自然医学:一文读透食用益生菌的适应证和潜在作用机制
2.补充后益生菌在肠粘膜的持久性
微生物组学研究领域的进展,为益生菌与常驻微生物群落之间的相互作用提供了一个全新的解决方案,同时可有效避免以往方法的局限性和差异性,以解决出现相互矛盾结果的局面。
造成这种混乱局面的主要原因是,对“微生物组改变”的定义很宽泛。大多数研究都是利用粪便样本中的 16S rDNA 相对丰度(RA),来评估益生菌对菌群的调节作用。当补充的益生菌随粪便排泄后,其相对丰度(RA)的增加,有时可能是由于其他群落成员206的相对丰度(而非绝对丰度)降低导致的,但却被错误地解释为菌群改变207。同样,热灭活细菌的引入,有助于将其遗传物质添加到样本中,从而影响相对丰度208。
因此,干预益生菌菌株的相对丰度的升高,不应解释为对微生物组的有益作用209。
基于 16S rDNA 分析的另一个重要局限性在于,无法对干预益生菌菌株和同一物种内源性菌株进行区分,导致补充菌株丰度相对增加,此现象可能会被误当作内源性菌株恢复209。利用培养技术或物种特异性探针技术211,通过对益生菌绝对丰度的测量,可有效避免上述问题,同时还可探究补充性益生菌菌株的变异情况212。
但是与 16S rDNA 分析技术不同,培养技术或物种特异性探针技术无法对益生菌干预前和干预后的菌群构型、β 多样性和 α 多样性等整体变化情况进行描述分析。然而宏基因组测序技术得出的结果也有可能是相互矛盾的213,214,尽管它具有菌株级分辨率优势,可有效鉴定益生菌对微生物组功能的潜在作用。
有趣的是,一些研究报告了益生菌相关的基因、途径或微生物代谢物对微生物组功能的影响,尽管微生物组的功能性改变可能是补充益生菌菌株的基因产物导致的,而不是微生物群落改变的结果115,215,216。
另一个限制因素是人们对 “健康微生物组”的定义(益生菌可能是该定义的一部分)。这一定义即使在评估与益生菌相关的微生物组调节作用研究时,也无法达成相关共识。而且在多数情况下,益生菌引起的微生物组变化的报道也相互矛盾。
例如,产气荚膜梭菌208,211,212或大肠埃希氏菌212,217,218以及各种临床环境174都属于这种情况。举个例子,在炎症性肠病患者中发现,粪便中益生菌相关性产丁酸盐性细菌(主要是梭状芽孢杆菌)相对丰度增加,嗜双歧杆菌和对羟基苯甲酸杆菌相对丰度降低。在另一项益生菌(B.wadsworthia)干预队列(n=107)研究中,得到了相似的实验结果,实验对象临床症状得到明显改善202。然而,该研究结果并未在 RCT(n=55)研究219中得到复现。
重要的是,即使益生菌干预与菌群变化具有相关关系,也需要注意这些变化可能源于疾病本身的调控作用,而非源于对益生菌的暴露。迄今为止,尚未有研究证明益生菌相关微生物组调节与疾病表型变化具有直接因果关系。
对接受植物乳杆菌 299v 菌株干预的个体(n=29)进行菌株培养实验,研究结果表明,粪便样本中梭状芽胞杆菌呈现富集现象,但直肠或升结肠粘膜中梭状芽胞杆菌并未出现富集现象99。同样,通过与自身基线水平或对照组个体相比,接受益生菌干预人群下消化道管腔或粘膜上微生物组成,并未发生明显的改变89。
在大鼠中,VSL#3 加剧了与化学性结肠炎诱导相关的管腔菌群物种多样性的减少,但对粘膜相关微生物组无明显影响221。相反,在结肠炎相关结直肠癌的小鼠模型(经偶氮甲烷处理的 II10-/-小鼠)中,补充 VSL#3 导致变形杆菌的粘膜扩张和疣状芽胞杆菌科、卟啉菌科和梭状芽胞杆菌的减少,这些变化会促进肿瘤的发生发展222。
在罹患贮袋炎患者中,也观察到了益生菌相关微生物调节作用的相互矛盾性结果,尽管研究中相关变化仅仅是由于将 VSL#3 引入生态位导致的223。
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原文链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-019-0439-x
作者|Jotham Suez, Niv Zmora, Eran Segal , Eran Elinav