处，并编造信息，包括不存在的参考文献。
bias
bias /ˈbaɪ.əs/ 表示“偏见；偏心；偏向”，英文解释为“a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement”举个🌰：Employers must consider all candidates impartially and without bias. 雇主必须公平而毫无成见地考虑所有求职者。
bake
bake /beɪk/ 表示“烘，烤”，英文解释为“to cook inside an oven, without using added liquid or fat”举个🌰：I made the icing while the cake was baking. 趁烤面包的时候我做好了糖衣。
在字面意义上，“bake”是一个动词，意为“烘烤”或“烤制”，通常用于食物的烹饪过程，如烤面包、蛋糕等。在烹饪中，烘烤是一种通过加热食物使其烹调成熟的方法。 除了其字面意义，"bake" 也常用于比喻性表达，表示某种特性、问题或元素已经深深地嵌入到一个系统、过程或产品中，就像烘烤的食物中混合的成分一样，这些特性或问题已经成为了整体的一部分，不容易分离或改变。比如，在技术或社会问题的讨论中，人们可能会说某个问题“be baked into”系统，意味着这个问题是系统性的，与其基本结构或运作方式紧密相关。
spit
spit /spɪt/ 1）表示“唾，吐（尤指唾液）”，英文解释为“to force out the contents of the mouth, especially saliva”举个🌰：He spat the meat out in disgust. 他厌恶地把肉吐了出来。
2）表示“怒斥，厉声说出”，英文解释为“to say or shout words quickly and angrily”举个🌰："Get out!" she spat, when he appeared in the doorway. 他出现在门口时，她厉声说道：“出去！”
sampling
sample /ˈsɑːm.pəl/ 表示“（医生或科学家检测用的）样本，试样”，英文解释为“a small amount of a substance that a doctor or scientist collects in order to examine it”如：a blood/urine sample 血/尿样；或者表示“（调查用的）样本”，英文解释为“a group of people or things that is chosen out of a larger number and is asked questions or tested in order to get information about the larger group”如：a random sample of voters 选民随机样本。
distribution
distribution /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ 1）表示“（人或物）的分布，分配”，英文解释为“the way in which people or things are spread out in a place”如：a map showing distribution of global population 世界人口分布图。
2）表示“分发，散发；分配”，英文解释为“the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something”
prejudice
prejudice /ˈprɛdʒʊdɪs/ 表示“偏见；成见”，英文解释为“an unreasonable dislike of or preference for a person, group, custom, etc., especially when it is based on their race, religion, sex, etc.”如：a victim of racial prejudice 种族偏见的受害者，《傲慢与偏见》Pride and Prejudice。
Emily Bender, a computational linguist at the University of Washington, Seattle, sees few appropriate ways to use what she terms synthetic text-extruding machines. ChatGPT has a large environmental impact, problematic biases and can mislead its users into thinking that its output comes from a person, she says. On top of that, OpenAI is being sued for stealing data and has been accused of exploitative labour practices (by hiring freelancers at low wages).
西雅图华盛顿大学计算语言学家艾米丽·本德（Emily Bender）认为，对于她所说的合成文本生成机器，合适的使用方法寥寥无几。她说，ChatGPT对环境有很大影响，存在有问题的偏见，并可能误导用户认为其输出来自个人。除此之外，OpenAI还因窃取数据而被起诉，并被指控剥削劳动力（以低工资雇佣自由职业者）。
linguist
linguist /ˈlɪŋ.ɡwɪst/ 表示“语言学家，语言学者；通晓数国语言的人”，英文解释为“someone who studies foreign languages or can speak them very well, or someone who teaches or studies linguistics”。
term
1）表示“期，期限；任期”，英文解释为“the fixed period of time that something lasts for”举个🌰：He served a short term for drunk driving. 他因酒后开车而短期入狱。
对比：
📍tenure /ˈtɛnjʊə/ 表示“任期，任职”，英文解释为“the period of time when sb holds an important job, especially a political one; the act of holding an important job”。
2）熟词僻义，表示“预产期”，英文解释为“the end of a pregnancy when a baby is expected to be born”举个🌰：Her last pregnancy went to term (= the baby was born after the expected number of weeks). 她上次怀孕是足月生的。
3）作动词，表示“把…称为，把…叫作”，英文解释为“to give something a name or to describe it with a particular expression”举个🌰：At his age, he can hardly be termed a young man. 到了这个年纪，他称不上是年轻人了。
synthetic
synthetic /sɪnˈθetɪk/ 表示“合成的，人造的”，英文解释为“Synthetic products are made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product.”如：synthetic fibres 人造纤维。
extrude
extrude /ɪkˈstruːd/ 表示“（尤指通过狭小的出口）挤压出，挤压成，压制；排出，喷出”，英文解释为“to form something by forcing or pushing it out, especially through a small opening”如：extruded aluminium rods 压制成形的铝杆。
sue
sue /suː/ 表示“控告；提起诉讼；诉讼”，英文解释为“If you sue someone, you start a legal case against them, usually in order to claim money from them because they have harmed you in some way.”举个🌰：He sued for libel over the remarks. 他对那些评论提起诽谤诉讼。
exploitative
exploitative /ɪkˈsplɔɪ.tə.tɪv/ 表示“利用的；剥削的；榨取的”，英文解释为“using someone unfairly for your own advantage”
freelancer
freelancer /ˈfriː.lɑːn.sər/ 表示“自由职业者”，英文解释为“someone who is not employed by any one organization but does particular pieces of work for different organizations”
The size and complexity of LLMs means that they are intrinsically ‘black boxes', but understanding why they produce what they do is harder when their code and training materials aren't public, as in ChatGPT's case. The open-source LLM movement is growing, but so far, these models are less capable than the large proprietary programs.
大语言模型的规模和复杂性意味着它们本质上是“黑盒”，但当代码和训练数据不公开时（ChatGPT就是一个例子），理解它们为何产生某些输出就更加困难。开源大语言模型运动正在发展，但到目前为止，这些模型的能力还不如大型专用程序。
intrinsically
intrinsically /ɪnˈtrɪn.zɪ.kəl.i/ 表示“本质上，根本地”，英文解释为“in a way that is an extremely important and basic characteristic of a person or thing”举个🌰：The college and the community are intrinsically linked. 大学和社区在本质上密切相关。
open-source
表示“（免费并允许公众对源程序代码进行修改的）开放源码的”，英文解释为“Open-source software is free to use, and the original program can be changed by anyone.”
proprietary
proprietary /prəˈpraɪə.tər.i/ 1）表示“所有（人）的，业主的”，英文解释为“relating to owning something, or relating to or like an owner”举个🌰：I just assumed he owned the place - he had a proprietary air about him. 我想当然地以为这个地方是他的——他有一副主人的架势。
2）表示“专有的；专卖的”，英文解释为“Proprietary goods are made and sent out by a particular company whose name is on the product.”如：proprietary medicines 专卖药品。
Some countries are developing national AI-research resources to enable scientists outside large companies to build and study big generative AIs. But it remains unclear how far regulation will compel LLM developers to disclose proprietary information or build in safety features.
一些国家正在开发国家人工智能研究资源，让大公司以外的科学家能够构建和研究大型生成式人工智能。但目前尚不清楚监管将在多大程度上迫使大语言模型开发商披露专有信息或内置安全功能。
compel
compel /kəmˈpel/ 表示“强迫；迫使；使必须”，英文解释为“to force sb to do sth; to make sth necessary”举个🌰：The law can compel fathers to make regular payments for their children. 这项法律可强制父亲定期支付子女的费用。
disclose
disclose /dɪˈskləʊz/ 表示“公开，公布；透露，揭露”，英文解释为“to make something known publicly, or to show something that was hidden”举个🌰：The company has disclosed profits of over £200 million. 这家公司已公布其利润超过两亿英镑。
No one knows how much more there is to squeeze out of ChatGPT-like systems. Their capabilities might yet be limited by the availability of computing power or new training data. But the generative AI revolution has started. And there's no turning back.
没有人知道ChatGPT这样的系统还有多少潜力可挖掘。它们的能力可能会受到算力或新训练数据的限制。但生成式AI革命已经开始，且已没有回头路。
- 词汇盘点 -
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
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