睾丸是与大脑最相似的人体器官,它们共享10000多种蛋白质
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来源 Science Alert 等
编译 戚译引
流行文化常常将男性视为“下半身思考的动物”,而一项新研究为这句俗语注入了全新的诠释。来自葡萄牙和英国的研究团队发现,就蛋白表达情况而言,男性的大脑和睾丸之间存在高度的相似性。
该研究对比了 33 种人体组织中的蛋白,覆盖心脏、肠道、子宫颈、卵巢和胎盘,发现睾丸和大脑中相同的蛋白达到了 13,442 种。“与其他身体组织相比,大脑和睾丸中共同的蛋白质数量最多,”葡萄牙阿威罗大学(University of Aveiro)的生物医学科学家 Bárbara Matos 团队在这篇论文中写道。相关论文 6 月 2 日在英国皇家学会 Open Biology 期刊发表。
从功能上来看,睾丸和大脑似乎毫无可比性。大脑发挥着相当复杂的功能,其作用包括控制肢体运动、接收和处理来自感觉器官的信号,以及产生我们所有的思想和情绪。而人类睾丸只有两种主要功能,那就是产生精子和激素(以睾酮为主)。
但是,通过分析睾丸和大脑中共同表达的蛋白,研究团队为两者之间的相似之处找到了一些合理的解释。他们发现,这些蛋白主要和组织发育以及细胞通信相关。
首先,大脑和睾丸都是对能量需求很高的器官,一个负责思考,另一个需要每天产生数百万个精子。因此,两种器官当中都存在专门发挥支持作用的细胞,让大脑中的神经元或睾丸中的干细胞处在适宜的环境条件,并能够获得充足的能量。由于旺盛的代谢,大脑和睾丸也更容易受到氧化损伤。因此,这两个器官中和氧化压力水平相关的基因转录水平最低。
并且,神经元和精子之间还有一个相似之处,就是它们需要频繁将自身的物质释放到外界环境中,这一过程被称为胞吐作用(exocytosis)。神经元通过释放神经递质,相互传递信号,树突和轴突的生长也和胞吐作用有关;而精子通过这一过程释放对受孕发挥关键作用的物质,以及与卵子结合。
为什么两种差异如此大的器官之间,会存在这么多共同点?研究团队推测,这是因为它们都是高度分化的器官,甚至可能在物种形成(speciation)过程中起到了重要作用。毕竟,睾丸是新的基因产生的热点。
总而言之,“这是一个未曾被探讨过的话题,我们需要理清这些组织之间的联系,这将有助于理解影响大脑和睾丸功能的疾病,”研究团队写道。
参考来源:
论文信息
【标题】Brain and testis: more alike than previously thought?
【作者】Bárbara Matos, Stephen J. Publicover, Luis Filipe C. Castro, Pedro J. Esteves and Margarida Fardilha
【期刊】Open Biology
【时间】02 June 2021
【DOI】10.1098/rsob.200322
【链接】
https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsob.200322
【摘要】Several strands of evidence indicate the presence of marked similarities between human brain and testis. Understanding these similarities and their implications has become a topic of interest among the scientific community. Indeed, an association of intelligence with some semen quality parameters has been reported and a relation between dysfunctions of the human brain and testis has also been evident. Numerous common molecular features are evident when these tissues are compared, which is reflected in the huge number of common proteins. At the functional level, human neurons and sperm share a number of characteristics, including the importance of the exocytotic process and the presence of similar receptors and signalling pathways. The common proteins are mainly involved in exocytosis, tissue development and neuron/brain-associated biological processes. With this analysis, we conclude that human brain and testis share several biochemical characteristics which, in addition to their involvement in the speciation process, could, at least in part, be responsible for the expression of a huge number of common proteins. Nonetheless, this is an underexplored topic, and the connection between these tissues needs to be clarified, which could help to understand the dysfunctions affecting brain and testis, as well as to develop improved therapeutic strategies.
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