其他
BMJ万字详述:追逐利润 vs 改善健康,食品工业如何破局?
这是《肠道产业》第 342 篇文章
编者按:
商业食品系统为满足快速增长的人口的食物需求作出了巨大的贡献,然而当前的商业食品系统严重依赖于销售大量不健康的食品。
如何在保证商业利益的同时,重塑当前的商业食品系统,为人类创造更加健康的食品?
今天,我们特别编译了 BMJ 发表的关于重塑商业食品系统以推动健康饮食方式的文章。希望本文能够为诸位读者带来一些思考。
关键信息:
● 全球人口高度依赖商业食品系统以满足日常营养所需● 为创造利润和价值,商业食品系统严重依赖于销售大量不健康的食品
● 商业食品体系没有充分考虑到它对社会、健康或环境产生的高成本
● 可以以与预防非传染性疾病相一致的方式,用一种更健康和更可持续的食品系统创造利润,但是要实现这样的方式整个系统必须要进行改革
● 政府需要加大努力,通过财政和监管政策以及制定健康、环境和社会影响的指标,促进商业食品系统的改变
商业食品系统
商业食品系统、饮食与健康
小型零售商和跨国公司
复合的自适应性商业食品系统
实现增长
更健康、可持续、可实践
Box 1:健康食品零售的潜力
超市从拥有上千个产品的小型本地商店,到拥有数以万计产品的大型商店,规模不等。不同级别的超市在业务性质和潜力上的差异很大。超市里出售的大部分食品都是经过精加工的,而且营养价值很低14。但是,是不是所有的加工食品都不好呢?而且,有什么证据表明制造商和超市可以生产和推广更健康的替代产品?
尽管总体趋势令人担忧——超市出售的大部分食品忽略了营养价值,但是并不是所有的包装食品的营养价值都是低的。例如,澳大利亚和新西兰 83%的“方便食品”的营养成分符合健康声明46。在英国的一项研究中,尽管总体情况不佳,但超市中仍有五分之一的快餐是低脂、低饱和脂肪、低盐、低糖的,其中三分之二的快餐被标为“更健康”的47。
为应对来自消费者和政府的压力,超市制定了限制不健康产品和推广更加健康的食品的政策(如限制“垃圾食品”出现在收银台)48。美国的超市零售商也对更健康的食品零售表现出了一些兴趣,但他们的意愿受到消费者需求、产品供应水平和零售价的制约。进一步的制约因素包括复杂的竞争性安排,即超市中产品的战略布局由“上市”或“上架”预算控制,并由行业巨头主导49。
食品基金会是一个独立的英国智库,旨在促进更健康的食品体系。该组织的旗舰项目“Peas Please”旨在通过实现增加消费的企业目标,扭转英国蔬菜消费下降的趋势50。
从历史上看,食品公司自愿信守承诺的情况一直不容乐观(例如,英国政府颁布的公共卫生责任协议),除了 21 世纪初的减少盐摄入量(这是非政府组织和政府共同努力的结果,并有可能带来健康效益)51,52。食品公司的自愿行为为企业社会责任提供了有意义的宣传,但需要进一步评估,以便更好地理解为什么一些企业的自愿承诺影响了人们的饮食,而另一些却没有带来实质性的改变。
Box 2:更健康的外出就餐发展潜力
近几十年来,外出就餐的人数显著增加53。外面做的食物往往比家里做的食物更不健康,而且这些食物具有更高的热量、饱和脂肪、盐,并容易导致发胖54,55。在英国,超过四分之一的成年人和五分之一的儿童每周外出就餐超过一次,五分之一的成年人和儿童每周在家吃至少一次的外卖56。随着网上订餐行业的持续扩张,这些趋势似乎不太可能在短期内逆转。那么,还有哪些方式可以改善外出就餐的营养质量呢?
目前的研究主要集中在家庭外出就餐的卡路里摄入。BMJ 最近发表的文章阐述了英国和其他六个中、高收入国家关于外出就餐卡路里摄入的情况57,58,提出和评价了一系列的干预措施59,60。这些措施中最重要的是强制要求在菜单上标明热量,以帮助消费者做出选择61。
一项可能对人口产生更大影响的有力行动是刺激内部重新拟订方案62。结构性的干预措施,如利用包装或餐具进行小份量食物的推广、外卖中的食物分配器(如提供更少分量盐的盐瓶)、对餐馆中不健康食物进行征税,这些都被证明能够促进更加健康的购买、消费以及饮食行为63~65。
现在,越来越多的公司将送货上门服务与制作健康食物所需的所有配料的供应(此类商品被称为食品盒子,recipe box,内含一顿健康餐食所需的原材料)结合在一起。
这些食品盒子的使用范围和盈利能力有限,但可以通过扩大规模对人们的健康产生更大的影响,不过仍然需要仔细评估它们对环境的影响。所有这些干预方法都可以由没有外部监管的行业主导,而且可以对没有采取行动的企业进行法律约束。
给政策、实践和研究的启示
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