遇到渣导师怎么办？
近日，华中农业大学11名在读硕士、博士研究生集体联名举报导师黄某某教授学术造假行为，举报材料正文高达125页，还罗列了操纵同行评审、克扣学生劳务费、打压学生、论文不当署名、教材编写造假、异常发票、教学不端、欺骗本科生等方面内容，引发热议。
1月19日凌晨，华中农业大学通报「教师黄某某存在学术不端行为」。
🤔️小作业：
1. The article suggests that establishing ground rules at the start of a PhD program can prevent what?
A) Intellectual disagreements.
B) Everyday breakdowns.
C) Financial conflicts.
D) Disagreements on research methodology.
A) As primarily due to a lack of academic qualifications.
B) As a result of differing research interests.
C) In terms of exerting control or being overly critical.
D) As being too lenient and not providing sufficient guidance.
无注释原文：
PhD students: what to do if you don't work well with your supervisor
From: The Guardian
29 Dec 2014
Some PhD students have positive tales of supervisors who are good managers and become lifelong friends. Others, however, have horror stories. These are the supervisors who do not see students regularly, show little interest in their work, make unrealistic demands on their progress, don't put them in touch with other students or networks, and provide harsh, confusing or no feedback.
Some PhD students say they never see their supervisor at all, so they just get on with the work themselves.
So, what's the best way of managing this sometimes tricky relationship? There are three aspects to this: personal, learning and institutional.
Personal: set some ground rules
The supervisor/student relationship is both personal and professional. It can resemble negotiating with a variously supportive, controlling or critical parent (while they might have your best interests at heart, they can be hurtful in their comments or focused somewhere else.) But it can also resemble managing a busy, intelligent, sometimes absent and sometimes demanding manager. They too want to get the research project completed but sometimes neither of you quite understand how to work together to do this effectively.
Sometimes students and supervisors simply don't get on as people. Establishing ground rules about working together, regular supervision meetings, agendas and responsibilities right at the start helps ward off everyday breakdowns.
But some of the breakdowns are more serious, to do with working practices and making progress. Some supervisors give less attention to students who are apparently making good intellectual progress, while others are stressed and pass that on when a student doesn't make progress.
There are darker stories of selfishness, power and meanness, where supervisors use their students to produce the supervisor's work, take all the accolades for publications and results, and belittle student's different approaches.
People in power can be enabling, supportive and developmental, and they can also be bullies.
So getting good working practices established from the start, managing expectations and knowing the support structures of the university and its regulations are all important. Make sure there are agreed milestones to take stock of work and the working relationship so far, and make changes if needed.
Learning: ask the right question
Some breakdowns are blocks caused by lack of progress, or by too little or confusing feedback. Students should let the supervisor know they are stuck and ask for advice and guidance about next steps. This could be new experiments, further reading, discussing theoretical perspectives, unpicking confusing feedback for clarity, or finding or building groups with whom to share work.
Breakthrough learning or learning leaps can take place at different stages in the PhD journey, such as finding exactly the right question, seeing where your work is situated in the literature and how you make a contribution to the conversation of learning in your discipline. Asking your supervisor questions, and sharing ideas with other students can nudge this breakthrough in thinking, research and writing.
Institutional: don't sit and suffer
Establishing ground rules and managed processes of working together and using the regulations and systems for structured, regular progress meetings will help.
You do not need to endure problems with a supervisor, suffer in your work and worry endlessly about what to do next. There is often a director of research or postgraduate student leader you can talk to about issues, and they may offer structured ways forward to deal with problems. Do use these – don't sit and suffer.
Develop mutual sensitivity
The supervisor/PhD student relationship can be one of lifelong intellectual friendship, or one of problems that you learn to manage – but mutual sensitivity about working patterns and the emotions tied up with intellectual work is the best basis for good supervisor-student relationships.
- ◆ -
注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
PhD students: what to do if you don't work well with your supervisor
From: The Guardian
Some PhD students have positive tales of supervisors who are good managers and become lifelong friends. Others, however, have horror stories. These are the supervisors who do not see students regularly, show little interest in their work, make unrealistic demands on their progress, don't put them in touch with other students or networks, and provide harsh, confusing or no feedback.
有些博士生对导师有积极的评价，认为自己导师是优秀的管理者，也是一生的朋友。然而，也有些博士生却陷入了导学关系的恐怖故事，这些导师不经常和学生见面，对学生的研究工作缺乏热情，对学生的进展提出不切实际的要求，不助力学生拓展学术或人际网络，并且给出严苛、令人困惑的反馈，或者根本没有反馈。
PhD
doctor of philosophy 的缩写，表示“（哲学）博士；（哲学）博士学位”，英文解释为“abbreviation for doctor of philosophy: the highest college or university degree, or someone who has this”如：a PhD student/thesis 博士生/论文。
tale
tale /teɪl/ 作名词，表示“故事，传说；（对真人真事精彩的或夸张的）描述，讲述；谎言；流言蜚语”，英文解释为“a story, especially one that might be invented or difficult to believe”举个🌰：He told some fascinating tales about his life in India. 他讲了他在印度生活的一些奇闻轶事。
harsh
harsh /hɑːʃ/ 作形容词，1）表示“令人不快的；严酷的；（无端地）严厉的”，英文解释为“unpleasant, unkind, cruel, or more severe than is necessary”如：harsh criticism 严厉的批评。
2）表示“刺眼的；刺耳的；过于强烈的”，英文解释为“too strong, bright, loud, etc.”如：harsh lighting 刺眼的光线。
feedback
feedback /ˈfiːd.bæk/ 作名词，表示“反馈信息，反馈意见；反馈（到机器或产出系统，以改良产品）”，英文解释为“information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that can tell you if it is successful or liked ”举个🌰：Have you had any feedback from customers about the new soap? 有关新款肥皂你有没有收到顾客的反馈意见？
Some PhD students say they never see their supervisor at all, so they just get on with the work themselves.
有些博士生说，他们根本没见过自己的导师，所以只能自己继续做下去。
So, what's the best way of managing this sometimes tricky relationship? There are three aspects to this: personal, learning and institutional.
那么，驾驭这种有时很棘手的导学关系，最好的办法是什么呢？这涉及到三个层面：个人、学习和制度。
tricky
tricky /ˈtrɪk.i/ 作形容词，表示“难办的；难对付的”，英文解释为“If a piece of work or problem is tricky, it is difficult to deal with and needs careful attention or skill.”举个🌰：I'm in a tricky situation - whatever I do I'll offend someone. 我的处境真有点儿难办——我无论怎么做都会得罪人。
Personal: set some ground rules 在个人层面，设定一些基本规则。
The supervisor/student relationship is both personal and professional. It can resemble negotiating with a variously supportive, controlling or critical parent (while they might have your best interests at heart, they can be hurtful in their comments or focused somewhere else.) But it can also resemble managing a busy, intelligent, sometimes absent and sometimes demanding manager. They too want to get the research project completed but sometimes neither of you quite understand how to work together to do this effectively.
导师与学生的关系既是个人关系，也是职业关系。这有点像与一位支持你、掌控你或批评你的家长进行沟通一样（虽然他们可能打着为了你好的旗号，但他们的言论可能会伤人，或者关注于其它事务。但这也像是与一位忙碌、有才智、时而不在场、时而要求苛刻的经理打交道。他们也想完成研究项目，但有时你们都不太明白如何有效地合作。
resemble
resemble /rɪˈzem.bəl/ 作动词，表示“像；看起来像；与…相似”，英文解释为“to look like or be like someone or something”举个🌰：You resemble your mother very closely. 你长得很像你妈妈。
Sometimes students and supervisors simply don't get on as people. Establishing ground rules about working together, regular supervision meetings, agendas and responsibilities right at the start helps ward off everyday breakdowns.
有时，学生和导师根本就合不来。从一开始就建立关于协作方式、定期督导会议、议程和职责的基本规则，有助于避免日常的摩擦和误解。
ground rules
ground rules /ˈɡraʊnd ˌruːlz/ 表示“基本原则，基本准则”，英文解释为“the principles on which future behaviour is based”举个🌰：In all relationships a few ground rules have to be established. 要保持任何一种关系，都必须确立一些基本原则。
agenda
agenda /əˈdʒen.də/ 作名词，表示“议事日程；（会议的）议程；（待办的）事项”，英文解释为“a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting”举个🌰：There were several important items on the agenda. 会议议程中有几项重要的议题。
ward sb/sth off
ward /wɔːd/ sb/sth off 表示“避开；阻止；挡住”，英文解释为“to prevent someone or something unpleasant from harming or coming close to you”举个🌰：In the winter I take vitamin C to ward off colds. 冬天我服用维生素C以预防感冒。
breakdown
breakdown /ˈbreɪk.daʊn/ 作名词，1）表示“故障，毛病”，英文解释为“a failure to work or be successful”举个🌰：I had a breakdown (= my car stopped working) in the middle of the road. 我的汽车在半路上抛锚了。
📍单词“breakdown”由词根“-down”（表示“向下”）和前缀“break-”（表示“打破”）组成。想象你的车在去机场的路上“breakdown”了，这就是“breakdown”。
2）表示“神经衰弱，精神崩溃”，英文解释为“a period of mental illness in which sb becomes very depressed, anxious and tired, and cannot deal with normal life”举个🌰：She's still recovering from her breakdown. 她精神崩溃后还在恢复中。
3）表示“细目；分类”，英文解释为“a division of something into smaller parts”举个🌰：We asked for a breakdown of the accident figures into day time and night time. 我们要白天和夜间事故统计数字的分列明细表。
But some of the breakdowns are more serious, to do with working practices and making progress. Some supervisors give less attention to students who are apparently making good intellectual progress, while others are stressed and pass that on when a student doesn't make progress.
但有些问题更为严重，与工作方式和进展有关。一些导师对那些取得良好进展的学生关注较少，而有些导师则压力很大，当学生进展不顺时，就会把压力转嫁给学生。
intellectual
intellectual /ˌɪn.təlˈek.tʃu.əl/ 作形容词，表示“智力的，脑力的”，英文解释为“relating to your ability to think and understand things, especially complicated ideas”举个🌰：Looking after a baby at home all day is nice but it doesn't provide much intellectual stimulation. 整天在家照看婴儿虽然不错，但让人不怎么动脑子。
There are darker stories of selfishness, power and meanness, where supervisors use their students to produce the supervisor's work, take all the accolades for publications and results, and belittle student's different approaches.
更为阴暗的是，有些揭露了导师自私、权力和卑鄙的一面，一些导师利用学生来完成自己的工作，独揽所有出版物和成果的荣誉，同时贬低学生的不同观点、思路。
meanness
meanness /ˈmiːn.nəs/ 作名词，1）表示“吝啬”，英文解释为“the quality of being unwilling to give or share things, especially money”
2）表示“（对人）不善，不友好”，英文解释为“the quality of being unkind towards other people”举个🌰：He acted out of sheer meanness. 他此举非常不善。
accolade
accolade /ˈækəˌleɪd/ 作名词，表示“赞美，赞赏；荣誉，嘉奖”，英文解释为“praise and approval”举个🌰：He's been granted the ultimate accolade - his face on a postage stamp. 他获得了最高荣誉——他的头像被印在了邮票上。
belittle
belittle /bɪˈlɪt.əl/ 作动词，表示“轻视；贬低”，英文解释为“to make a person or an action seem as if he, she or it is not important”举个🌰：Though she had spent hours fixing the computer, he belittled her efforts. 虽然她花了几个钟头修电脑，他却无视她的努力。
People in power can be enabling, supportive and developmental, and they can also be bullies.
拥有权力的人既可以是赋能者、支持者和促进者，但他们也可能成为欺凌者。
bully
bully /ˈbʊl.i/ 作名词，表示“恃强凌弱者，以大欺小者”，英文解释为“someone who hurts or frightens someone who is smaller or less powerful, often forcing them to do something that they do not want to do”举个🌰：You're just a big bully! 你欺负人！
作动词，表示“伤害；胁迫；欺负，欺凌”，英文解释为“to hurt or frighten someone who is smaller or less powerful than you, often forcing that person to do something they do not want to do”举个🌰：Our survey indicates that one in four children is bullied at school. 我们的调查表明，有四分之一的孩子在学校受人欺负。
So getting good working practices established from the start, managing expectations and knowing the support structures of the university and its regulations are all important. Make sure there are agreed milestones to take stock of work and the working relationship so far, and make changes if needed.
因此，从一开始就建立良好的工作方式、做好预期管理，并了解大学的支持体系和规章制度，都非常重要。确保有共同认可的阶段性目标，以评估迄今为止的工作和工作关系，并在必要时作出适当调整。
milestone
milestone /ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/ 作名词，表示“里程碑；重大事件；转折点”，英文解释为“an important event in the development or history of something or in someone's life”举个🌰：He felt that moving out of his parents' home was a real milestone in his life. 他感到搬出父母家是他一生中一个真正的转折点。
take stock
take stock (of sth) 表示“仔细考虑；作出判断；评估”，英文解释为“To take stock (of something) is to think carefully about a situation or event and form an opinion about it, so that you can decide what to do.”举个🌰：After two years spent teaching overseas, she returned home for a month to take stock of her life. 在国外教了两年书之后，她回国呆了一个月，反思自己的生活。
Learning: ask the right question 在学习层面，提出正确的问题
Some breakdowns are blocks caused by lack of progress, or by too little or confusing feedback. Students should let the supervisor know they are stuck and ask for advice and guidance about next steps. This could be new experiments, further reading, discussing theoretical perspectives, unpicking confusing feedback for clarity, or finding or building groups with whom to share work.
有些问题是由于缺乏进展、反馈太少或令人困惑而造成的。学生应该让导师知道他们遇到了困难，并就下一步行动寻求建议和指导。这可以是新的实验、深入阅读、探讨理论观点、澄清令人困惑的反馈，或者寻找或建立小组共同完成研究工作。
theoretical
theoretical /θɪəˈret.ɪ.kəl/ 作形容词，表示“理论上的；纯理论的”，英文解释为“based on the ideas that relate to a subject, not the practical uses of that subject”如：theoretical physics 理论物理。
perspective
perspective /pəˈspek.tɪv/ 作名词，表示“（思考问题的）角度，观点，想法”，英文解释为“a particular way of considering something”举个🌰：Her attitude lends a fresh perspective to the subject. 她的态度为这一问题提供了新的视角。
unpick
unpick /ʌnˈpɪk/ 作动词，1）表示“深入剖析难题”，英文解释为“If you unpick a difficult subject, you separate and examine its different parts carefully.”举个🌰：He expertly unpicks the significant features of each painting. 他专业地深入剖析每一幅画的重要特征。
2）表示“拆去（缝线）”，英文解释为“to cut or remove the stitches from a line of sewing”
3）表示“（逐渐）破坏，毁掉已取得的成绩”，英文解释为“to gradually destroy or remove the good effects of what someone has done or created”
clarity
clarity /ˈklær.ə.ti/ 作名词，1）表示“清楚明了；清晰易懂”，英文解释为“the quality of being clear and easy to understand”举个🌰：There has been a call for greater clarity in this area of the law. 人们呼吁该法规的这个方面应该更加明确一些。
2）表示“（思路）清晰，清楚”，英文解释为“the ability to think clearly and not be confused”举个🌰：He has shown great clarity of mind. 可以看出他的思维极其清晰。
Breakthrough learning or learning leaps can take place at different stages in the PhD journey, such as finding exactly the right question, seeing where your work is situated in the literature and how you make a contribution to the conversation of learning in your discipline. Asking your supervisor questions, and sharing ideas with other students can nudge this breakthrough in thinking, research and writing.
在读博过程中，重大学习突破或学习飞跃会在不同阶段发生，比如找到确切的研究问题、明确自己的研究在文献中的定位及如何在所学学科的学术对话中作出贡献。向导师提问，与其他学生交流想法，这些都可以推动你在思考、研究和写作方面的突破。
leap
leap /liːp/ 作名词，常指“跳，跳跃；突然的动作”，也可以表示“巨变；激增；提高”，英文解释为“a big change, increase, or improvement”如：a leap in profits 利润激增。
也可以直接作动词，表示“激增；猛涨；快速提高”，英文解释为“to increase, improve, or grow very quickly”举个🌰：Shares in the company leaped 250 percent. 公司的股票大涨250%。
situated
situated /ˈsɪtʃ.u.eɪ.tɪd/ 作形容词，1）表示“位于…的”，英文解释为“in a particular position”举个🌰：The school is situated near the park. 该学校位于公园附近。
2）表示“处于…的”，英文解释为“in a particular situation”举个🌰：With this new product, we are well situated to beat (= we have a good chance of beating) our competitors. 有了这种新产品，我们很有希望打败竞争对手。
literature
literature /ˈlɪt.rə.tʃər/ 作名词，1）表示“文献，文献资料”，英文解释为“all the information relating to a subject, especially information written by experts”
2）表示“文学；（尤指有传世价值的）文学作品”，英文解释为“written artistic works, especially those with a high and lasting artistic value”如：classical/modern literature 古典/现代文学。
discipline
discipline /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪn/ 作名词，表示“知识领域；（尤指大学的）学科，科目，专业”，英文解释为“an area of knowledge; a subject that people study or are taught, especially in a university”，也可以表示“训练；训导；纪律；风纪”，英文解释为“the practice of training people to obey rules and orders and punishing them if they do not; the controlled behaviour or situation that results from this training”
作动词，1）表示“惩罚，惩罚”，英文解释为“to punish someone”举个🌰：The workman was disciplined by his company but not dismissed. 这名工人被他的公司处罚了，但没有被开除。
2）表示“训练，教导”，英文解释为“to teach someone to behave in a controlled way”，如：a guide to the best ways of disciplining your child 管教子女最佳方法指南。
3）表示“自我控制；严格要求（自己）”，英文解释为“to control the way you behave and make yourself do things that you believe you should do”举个🌰：He disciplined himself to exercise at least three times a week. 他规定自己每周至少锻炼三次。
nudge
nudge /nʌdʒ/ 作动词，本义是表示“轻推，轻触（尤指用肘部）”，英文解释为“to push something or someone gently, especially to push someone with your elbow (= the middle part of your arm where it bends) to attract the person's attention”举个🌰：The children were giggling and nudging each other. 孩子们咯咯地笑着，互相推来推去。
2）表示“（朝某方向）轻推，渐渐推动”，英文解释为“to push sb/sth gently or gradually in a particular direction”举个🌰：He nudged the conversation towards the subject of money. 他将谈话逐步引到钱这个话题上。
3）还有“接近（更高点或水平）”的含义，英文解释为“to move slowly and almost reach a higher point or level”举个🌰：Oil prices continue to nudge higher. 油价持续上涨。LR must be nudging 18 now. LR现在肯定将近18岁了。
4）表示“劝说，鼓励”，英文解释为“coax or gently encourage (someone) to do something.”
📍此前，微信推出拍一拍功能时，「拍了拍」一开始被译成“You nudged xxx”，“xxx nudged you”。
不过，现在你再去看会发现，早就已经改为了“tickle”。至于为什么要改呢，个人猜测，可能是nudge nudge有不太正经的含义。作名词时，有个表达：nudge nudge (wink wink) 什么意思呢？something you say when you want to suggest that there is a sexual meaning in something that has just been said. 看到这儿，用户可能就不敢瞎拍了吧......
Institutional: don't sit and suffer 在制度层面上，不要默默承受、坐以待毙
Establishing ground rules and managed processes of working together and using the regulations and systems for structured, regular progress meetings will help.
建立合作的基本规则和管理流程，并利用规章制度安排结构化、定期的进展会议，将会有所帮助。
You do not need to endure problems with a supervisor, suffer in your work and worry endlessly about what to do next. There is often a director of research or postgraduate student leader you can talk to about issues, and they may offer structured ways forward to deal with problems. Do use these – don't sit and suffer.
你不必忍受与导师之间的问题，不必在研究工作中受苦受累，也不必无休止地担心下一步该怎么做。通常情况下，你可以向研究主任或研究生负责人咨询相关问题，他们可能会提供有条理的方法来解决问题。要利用好这些资源，不要默默承受、坐以待毙。
Develop mutual sensitivity 相互理解
The supervisor/PhD student relationship can be one of lifelong intellectual friendship, or one of problems that you learn to manage – but mutual sensitivity about working patterns and the emotions tied up with intellectual work is the best basis for good supervisor-student relationships.
导师和博士生之间的关系可能会发展成为终生的智慧伙伴关系，也可能充满挑战，需要学习如何应对。然而，双方对工作模式以及与研究工作相关情绪的相互理解，建立良好导学关系的基础。
sensitivity
sensitivity /ˌsen.sɪˈtɪv.ə.ti/ 作名词，1）表示“神经过敏；易被冒犯；敏感”，英文解释为“the quality of being easily upset by the things people say or do, or causing people to be upset, embarrassed, or angry”举个🌰：I should have warned you about her sensitivity to criticism. 我早该警告你，她对别人的批评十分敏感。
2）表示“善解人意；体贴；体谅”，英文解释为“an ability to understand what other people need, and be helpful and kind to them”举个🌰：The police showed commendable sensitivity in their handling of the case. 警方在处理该案时表现出高度敏锐性，值得赞扬。
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2015年2月8日
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