点我领！2021全年国新办双语白皮书合集！
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2021年总计发表14个白皮书
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1
《“一国两制”下香港的民主发展》
“一国两制”下香港的民主发展
Hong Kong Democratic Progress
Under the Framework of One Country, Two Systems
前言
Preamble
香港在英国殖民统治之下没有民主可言。中国政府对香港恢复行使主权，实行“一国两制”方针，创建了香港特别行政区的民主制度，并在实践中支持其不断发展完善。中国共产党和中国政府建立发展香港民主的决心、诚意以及付出的巨大努力一以贯之，有目共睹。
Under British colonial rule, there was no democracy in Hong Kong. After resuming the exercise of sovereignty, the Chinese government implemented the basic policy of One Country, Two Systems and established democracy in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). It has since provided constant support to the region in developing its democratic system. The determination, sincerity, and efforts of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government to this end have remained consistent and are obvious to any objective observer.
一个时期以来，受各种内外复杂因素影响，反中乱港活动猖獗，香港局势一度出现严峻局面。香港反中乱港势力勾连外部敌对势力，屡屡阻挠香港特别行政区民主的发展。他们以争取“民主”为名，行分裂国家、颠覆政权之实，意图把香港变成实施“颜色革命”的桥头堡，严重冲击国家宪法和香港基本法确定的宪制秩序，危害国家安全，损害香港繁荣稳定。
Hong Kong has faced an extended period of damaging social unrest caused by anti-China agitators both inside and outside the region. Over the years, those who attempt to overturn the new constitutional order and destabilize Hong Kong and the rest of China have colluded to obstruct the democratic process. On the pretext of “fighting for democracy”, they have attempted to stage a color revolution, split Hong Kong from China, and seize power there. Their attempts have gravely threatened the order established by the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (Constitution) and the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Basic Law), thus endangering China’s national security and Hong Kong’s stability and prosperity.
中共十八大以来，习近平总书记就新形势下坚持“一国两制”方针等重大问题作出一系列重要论述，为推进“一国两制”实践行稳致远提供了根本遵循。习近平总书记指出，香港特别行政区的民主发展必须遵循“一国两制”方针和香港基本法，从本地实际出发，依法有序进行。针对近年来香港出现的政治乱象及其造成的严重危害，中国共产党和中央政府审时度势，作出健全依照宪法和基本法对特别行政区行使全面管治权、完善同宪法和基本法实施相关制度机制的重大决策，推动建立健全香港特别行政区维护国家安全的法律制度和执行机制，完善香港特别行政区选举制度，坚定落实“爱国者治港”原则。这一系列标本兼治的举措，推动香港局势实现由乱到治的重大转折，推动香港特别行政区民主发展重新回到正确轨道。中央政府将坚定不移、全面准确贯彻“一国两制”方针，坚定不移支持香港特别行政区发展符合其宪制地位和实际情况的民主制度。
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, President Xi Jinping has emphasized on many occasions the importance of upholding the One Country, Two Systems policy in the new era. His observations provide the fundamental guidance for its sustained implementation. President Xi has pointed out that in developing democracy in Hong Kong, we must abide by the principle of One Country, Two Systems and the Basic Law and act in an orderly manner, in line with local realities and in accordance with the law. To put an end to the political turmoil of recent years and the serious damage it has caused in Hong Kong, the CPC and the Chinese government have taken a series of major decisions, based on a clear understanding of the situation in the region. These include strengthening the central authorities’ overall jurisdiction over the HKSAR in accordance with the Constitution and the Basic Law, improving the relevant systems and mechanisms to enforce the Constitution and the Basic Law, reinforcing the legal framework and supporting mechanisms for safeguarding national security in the HKSAR, and modifying the region’s electoral system, thereby laying the foundations for Hong Kong patriots to govern Hong Kong. These measures address both the symptoms and root causes of the unrest, and have restored order to Hong Kong, returning the democratic process to a sound footing. The Chinese government will continue to implement the principle of One Country, Two Systems fully and faithfully, and it will support Hong Kong in developing a democratic system that conforms to the region’s constitutional status and actual conditions.
发展完善香港特别行政区的民主，对保障香港居民民主权利、实现良政善治、确保香港长期繁荣稳定和长治久安具有重大意义。全面回顾香港特别行政区民主的产生和发展历程，进一步阐明中央政府对香港特别行政区民主发展的原则立场，目的是正本清源、拨乱反正、凝聚共识，继续推动香港特别行政区民主稳步向前发展，确保香港“一国两制”实践行稳致远，更好造福全体香港居民。
Developing and improving democracy in Hong Kong is of profound importance in safeguarding the democratic rights of the people, realizing good governance, and ensuring long-term prosperity, stability and security. A comprehensive review of the origin and development of democracy in the HKSAR, and the principles and position of the central government, will help clarify facts, set the record straight, and build consensus. It will further the orderly progress of democracy in Hong Kong, ensure the long-term implementation of One Country, Two Systems, and benefit all local residents.
香港在英国殖民统治下没有民主可言
Under British Colonial Rule There Was No Democracy in Hong Kong
香港自古以来是中国领土。十九世纪二十年代，英国商人开始利用香港向中国内地走私贩卖鸦片。
Hong Kong has been a part of China’s territory since ancient times. In the 1820s, British merchants began smuggling opium into the mainland of China via Hong Kong Island.
鸦片战争后，英国军队侵占香港岛。1842年8月29日，英国强迫清政府签订中国近代史上第一个不平等条约——《南京条约》，割让香港岛。
After the First Opium War of 1840-1842, British troops occupied Hong Kong Island. On August 29, 1842, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Treaty of Nanking, the first of the unequal treaties in China’s modern history, which ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.
第二次鸦片战争后，英国迫使清政府于1860年10月24日签订《北京条约》，割让九龙半岛南端界限街以南的地区。
After the Second Opium War of 1856-1860, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Beijing Convention on October 24, 1860, which ceded to the UK the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present-day Boundary Street.
中日甲午战争后，英国趁火打劫，强迫清政府于1898年6月9日签订《展拓香港界址专条》，强租“新界”地区99年，由此侵占整个香港地区。
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Britain again forced the Qing government to sign the Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory on June 9, 1898, by which the New Territories were leased to Britain for 99 years. The rental payment for this “lease” was zero. As a result, Britain occupied the entire area that is now known as Hong Kong.
这三个不平等条约都是英国侵略中国的产物，中国人民和辛亥革命后历届中国政府从来不予承认。
These three unequal treaties were imposed on China through British aggression. They were never recognized as valid by the Chinese people or by any Chinese government after the Revolution of 1911.
2
《中国的民主》白皮书
中国的民主
China: Democracy That Works
前言
Preamble
民主是全人类的共同价值，是中国共产党和中国人民始终不渝坚持的重要理念。
Democracy is a common value of humanity and an ideal that has always been cherished by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese people.
今年是中国共产党成立100周年。100年前，中国共产党一经诞生，就把为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴确立为自己的初心和使命，为实现人民当家作主进行了不懈探索和奋斗。100年来，党高举人民民主旗帜，领导人民在一个有几千年封建社会历史、近代成为半殖民地半封建社会的国家实现了人民当家作主，中国人民真正成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。
This year marks the centenary of the CPC. Since its founding in 1921, the Party has taken wellbeing for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its abiding goals, and has made continuous efforts to ensure the people's status as masters of the country. China is a country with a feudal history dating back several thousand years that descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society after the Opium War of 1840. Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people in realizing people's democracy in China. The Chinese people now truly hold in their hands their own future and that of society and the country.
中国的民主是人民民主，人民当家作主是中国民主的本质和核心。党的十八大以来，党深化对中国民主政治发展规律的认识，提出全过程人民民主重大理念并大力推进，民主价值和理念进一步转化为科学有效的制度安排和具体现实的民主实践。全过程人民民主，实现了过程民主和成果民主、程序民主和实质民主、直接民主和间接民主、人民民主和国家意志相统一，是全链条、全方位、全覆盖的民主，是最广泛、最真实、最管用的社会主义民主。
The people's status as masters of the country is the essence of people's democracy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, with a deeper understanding of China's path to democracy and the political system, the Party has developed whole-process people's democracy as a key concept and striven to translate it and relevant democratic values into effective institutions and concrete actions.Whole-process people's democracy integrates process-oriented democracy with results-oriented democracy, procedural democracy with substantive democracy, direct democracy with indirect democracy, and people's democracy with the will of the state. It is a model of socialist democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. It is a true democracy that works.
民主是历史的、具体的、发展的，各国民主植根于本国的历史文化传统，成长于本国人民的实践探索和智慧创造，民主道路不同，民主形态各异。评价一个国家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的，主要看国家领导层能否依法有序更替，全体人民能否依法管理国家事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业，人民群众能否畅通表达利益要求，社会各方面能否有效参与国家政治生活，国家决策能否实现科学化、民主化，各方面人才能否通过公平竞争进入国家领导和管理体系，执政党能否依照宪法法律规定实现对国家事务的领导，权力运用能否得到有效制约和监督。
Democracy is a concrete phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Rooted in history, culture and tradition, it takes diverse forms and develops along the paths chosen by different peoples based on their exploration and innovation.The best way to evaluate whether a country's political system is democratic and efficient is to observe whether the succession of its leaders is orderly and in line with the law, whether all the people can manage state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings in conformity with legal provisions, whether the public can express their requirements without hindrance, whether all sectors can efficiently participate in the country's political affairs, whether national decision-making can be conducted in a rational and democratic way, whether people of high caliber in all fields can be part of the national leadership and administrative systems through fair competition, whether the governing party is in charge of state affairs in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and whether the exercise of power can be kept under effective restraint and supervision.
民主不是装饰品，不是用来做摆设的，而是要用来解决人民需要解决的问题的。一个国家民主不民主，关键在于是不是真正做到了人民当家作主，要看人民有没有投票权，更要看人民有没有广泛参与权；要看人民在选举过程中得到了什么口头许诺，更要看选举后这些承诺实现了多少；要看制度和法律规定了什么样的政治程序和政治规则，更要看这些制度和法律是不是真正得到了执行；要看权力运行规则和程序是否民主，更要看权力是否真正受到人民监督和制约。
Democracy is not a decorative ornament, but an instrument for addressing the issues that concern the people. Whether a country is democratic depends on whether its people are truly the masters of the country; whether the people have the right to vote, and more importantly, the right to participate extensively; whether they have been given verbal promises in elections, and more importantly, how many of these promises are fulfilled after elections; whether there are set political procedures and rules in state systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are truly enforced; whether the rules and procedures for the exercise of power are democratic, and more importantly, whether the exercise of power is genuinely subject to public scrutiny and checks.
民主是各国人民的权利，而不是少数国家的专利。一个国家是不是民主，应该由这个国家的人民来评判，而不应该由外部少数人指手画脚来评判。国际社会哪个国家是不是民主的，应该由国际社会共同来评判，而不应该由自以为是的少数国家来评判。实现民主有多种方式，不可能千篇一律。用单一的标尺衡量世界丰富多彩的政治制度，用单调的眼光审视人类五彩缤纷的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。
Democracy is the right of the people in every country, rather than the prerogative of a few nations. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by its people, not dictated by a handful of outsiders. Whether a country is democratic should be acknowledged by the international community, not arbitrarily decided by a few self-appointed judges. There is no fixed model of democracy; it manifests itself in many forms. Assessing the myriad political systems in the world against a single yardstick and examining diverse political structures in monochrome are in themselves undemocratic.
民主是多样的，世界是多彩的。在世界文明的百花园里，中国的民主之花绚丽绽放。中国愿与各国交流互鉴、携手合作，为人类政治文明发展进步贡献智慧和力量。
In the richly diverse world, democracy comes in many forms. China's democracy is thriving alongside those of other countries in the garden of civilizations. China stands ready to contribute its experience and strength to global political progress through cooperation and mutual learning.
3
《新时代的中非合作》 白皮书
新时代的中非合作
China and Africa in the New Era: A Partnership of Equals
前言
Foreword
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆。相似的历史遭遇、共同的历史使命把中国和非洲紧紧联系在一起，中非从来就是命运共同体。发展同非洲国家的团结合作是中国对外政策的重要基石，也是中国长期坚定的战略选择。中国和非洲国家在争取民族解放和国家独立的斗争中相互支持，持续深化政治互信；在实现经济发展和民族振兴的道路上互帮互助，不断拓展合作新领域；在重大国际和地区问题上密切协调，共同捍卫国际公平正义。
China is the largest developing country in the world, and Africa is the continent with the largest number of developing countries. Shared past experiences and similar aims and goals have brought China and Africa close together. China and Africa will always be a community of shared future. Developing solidarity and cooperation with African countries has been the cornerstone of China’s foreign policy, as well as a firm and longstanding strategy. In the fight for national liberation and independence, China and African countries supported each other and expanded mutual political trust in the process. In pursuing economic development and national rejuvenation, both sides have been helping the other and increasing the scope of cooperation. On major international and regional issues, they have coordinated their positions and jointly safeguarded international equality and justice.
进入新时代，习近平主席提出真实亲诚对非政策理念和正确义利观，为新时代对非合作指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。2015年和2018年，中非合作论坛约翰内斯堡峰会和北京峰会先后成功举办，引领中非合作达到前所未有的新高度。习近平主席在北京峰会上同非洲领导人一致决定，构建更加紧密的中非命运共同体，深入推进中非共建“一带一路”合作，在中非关系史上树立了新的里程碑。
Entering the new era, Chinese President Xi Jinping put forward the principles of China’s Africa policy – sincerity, real results, amity and good faith, and pursuing the greater good and shared interests, charting the course for China’s cooperation with Africa, and providing the fundamental guidelines. The dual successes of the Johannesburg Summit in 2015 and the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) in 2018 pushed China-Africa cooperation to a new and unprecedented high. President Xi Jinping and African leaders unanimously decided at the FOCAC Beijing Summit that the two sides would work to build an even stronger China-Africa community of shared future, advance cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, establishing a new milestone in China-Africa relations.
中非关系不是一天就发展起来的，更不是什么人赐予的，而是中非风雨同舟、患难与共，一步一个脚印走出来的。中国为非洲发展提供了力所能及的帮助，中国感谢非洲国家和非洲人民长期以来给予中国的大力支持和无私帮助。新冠肺炎疫情发生后，中国和非洲国家患难与共、守望相助，谱写了中非团结友好、共克时艰的新篇章。
China-Africa friendship has not been an overnight achievement, nor has it been gifted from on high. Rather, it has been fostered throughout the years when China and Africa supported and stood alongside each other in trying times. China has aided to the limit of its capabilities the development of Africa, and has been grateful for the strong support and selfless help African countries and their peoples have extended to China for a long period of time. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, China and African countries have continued to provide mutual support, writing a new chapter in China-Africa solidarity and friendship at times of crisis.
为介绍新时代中非合作成果，展望未来中非合作前景，特发布本白皮书。
This white paper is designed to document the successes of China-Africa cooperation in the new era, and offer a perspective on future cooperation between the two sides.
4
《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》
中国应对气候变化的政策与行动
Responding to Climate Change: China’s Policies and Actions
前言
Preface
气候变化是全人类的共同挑战。应对气候变化，事关中华民族永续发展，关乎人类前途命运。
Climate change is a challenge for all of humanity. The sustainable development of the Chinese nation and the future of the planet depend on tackling it successfully.
中国高度重视应对气候变化。作为世界上最大的发展中国家，中国克服自身经济、社会等方面困难，实施一系列应对气候变化战略、措施和行动，参与全球气候治理，应对气候变化取得了积极成效。
China attaches great importance to its response to climate change. As the largest developing country in the world, China has adopted a number of policies, measures and actions to tackle climate change and take part in global climate governance, despite the difficulties this creates for its own economic and social development. These efforts have achieved positive results.
中共十八大以来，在习近平生态文明思想指引下，中国贯彻新发展理念，将应对气候变化摆在国家治理更加突出的位置，不断提高碳排放强度削减幅度，不断强化自主贡献目标，以最大努力提高应对气候变化力度，推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型，建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) convened in 2012, guided by Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization and committed to the new development philosophy, China has made the response to climate change a higher priority in state governance. It has steadily reduced the intensity of its carbon emissions, reinforced the effort to achieve its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and maximized its drive to mitigate climate change. It has adopted green and low-carbon approaches in its economic and social development, and worked to build a modernized country in which humanity and nature coexist in harmony.
2020年9月22日，中国国家主席习近平在第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上郑重宣示：中国将提高国家自主贡献力度，采取更加有力的政策和措施，二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和。中国正在为实现这一目标而付诸行动。
At the general debate of the 75th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 22, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China would scale up its NDCs by adopting more vigorous policies and measures, strive to peak CO2 emissions before 2030, and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. China is taking pragmatic actions towards these goals.
作为负责任的国家，中国积极推动共建公平合理、合作共赢的全球气候治理体系，为应对气候变化贡献中国智慧中国力量。面对气候变化严峻挑战，中国愿与国际社会共同努力、并肩前行，助力《巴黎协定》行稳致远，为全球应对气候变化作出更大贡献。
As a responsible country, China is committed to building a global climate governance system that is fair, rational, cooperative and beneficial to all, and makes its due contribution to tackling climate change using its greatest strengths and most effective solutions. Confronted by the challenges of climate change, China is willing to work together with the international community to ensure the Paris Agreement delivers steady and lasting results, and make greater contribution to the global response.
为介绍中国应对气候变化进展，分享中国应对气候变化实践和经验，增进国际社会了解，特发布本白皮书。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to document its progress in mitigating climate change, and to share its experience and approaches with the rest of the international community.
5
《中国的生物多样性保护》
中国的生物多样性保护
Biodiversity Conservation in China
前言
Preface
“生物多样性”是生物（动物、植物、微生物）与环境形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程的总和，包括生态系统、物种和基因三个层次。生物多样性关系人类福祉，是人类赖以生存和发展的重要基础。人类必须尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，加大生物多样性保护力度，促进人与自然和谐共生。
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species (plants, animals and microorganisms) in their natural environments and the aggregate of the related ecological processes. It is measured on three levels: genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is the basis for human survival and development and has a direct bearing on our wellbeing. Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. We must conserve biodiversity to protect nature and live in harmony with it.
1972年，联合国召开人类环境会议，与会各国共同签署了《人类环境宣言》，生物资源保护被列入二十六项原则之中。1993年，《生物多样性公约》正式生效，公约确立了保护生物多样性、可持续利用其组成部分以及公平合理分享由利用遗传资源而产生的惠益三大目标，全球生物多样性保护开启了新纪元。
In 1972, at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the attending nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, which included the conservation of bio-resources in its 26 principles. In 1993, the Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect, which set three objectives – the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, ushering in a new era for the protection of global biodiversity.
中国幅员辽阔，陆海兼备，地貌和气候复杂多样，孕育了丰富而又独特的生态系统、物种和遗传多样性，是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。中国的传统文化积淀了丰富的生物多样性智慧，“天人合一”“道法自然”“万物平等”等思想和理念体现了朴素的生物多样性保护意识。作为最早签署和批准《生物多样性公约》的缔约方之一，中国一贯高度重视生物多样性保护，不断推进生物多样性保护与时俱进、创新发展，取得显著成效，走出了一条中国特色生物多样性保护之路。
China’s land and sea territories are both vast; its complex terrain and diverse climate gave birth to unique ecosystems, abundant species, and rich genetic variety. As one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, China has a profound understanding of biodiversity, as manifest in traditional Chinese culture and these aphorisms: “Man is an integral part of nature”; “Dao follows the laws of nature”; and “All beings are equal”. China, as one of the first countries to sign and approve the Convention on Biological Diversity, has always attached great importance to biodiversity conservation and preserves biodiversity with creative and up-to-date measures, achieving substantial progress on a distinctively Chinese path of conservation.
中共十八大以来，在习近平生态文明思想引领下，中国坚持生态优先、绿色发展，生态环境保护法律体系日臻完善、监管机制不断加强、基础能力大幅提升，生物多样性治理新格局基本形成，生物多样性保护进入新的历史时期。当前，全球物种灭绝速度不断加快，生物多样性丧失和生态系统退化对人类生存和发展构成重大风险。2020年9月30日，习近平主席在联合国生物多样性峰会上指出，要站在对人类文明负责的高度，探索人与自然和谐共生之路，凝聚全球治理合力，提升全球环境治理水平。中国将秉持人类命运共同体理念，继续为全球环境治理贡献力量。
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012, China has been prioritizing eco-environmental progress and pursuing green development under the guidance of Xi Jinping thought on eco-civilization. A new pattern of biodiversity conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biodiversity conservation in China. Currently, as species worldwide are becoming extinct at an alarming rate, biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation pose a major risk to human survival and development. On September 30, 2020, at the United Nations Summit on Biodiversity, Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out that the whole of humanity needs to take on its pressing responsibilities, find a way for human and nature to coexist in harmony, and build synergy for and enhance global governance on the environment. Guided by the vision of building a global community of shared future, China will continue to contribute its part to global environmental governance.
为介绍中国生物多样性保护理念和实践，增进国际社会对中国生物多样性保护的了解，特发布本白皮书。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to present China’s ideas, plans and actions on biodiversity conservation, and share its progress with the international community.
6
《中国的全面小康》
中国的全面小康
China’s Epic Journey from Poverty to Prosperity
前言
Preface
小康是中华民族的千年梦想和夙愿。
Achieving moderate prosperity fulfills a long-cherished dream of the Chinese nation.
2021年7月1日，习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上庄严宣告：“经过全党全国各族人民持续奋斗，我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，在中华大地上全面建成了小康社会，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，正在意气风发向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进。”
On July 1, 2021, at the ceremony marking the centenary of the Communist Party of China (CPC), Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, declared that thanks to the continued efforts of the whole Party and the entire nation, China had realized the First Centenary Goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This means that it has put an end to absolute poverty, and is now marching in confident strides towards the Second Centenary Goal of building a great modern socialist country.
100年来，中国共产党团结带领中国人民顽强拼搏，几代人一以贯之、接续奋斗，从“小康之家”到“小康社会”，从“总体小康”到“全面小康”，从“全面建设”到“全面建成”，小康目标不断实现，小康梦想成为现实。
Over the past hundred years, led by the CPC, generations of the Chinese people have persevered, progressing step by step from a subsistence standard of living to piecemeal prosperity, then to moderate prosperity throughout the country.
全面建成小康社会，是中华民族的伟大光荣。从百年前饱受欺凌屈辱到实现全面小康，中华民族无比自豪地站立在世界民族之林。全面建成小康社会，中华民族孜孜以求的美好梦想成为现实，标志着实现中华民族伟大复兴向前迈出新的一大步，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃。全面建成小康社会，彰显了中华民族对美好生活的向往追求和历经磨难始终不屈不挠、敢于斗争、敢于胜利的精神品格，极大增强了民族自信心自豪感，极大增强了中华民族实现伟大复兴的能力和力量。
The realization of moderate prosperity is a glorious achievement for the Chinese nation. Once subjected to oppression and humiliation, China now stands firm among the nations of the world. This represents one significant step closer to the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation, and testifies to China’s historic transformation – from standing upright to becoming prosperous and growing in strength. This achievement reflects the Chinese people’s aspiration for a better life, and their indomitable will to surmount all difficulties and challenges on their way forward. It has boosted their pride and confidence in the nation, and inspired further endeavors on the quest for national rejuvenation.
全面建成小康社会，是中国人民的伟大光荣。从百年前受奴役受压迫到物质上富起来、精神上强起来，中国人民无比自豪地行进在中国特色社会主义道路上。幸福美好的小康生活，凝聚着中国人民的聪明才智，浸透着中国人民的辛勤汗水，淬炼了中国人民自强不息的奋斗精神，彰显了中国人民为实现梦想顽强拼搏、“敢教日月换新天”的意志品质。中国人民生活水平显著提升，道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信极大增强。中国人民是勤劳勇敢的人民，是伟大、光荣、英雄的人民。
The realization of moderate prosperity is a remarkable achievement by the Chinese people. From difficult beginnings they have made both material and cultural progress, moving forward with full confidence along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The creation of a moderately prosperous society epitomizes their ingenuity, diligence, commitment to progress, and determination to pursue their dream and effect change for the better. Their living standards have improved markedly, and they have stronger faith in the path, theory, system and culture of Chinese socialism. The Chinese people are industrious, courageous and honorable – a great and heroic people.
全面建成小康社会，是中国共产党的伟大光荣。从百年前只有50多名党员到拥有9500多万名党员、领导着14亿多人口大国、具有重大全球影响力的世界第一大执政党，中国共产党无比自豪地走在时代前列。全面建成小康社会，兑现了党向人民、向历史作出的庄严承诺，彰显了党为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的初心使命，彰显了中国共产党是中国人民攻坚克难、开拓前进的领导者和主心骨。党用实际行动，赢得了人民的信赖和拥护。
The realization of moderate prosperity is a commendable achievement for the CPC. Over the past hundred years, the CPC has grown from a small party with just over 50 members into the largest and most influential governing party in the world, with more than 95 million members in a country of over 1.4 billion people. Throughout this process, it has always been at the forefront of the times. In bringing about moderate prosperity, it has fulfilled a solemn promise, and lived up to its original aspiration and founding mission to seek happiness for the people and rejuvenate the Chinese nation. Leading the people in overcoming obstacles and moving forward, the CPC has won their trust and support with real actions.
全面建成小康社会，是中国对世界的伟大贡献。从百年前山河破碎、衰败凋零到今天蓬勃发展、欣欣向荣，中国无比自豪地屹立在世界东方。中国全面建成小康社会，既发展自己，也造福世界。不断富裕起来的中国人民，不断发展进步的中国，为维护世界和平、促进共同发展注入了正能量，彰显了构建人类命运共同体、建设美好世界的中国力量。
The realization of moderate prosperity is a major contribution China has made to the world. Over the past hundred years, China has emerged from poverty and the scourge of war, and become a dynamic and prosperous country, standing tall and proud in the East. In achieving moderate prosperity for the Chinese people, China has contributed to its own development and delivered benefits to the rest of the world. This has created positive momentum for world peace and common development, and contributed China’s strength to building a global community of shared future and a better world.
在一个底子薄、基础弱、国情复杂的大国，全面建成惠及十几亿人口的小康社会，极不平凡，极不容易，中国共产党和中国人民付出了长期艰辛努力。全面建成小康社会，中国人民过上了好日子，但还不富足，人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾仍然存在。中国共产党将团结带领人民，向着实现人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕继续迈进。
China is a populous country with complex national conditions, which in the recent past was afflicted with weak economic foundations. To realize moderate prosperity has required great perseverance, and represents a notable achievement on the part of the CPC and the people. But there is still much to do to improve living standards – the challenge remains between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s growing expectation for a better life. The CPC will lead the people to work harder for well-rounded human development and common prosperity.
为记录中国全面建成小康社会的伟大历程，介绍中国全面建成小康社会的探索实践，分享中国式现代化建设经验，特发布本白皮书。
To document China’s journey to moderate prosperity and to share its unique experience in modernization with the rest of the world, the Chinese government is releasing this white paper.
7
《新疆的人口发展》
新疆的人口发展
Xinjiang Population Dynamics and Data
前言
Preface
人口是社会生活的主体，是人类社会存在和发展的前提。人类的一切经济社会活动都与人口密切相关，人口发展关乎经济发展、社会和谐、民族兴衰、国家安全。
A healthy population is essential for the existence and development of human society. All economic and social activities are closely related to population. Its growth influences economic and social development, and national security and prosperity.
新疆地处中国西北、亚欧大陆腹地，自古以来就是多民族聚居地区。公元前60年，西汉中央政权在新疆地区设立西域都护府，标志着新疆地区正式纳入中国版图。2000多年来，新疆地区众多民族经过诞育、分化、交融，形成了“你中有我、我中有你”的和合共生关系和多元一体格局。
Lying in northwest China and central Eurasia, Xinjiang has been a place inhabited by multiple ethnic groups since ancient times. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Frontier Command to govern the Xinjiang area, officially incorporating the area into the Chinese territory. Over the following 2,000 years and more, various ethnic groups have emerged, divided and mixed there. Today they live together in harmony and have formed a diverse unity.
中华人民共和国成立前，新疆经济社会发展落后，人口规模小，人口素质低，人均预期寿命短。1949年新中国成立后，新疆人口特别是少数民族人口数量快速增长，人口素质不断提升，人均预期寿命大幅提高。今日新疆，经济社会全面发展，社会大局持续稳定，各族人民安居乐业，人口发展均衡健康。
Work to remedy the backward economic and social situation in Xinjiang began immediately after the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The population of Xinjiang, particularly that of its ethnic minorities, has grown fast in both size and quality, and life expectancy has seen a substantial increase. Today, the region enjoys rapid growth in all areas and a stable and secure society. The ethnic groups there live in peace and contentment, and its population is experiencing healthy and balanced development.
8
《全面建成小康社会：中国人权事业发展的光辉篇章》
全面建成小康社会：中国人权事业发展的光辉篇章
Moderate Prosperity in All Respects: Another Milestone Achieved in China’s Human Rights
前言
Foreword
人权是人类文明进步的成果和标志，尊重和保障人权是现代文明的基本精神，也是中国共产党人的不懈追求。中国共产党是为人民谋幸福的政党。中国共产党的100年，是争取人权、尊重人权、保障人权、发展人权的100年，极大提高了中国人权文明水平，丰富发展了人类文明多样性。
Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress. Respect for and protection of human rights is a basic principle of modern civilization, and the unwavering goal of the Chinese Communists. The Communist Party of China (CPC) seeks happiness for the people. Its 100-year history records its efforts in fighting for, respecting, protecting, and developing human rights. Owing to its efforts, human rights in China have greatly improved, adding diversity to human civilization.
全面建成小康社会是中国共产党和中国政府为增进人民福祉、提高全体人民人权保障水平、实现国家现代化而实施的一项重大国家发展战略。2021年7月1日，中共中央总书记、国家主席习近平在北京代表党和人民庄严宣告，“我们实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，在中华大地上全面建成了小康社会，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，正在意气风发向着全面建成社会主义现代化强国的第二个百年奋斗目标迈进”。这是中国人权进程中一个激动人心的时刻、一个载入史册的时刻、一个继往开来的时刻。
Building China into a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a major strategy designed by the Party and the government to improve the wellbeing of the people, better protect human rights, and achieve modernization of the country. On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee and president of China, solemnly declared in Beijing on behalf of the Party and the people that we had realized the first centenary goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects. This means we have brought about a historic resolution to the problem of extreme poverty in China, and we are now marching with confidence towards the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects. It is an exciting moment for human rights in China, a moment that will go down in history, and a moment from which we will forge ahead into the future.
全面建成小康社会是中国共产党不忘初心、牢记使命的真实写照。在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民奋力决胜全面小康，最终实现了从贫困到温饱到总体小康直到全面小康的历史跨越。
The realization of all-round moderate prosperity shows that the CPC has stayed true to its original aspiration and founding mission. Under the CPC leadership, the Chinese people worked hard in the final stage towards this goal, and finally completed the historic transformation from poverty to secure access to food and clothing, to a decent life, and finally to moderate prosperity.
全面小康是经济富裕、政治民主、文化繁荣、社会公平、生态良好的小康，是城乡区域均衡发展、惠及全体人民的小康，是切实尊重和全面保障人权的小康。中国全面建成小康社会，夯实了人权基础，丰富了人权内涵，拓宽了人权视野，意味着人权的全面发展和全民共享，谱写了中国人权事业的新篇章，创造了人类尊重和保障人权的奇迹。
Moderate prosperity in China is evident in all respects: a buoyant economy, political democracy, a flourishing culture, social equity, and healthy ecosystems; balanced development between urban and rural areas to the benefit of all the people; and high respect for and comprehensive protection of human rights. China’s realization of moderate prosperity serves as a solid foundation for human rights, and takes a deeper and broader perspective on this cause. It represents comprehensive progress in ensuring universal human rights in China, and a new contribution to the world’s human rights cause.
9
《新疆各民族平等权利的保障》
新疆各民族平等权利的保障
Respecting and Protectingthe Rights of All Ethnic Groupsin Xinjiang
前言
Preface
人人充分享有人权，是人类社会的伟大梦想，也是包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中国人民长期追求、不懈奋斗的共同目标。
Full realization of human rights is one of the great dreams of all humanity, and a goal to which the people of China, including those of the ethnic groups in Xinjiang, have long aspired.
新疆自古以来就是多民族聚居地区，新疆各民族是中华民族大家庭血脉相连的家庭成员。公元前60年，西汉王朝中央政权设置西域都护府，新疆地区正式纳入中国版图，成为中国统一的多民族国家不可分割的组成部分。
Xinjiang has been home to numerous ethnic groups since remote antiquity, and all the groups in the region are closely related members of the broader family of the Chinese nation. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty set up the Western Regions Frontier Command, and Xinjiang was formally incorporated into the territory of China, becoming an integral part of this unified multiethnic country.
新中国成立前，新疆各族人民历经磨难，深受帝国主义侵略势力、封建剥削阶级和宗教特权阶层的压迫，社会地位极其低下，无法享有基本人权。
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the people of Xinjiang suffered oppression from invading imperialist forces, the feudal exploiting class and the privileged religious hierarchy. At the bottom of the social ladder, they were deprived of basic human rights.
1949年，中国共产党领导各族人民推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，建立了中华人民共和国。新疆各族人民同全国人民一道翻身解放，共同当家做了主人。
In 1949, the Chinese people led by the Communist Party of China (CPC) overthrew the forces of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, and founded the PRC. The people of Xinjiang, together with the rest of the country, were liberated and became masters of their own country.
新中国把坚持民族平等、民族团结和各民族共同繁荣发展作为解决民族问题和处理民族关系的基本原则，并确立在少数民族聚居地区实施民族区域自治制度。截至1954年，新疆成立了5个自治州、6个自治县。1955年，新疆维吾尔自治区成立。各自治地方的建立，有力保障了新疆各族人民当家作主的民主权利，开启了各民族平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系新纪元，新疆经济社会发展进入新的历史时期，各族人民的人权保障水平不断提升。
The PRC regards equality, unity and common prosperity for all ethnic groups as the basic requirements for managing ethnic affairs and handling ethnic relations. It established the system of regional ethnic autonomy in areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in compact communities. By 1954, Xinjiang had established five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties. In 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was founded. The establishment of these autonomous divisions effectively guaranteed the democratic rights of people in Xinjiang to be masters of their own affairs, and started a new era of socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony. Xinjiang ushered in a new stage of economic and social development, and better protection of human rights.
70多年来，中国共产党和中国政府始终坚持“以人民为中心”的人权理念，始终把生存权、发展权作为首要的基本人权，把人权的普遍性原则与中国实际相结合，不断丰富和发展治疆方略，坚持依法治疆、团结稳疆、文化润疆、富民兴疆、长期建疆，坚持以保障和改善民生为重点，大力发展各项事业，共享改革发展成果，切实保障各族人民平等参与、平等发展权利，新疆人权事业不断得到新的发展和进步。
For more than 70 years since 1949, the CPC and the Chinese government have upheld a people-centered approach to human rights protection, treating the rights to subsistence and development as the primary human rights. Integrating the principle of universal human rights with the country's realities, China has enriched its strategy for the governance of Xinjiang with the following guidelines: governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, maintaining stability in the region through ethnic unity, nourishing the cultures of Xinjiang, promoting prosperity among the local population, and developing Xinjiang from a long-term perspective. In this process, China has given priority to securing and improving people's wellbeing, advanced various undertakings in Xinjiang, and shared the fruits of reform and development with people of all ethnic groups, so as to guarantee their equal rights to participation and development. Thanks to these efforts, human rights have made steady progress in Xinjiang.
10
《中国新型政党制度》
中国新型政党制度
China’s Political Party System: Cooperation and Consultation
前言
Preamble
政党制度是现代民主政治的重要实现形式，是国家政治制度的重要组成部分。一个国家实行什么样的政党制度，是由这个国家的历史传统和现实国情决定的。世界政党制度具有多样性，没有也不可能有普遍适用于各国的政党制度。
A country’s political party system is a major component of its political framework and makes a critical contribution to democracy. The system best suited to a country is determined by its history, traditions, and realities. There are many types of political party system around the world, and there is not a single system that is good for all countries.
中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。这一制度既植根中国土壤、彰显中国智慧，又积极借鉴和吸收人类政治文明优秀成果，是中国新型政党制度。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。”
The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is a basic element of China’s political framework. A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.”
中国新型政党制度中包括中国共产党和八个民主党派，以及无党派人士。八个民主党派是中国国民党革命委员会（简称民革）、中国民主同盟（简称民盟）、中国民主建国会（简称民建）、中国民主促进会（简称民进）、中国农工民主党（简称农工党）、中国致公党（简称致公党）、九三学社、台湾民主自治同盟（简称台盟）。中国共产党同各民主党派长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共，形成了“共产党领导、多党派合作，共产党执政、多党派参政”的政治格局。
In this system, in addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties: the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, the China Democratic League, the China National Democratic Construction Association, the China Association for Promoting Democracy, the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, the China Zhi Gong Party, the Jiusan Society, and the Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League. The system also includes prominent individuals without affiliation to any of the political parties (hereinafter referred to as “non-affiliates”).
Following the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other political parties have created a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power and the other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.
中国新型政党制度创造了一种新的政党政治模式，在中国的政治和社会生活中显示出独特优势和强大生命力，在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化中发挥了不可替代的作用，也为人类政治文明发展作出了重大贡献。
This is a unique political model. It has displayed unquestionable strength and vitality in China’s political and social life. It is essential to the task of modernizing China’s governance system and capacity. It continues to make an invaluable contribution to the political progress of humanity.
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《中国共产党尊重和保障人权的伟大实践》
中国共产党尊重和保障人权的伟大实践
The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection
– A 100-Year Quest
前言
Foreword
2021年是中国共产党成立100周年。中国共产党的100年，创造了尊重和保障人权的伟大奇迹，谱写了人权文明的新篇章。
The year 2021 marks the centenary of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the CPC has invested a huge effort in human rights protection, adding significantly to global human rights progress.
100年前，在中华民族面临内忧外患的危急关头，担负着救国救民使命的中国共产党诞生了。中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民开启了为实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福而奋斗的崭新历程。
A hundred years ago, the CPC came into being – its mission to salvage the country and save the Chinese people at a perilous time of domestic upheaval and foreign aggression. This was an epoch-changing moment. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people embarked on a new journey towards prosperity, national rejuvenation, and wellbeing.
100年来，中国共产党团结带领中国人民推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义“三座大山”，建立了中华人民共和国，完成了新民主主义革命和社会主义革命，为有效保障人民各项权利和自由奠定了根本政治前提和牢固制度基础。经过艰辛探索，中国开创了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，开启了中国特色社会主义新时代，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。
Over this period of one hundred years, the CPC has united and led the people in toppling the “three mountains” of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, creating the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and completing the New Democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution. The political and institutional foundations were thereby laid down to ensure the rights and freedoms of the people. Through successes and setbacks, China has pioneered reform and opening up, set the goal of socialist modernization, and ushered in a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese nation has stood up, become better off, and grown in strength. Now, it is embarking on a new journey to build a modern socialist country in all respects.
100年来，中国共产党坚持人民至上，坚持将人权的普遍性原则与中国实际相结合，坚持生存权、发展权是首要的基本人权，坚持人民幸福生活是最大的人权，坚持促进人的全面发展，不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感，成功走出了一条中国特色社会主义人权发展道路。
For a hundred years, the CPC has always put people first, applying the principle of universality of human rights in the context of the national conditions. It regards the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights, and believes that living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. It promotes the well-rounded development of the individual, and strives to give every person a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. Its success in pioneering human rights in a socialist country is unique and readily apparent.
100年来，中国共产党心怀天下，坚持走和平发展道路，坚持促进共同发展。中国坚定维护世界和平，坚持以合作促发展，以发展促人权，积极参与国际人权事务，为全球人权治理贡献中国智慧、提供中国方案，推动世界人权事业发展，与世界各国一道，共同构建人类命运共同体。
For a hundred years, the CPC has committed itself to peaceful development and common progress. China is firm in its international stance – to safeguard world peace and seek progress through cooperation, ensuring human rights with the benefits deriving from development. It has been an active participant in matters of international human rights, providing a Chinese contribution to global human rights governance and progress, and working with other countries to forge a global community of shared future.
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《西藏和平解放与繁荣发展》
中国共产党尊重和保障人权的伟大实践
The Communist Party of China and Human Rights Protection
– A 100-Year Quest
前言
Foreword
2021年是中国共产党成立100周年。中国共产党的100年，创造了尊重和保障人权的伟大奇迹，谱写了人权文明的新篇章。
The year 2021 marks the centenary of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the CPC has invested a huge effort in human rights protection, adding significantly to global human rights progress.
100年前，在中华民族面临内忧外患的危急关头，担负着救国救民使命的中国共产党诞生了。中国产生了共产党，这是开天辟地的大事变。在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民开启了为实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福而奋斗的崭新历程。
A hundred years ago, the CPC came into being – its mission to salvage the country and save the Chinese people at a perilous time of domestic upheaval and foreign aggression. This was an epoch-changing moment. Under the leadership of the CPC, the Chinese people embarked on a new journey towards prosperity, national rejuvenation, and wellbeing.
100年来，中国共产党团结带领中国人民推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义“三座大山”，建立了中华人民共和国，完成了新民主主义革命和社会主义革命，为有效保障人民各项权利和自由奠定了根本政治前提和牢固制度基础。经过艰辛探索，中国开创了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，开启了中国特色社会主义新时代，中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃，踏上了全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程。
Over this period of one hundred years, the CPC has united and led the people in toppling the “three mountains” of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, creating the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and completing the New Democratic Revolution and the Socialist Revolution. The political and institutional foundations were thereby laid down to ensure the rights and freedoms of the people. Through successes and setbacks, China has pioneered reform and opening up, set the goal of socialist modernization, and ushered in a new era of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The Chinese nation has stood up, become better off, and grown in strength. Now, it is embarking on a new journey to build a modern socialist country in all respects.
100年来，中国共产党坚持人民至上，坚持将人权的普遍性原则与中国实际相结合，坚持生存权、发展权是首要的基本人权，坚持人民幸福生活是最大的人权，坚持促进人的全面发展，不断增强人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感，成功走出了一条中国特色社会主义人权发展道路。
For a hundred years, the CPC has always put people first, applying the principle of universality of human rights in the context of the national conditions. It regards the rights to subsistence and development as the primary and basic human rights, and believes that living a life of contentment is the ultimate human right. It promotes the well-rounded development of the individual, and strives to give every person a stronger sense of gain, happiness and security. Its success in pioneering human rights in a socialist country is unique and readily apparent.
100年来，中国共产党心怀天下，坚持走和平发展道路，坚持促进共同发展。中国坚定维护世界和平，坚持以合作促发展，以发展促人权，积极参与国际人权事务，为全球人权治理贡献中国智慧、提供中国方案，推动世界人权事业发展，与世界各国一道，共同构建人类命运共同体。
For a hundred years, the CPC has committed itself to peaceful development and common progress. China is firm in its international stance – to safeguard world peace and seek progress through cooperation, ensuring human rights with the benefits deriving from development. It has been an active participant in matters of international human rights, providing a Chinese contribution to global human rights governance and progress, and working with other countries to forge a global community of shared future.
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《人类减贫的中国实践》
人类减贫的中国实践
Poverty Alleviation: China's Experience and Contribution
前言
Preface
贫困是人类社会的顽疾，是全世界面临的共同挑战。贫困及其伴生的饥饿、疾病、社会冲突等一系列难题，严重阻碍人类对美好生活的追求。消除贫困是人类梦寐以求的理想，人类发展史就是与贫困不懈斗争的历史。
Poverty is a chronic affliction of human society and a common challenge faced by the whole world. Poverty and its associated problems, including hunger, diseases, and social conflicts, are serious impediments to people's pursuit of a better life, so the eradication of poverty has always been a wish to be fulfilled. The history of humankind is the history of relentless struggle against poverty.
中国是拥有14亿人口、世界上最大的发展中国家，基础差、底子薄，发展不平衡，长期饱受贫困问题困扰。中国的贫困规模之大、贫困分布之广、贫困程度之深世所罕见，贫困治理难度超乎想象。
China is the world's largest developing country, with a population of 1.4 billion. In addition to its weak foundations and uneven development, the nation had long been plagued by poverty at a scale and a level of severity that has rarely been seen anywhere else in the world. As a result, the challenge of poverty alleviation in China almost defies imagination.
今年是中国共产党成立100周年。100年来，中国共产党团结带领人民，以坚定不移、顽强不屈的信念和意志与贫困作斗争。中共十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央领导下，中国组织实施了人类历史上规模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脱贫攻坚战。2021年2月25日，习近平总书记在全国脱贫攻坚总结表彰大会上庄严宣告，脱贫攻坚战取得了全面胜利，中国完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务。
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Over the past century, the Party has united and led the Chinese people in the battle against poverty with unwavering faith and will. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party Central Committee, with General Secretary Xi Jinping at the core, has fought a decisive battle against poverty that is unprecedented in scale and intensity, and has benefited the largest number of people in human history. At a grand gathering held on February 25, 2021, to mark China's achievements in poverty alleviation and to honor its model fighters against poverty, General Secretary Xi solemnly declared: Victory in the battle against poverty is complete, and China completed the arduous task of eliminating extreme poverty.
占世界人口近五分之一的中国全面消除绝对贫困，提前10年实现《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》减贫目标，不仅是中华民族发展史上具有里程碑意义的大事件，也是人类减贫史乃至人类发展史上的大事件，为全球减贫事业发展和人类发展进步作出了重大贡献。
China is home to nearly one fifth of the world's population. Its complete eradication of extreme poverty – the first target of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development – 10 years ahead of schedule, is a milestone in the history of the Chinese nation and the history of humankind, making an important contribution to the cause of global poverty alleviation.
贫穷不是命中注定，贫困并非不可战胜。中国减贫的实践表明，与贫困作斗争，最重要的是勇气、远见、责任和担当。只要有坚定意志和决心并付诸实际行动，就能够向着摆脱贫困、实现共同富裕的美好前景不断迈进。
Poverty is not predestined, nor is it unconquerable. China's experience in poverty alleviation indicates that courage, vision, sense of responsibility, and the eagerness to take on challenges are the most essential. With strong will and determination, as well as practical action, one can make steady progress towards overcoming poverty and realizing common prosperity.
为记录中国消除绝对贫困的伟大历程，介绍人类减贫的中国探索和实践，分享中国扶贫脱贫的经验做法，特发布本白皮书。
This white paper is being issued to record the course of the Chinese people's great fight in eliminating extreme poverty, introduce China's approach, and share its experience and actions in poverty alleviation.
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《新时代的中国国际发展合作》
新时代的中国国际发展合作
China’s International Development Cooperation in the New Era
前言
Preface
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。中华人民共和国成立以来，中国秉持国际主义和人道主义精神，始终关注和支持其他发展中国家改善民生、谋求发展的事业。新中国成立伊始，在国家百废待兴、财力紧张的情况下，中国即开始向有关国家提供援助，为发展中国家争取民族独立和解放、促进经济社会发展提供有力支持，奠定了中国与广大发展中国家长期友好合作的坚实基础。改革开放以来，中国对外援助内容更加丰富、形式更加多样，促进了中国与其他发展中国家的共同发展。
China is the largest developing country in the world.
Since its founding in 1949, the People’s Republic of China has always demonstrated a spirit of internationalism and humanitarianism following and supporting other developing countries’ efforts to improve their people’s lives and achieve development. From the outset, even though China was itself short of funds, it started offering assistance to needy countries in support of their fight for national independence and liberation, and their effort to promote economic and social development, which laid a solid foundation for long-term friendship and cooperation with those countries. After launching reform and opening up in 1978, China has provided other developing economies with even more aid in more diverse forms to boost common development.
中共十八大以来，中国发展进入新时代。习近平主席从全球视角思考责任担当，提出构建人类命运共同体、共建“一带一路”等新思想新倡议，倡导正确义利观和真实亲诚、亲诚惠容理念，在一系列重大国际场合宣布务实合作举措，为破解全球发展难题、推动落实联合国2030年可持续发展议程提出中国方案、贡献中国智慧、注入中国力量。中国的对外援助顺应时代要求，向国际发展合作转型升级，呈现新气象、实现新发展、进入新时代。
China entered a new era after the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in 2012. President Xi Jinping has considered China’s responsibilities from a global perspective, and proposed the vision of a global community of shared future and the Belt and Road Initiative. China is committed to pursuing the greater good and shared interests, and upholding the principles of sincerity, real results, affinity, and good faith for developing relations with other developing countries and the principles of amity, sincerity, mutual benefit, and inclusiveness for expanding relations with neighboring countries. To this end, President Xi has taken advantage of many major international occasions to announce a broad range of cooperation measures. These present China’s approach, offer its vision, and contribute its strength to resolving global development issues and implementing the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In response to the call of the times, China has been upgrading its foreign assistance to a model of international development cooperation, taking on new initiatives and achieving greater results in this new era.
为介绍新时代中国国际发展合作（注1）的理念和实践，展望未来中国开展国际发展合作的政策举措，特发布本白皮书。
The Chinese government is publishing this white paper to introduce China’s views on international development cooperation in the new era, the actions it has taken, and its plans for the future.
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