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刘瑜:阿富汗的教训

刘瑜 年猪 2021-10-07

*本文从“历史深处的忧虑”转载,为刘瑜“看理想”音频节目“可能性的艺术:比较政治学30讲”第21讲的文字稿。


原标题:阿富汗的国家建构何以失败?


文丨刘瑜



说到阿富汗,很多人首先想到的恐怕是战火、恐怖袭击、贫困、落后。没错,这确实是个非常悲剧的国家。阅读阿富汗史的时候,我发现一个有趣的对比。对于我们中国人,整个20世纪,1978年之前,生活是颇为动荡的,但是1978年之后,过去四十多年,生活大体而言不断改善。而阿富汗的经历刚好相反,在整个20世纪,1978年之前,他们的生活是大体平静的,连一战、二战都没有卷入。很多人可能在网上看到过一些6、70年代喀布尔的照片,比如我们文稿里这两张图片(图1和图2),那时候的喀布尔街道秩序井然,女性时尚现代,整个国家朝气蓬勃,但是1978年之后,一切都急转直下,40年来,阿富汗再也没有目睹过真正的和平。














与此同时,因为安全局势的恶化,其它所有的治理维度都不可能真正改善。到2020年,阿富汗的贫困率高达人口的一半,鸦片成为阿富汗的支柱性产业,10%的人口吸毒,80%的阿富汗人表示害怕在境内旅行,2/3的人表示害怕投票。为什么害怕投票?因为塔利班屡次袭击投票站。阿富汗政府软弱无力的一个几乎是羞辱性的证明,是特朗普规划美军完全撤离的方案时,其谈判对象是塔利班,而不是阿富汗政府。事实上,塔利班和美国谈判的条件之一,就是不许阿富汗政府参加谈判。一个连“上桌吃饭”的权利都被剥夺的政府,谈何国家能力。

所以,回顾阿富汗的当代简史,我们发现,阿富汗过去40年的灾难延绵不绝,在所有可能逃离灾难的出口,阿富汗都错过了。注意,在我刚才描述的简史中,不是某一个政府、或者某一个政体难以建构暴力垄断的国家,而是任何政府、任何政体都难以建构国家。大家想想,过去40余年,阿富汗尝试过君主立宪、威权共和、极左政权、神权政治、美式民主以及无政府,可以说神农尝百草一样尝试了所有可能的政体,但是,在所有这些政体实验中,国家建构全都失败了。我们可能都听说过一个说法,把阿富汗叫做“帝国的坟场”,其实,阿富汗岂止是“帝国的坟场”,也是“制度的坟场”。



但也正是因为阿富汗的国家建构如此失败,也给了我们一个理论窗口,去观察国家建构的各种阻碍性因素。为什么阿富汗的国家建构如此之难?在我看来,至少有四个因素。对这四个因素的分析,或许也有助于我们去理解其它“失败国家”的失败原因。

首先是地理条件。大家不要觉得,自然和政治没有什么关系,关系非常之大。在比较政治学的内战研究中,许多研究都会把“多山与否”作为一个变量来分析。为什么?因为多山意味着政府触角的限度,也意味着叛军容易找到藏身之所。阿富汗就是一个多山的国家。大家可以看看解说词中的阿富汗地势图(图4图5)。可以看出,这是一个几乎完全被山地覆盖的国家,人类只是聚居在山间的峡谷地带而已。可以想象,在这种地形地势中,在交通通讯不发达的时代,不同社区之间交往是非常困难的,建立大一统的中央政府更是困难重重,因为这种地貌,出门买个菜看上去都像是去西天取经一样困难。




所以,自古以来,阿富汗的政治传统就是部落长老式的自治。直到1747年,阿富汗才建立了以当地人认同为基础的中央集权式国家,这也就是延续了200多年、1973年被达伍德推翻的杜兰尼王朝。大家注意,1747年,这在中国已经是乾隆年间了,是中华王朝帝国的尾声了。但是,对于阿富汗,这时候它的国家建构才刚刚开始。即使是杜兰尼王朝,很大程度上仍然是间接统治,王室所真正控制的,仅仅是几个大城市而已,其它地方,主要还是各部落长老说了算。

所以,把阿富汗叫做“帝国的坟场”,听上去似乎阿富汗人多么厉害,仔细想想,其实阿富汗最厉害的不是他们的人,而是他们的山。我们都知道,1842年,英国在中国打赢了鸦片战争,但是同一年,大英帝国在阿富汗却遭遇了惨败。为什么?因为海战是英国的长项,而在山上打游击,英国人不会啊。最后,在阿富汗冬天的群山之中,上万英国人冻死的冻死,饿死的饿死。后来1979年苏军入侵、2001年美军入侵,也是发现,他们的武器再先进,面对这种延绵不绝的山脉难以发挥威力。道理很简单:你根本找不到敌人。这些游击队员在山里钻来钻去,出则为战士,退则为农民,没什么军人和平民的分野,你炸来炸去就是炸石头而已。问题在于,这种让帝国征服变得很困难的地理因素,同样也让国家建构变得很困难。它是“帝国的坟场”,也是“国家的坟场”。

好,说完了地形地貌,我们再来说阿富汗国家建构的第二个障碍。这个障碍还是与地理有关,就是它的地缘位置。自古以来,阿富汗地区都被大国强国包围,北边是俄罗斯及其势力范围,西边是伊朗和阿拉伯帝国,东北方向时不时出现蒙古帝国这样的游牧帝国,东南方向则是印度以及一度占领印度的大英帝国。因为地处这些大国的交界地带,所以很自然地,它就成为大国征战的通道。这就像张三和李四打架,可怜的小明偏偏住在他们两家中间,谁也不招惹,家里却总是被砸得稀巴烂。我们之前说,战争缔造国家,但问题在于,在阿富汗的背景下,战争往往是大国的代理战争,每一股势力本质上都是靠外力支撑,这种战争是无法真正完成构建国家的。为什么?这就有点像骑车。骑车是锻炼身体的,但是如果你骑的是电动车,不是自主发力,而是靠电池发力,那么骑的再远也锻炼不了身体。

更糟的是,因为是代理战争,所以战争怎么打也打不完,打不到暴力垄断的格局。本来阿富汗这样一个小国,内战很容易打完,决出胜负之后就实现暴力垄断了。但问题是,身处大国的包围圈,这些外国势力不让你打完。这边阿富汗人民民主党1979年快倒了,苏联开着坦克进来了,帮它续命。在苏联的帮助下,人民民主党本来可以搞定阿富汗,但是美国、沙特和巴基斯坦又进来了,帮圣战战士续命。1996年,塔利班已经建立政权了,但是美军又开着飞机过来了,赶跑了塔利班。2001年塔利班已经被赶跑了,一个准民主政体建立了,巴基斯坦那边的极端分子又打开了怀抱,又开始给塔利班续命。所以,本来可能三、五年能打完的内战,因为这些外部势力的干预,就变得没完没了,怎么也打不到句号。大家想想,如果当年秦统一六国的时候,刚要打赢,一会儿罗马帝国突然跑出来扶持韩魏赵,一会儿波斯帝国跑来扶持吴楚越,秦国的建国大业是不是就变得遥遥无期?幸亏罗马帝国、波斯帝国离得太远了,所以战争能打上句号。所以,地缘因素,是阿富汗国家建构的第二个障碍。

第三个障碍,是宗教。确切地说,是伊斯兰极端主义。其实,历史上,阿富汗并不是一个宗教极端主义的国家。但是,两股力量的对撞,在阿富汗发生了奇妙的化学反应。第一股力量,是苏军入侵。苏军入侵后,本来一盘散沙的阿富汗立刻爆发出空前的宗教热情,因为宗教是唯一能把不同族群团结起来的力量。所有反抗组织都自称为Mujihadeen,“圣战战士”。可以说,阿富汗的宗教热情真的是被苏联捅马蜂窝捅出来的。

但是,如果没有另一股势力,这些圣战组织虽然有宗教名目,但本质上也只是军事力量,它们只是想赶跑苏军,未必想用“宗教理想国”来改造阿富汗社会。另一股力量是什么?是萨拉菲主义。什么是萨拉菲主义?简单来说,就是一种极端保守的伊斯兰原教旨主义。它本来只是在沙特阿拉伯比较活跃,但是从1960年代开始,发了石油财的沙特开始向全世界推广这种原教旨主义,到1970年代末期,萨拉菲主义开始在巴基斯坦形成势力。

为什么巴基斯坦的萨拉菲主义会煽动起阿富汗的宗教极端主义?因为苏军入侵后,数百万的阿富汗难民涌向巴基斯坦,无数在巴基斯坦难民营长大的阿富汗男孩,被父母送到当地宗教学校上学。为什么上宗教学校?因为免费,不但教育免费教育,还经常提供免费吃住。而这些宗教学校教什么?教的往往就是萨拉菲主义。于是,在巴基斯坦的难民营中,整整一代宗教极端主义阿富汗少年成长起来了。苏军撤退后,他们回到阿富汗,成为塔利班的中流砥柱。塔利班这个词的意思是什么?就是“学生”。为什么叫“学生”?因为他们真的就是宗教学校的学生。所以,当塔利班征服阿富汗,他们做的第一件事,就是按照他们学过的教科书,实施一种极端保守的伊斯兰法。当时,感到震惊的不仅仅是全世界,也包括阿富汗社会自身——因为对阿富汗人来说,塔利班并不代表阿富汗本土的文化,它也是一种陌生的“外来势力”,一种由沙特、巴基斯坦传入的“进口文化”。

塔利班上台后,其所作所为大家可能多少都听说过:把已经进入职场和学校的女性重新赶回家门、强迫所有的女性蒙面、禁止音乐、电影和娱乐,炸毁了巴米扬大佛,恢复了很多伊斯兰教中古老的刑罚,比如用砍手来惩罚盗窃,用石头砸同性恋,公开虐待和处决罪犯。听众朋友中可能有人读过《追风筝的人》,里面就说到,塔利班连风筝都给禁了。如果不是这种“进口的”宗教极端主义,90年代的阿富汗本有可能回归1978年之前的样子,但是,阿富汗再也回不去了。

尽管塔利班2001年被推翻,但是塑造了它、以及它所塑造的极端主义文化,却开始浸润阿富汗的土壤,有可能在几代人之间,都不会完全消失。2013年皮尤中心有个民意调查,其中一个问题,是询问穆斯林对自杀袭击的看法,阿富汗人中表示“自杀袭击常常或有时是正当的”的比例高达39%,几乎是所有被调查国家中最高的。另一项民调中,当问及政治和宗教是否应该分离时,57%的阿富汗人表示不应该,宗教领袖应当介入政治。此类数字不仅仅是数字,它会转化为真实的悲剧。2010年《时代》杂志封面登出过一个阿富汗女性的照片,大家从文稿中也能看到这个照片(图6)。这个女性叫Bibi Aisha,生活在塔利班占领区,丈夫也是一个塔利班。因为数次从虐待她的丈夫家里逃跑,被丈夫亲手割掉了鼻子和耳朵,被扔到山上去等死,死里逃生后,才有了这个照片。所以,极端主义不仅仅是纸上的条文,它背后是无数悲惨的人生。


2001年后,这种宗教极端主义的力量,成为阿富汗国家建构最大的障碍。我们可能会觉得,为什么塔利班一定要和政府打?他们就不能坐下来好好谈谈、就像南非当年一样,实现权力分享吗?答案是:不能。至少,如果现在的塔利班还是过去的塔利班,答案就是“不能”。为什么?因为宗教原教旨主义带来的意识形态刚性。在他们的观念体系中,原教旨主义的伊斯兰法必须成为国土上唯一的和最高的法,而人类所能制定的法——不管是国王制定的、还是所谓民主议会制定的,只能臣服于伊斯兰法。这种情况下,他们怎么接受与政治世俗派分享权力?纯粹的权力之争可以讨价还价,但是你死我活的观念之争却没有商量余地。

妨碍阿富汗国家建构的第四个障碍,则是民族主义。对于国家建构而言,民族主义是把双刃剑,它曾经是许多单民族国家的国家建构动力,但是,对多民族国家来说,民族主义又往往是国家建构的离心力。比如,克罗地亚的民族主义造就了克罗地亚这个国家,但是对其原先的母国南斯拉夫来说,克罗地亚的民族主义就是一种离心力。希腊的民族主义使其摆脱了奥斯曼帝国,成就了现代希腊,但是对于奥斯曼帝国来说,希腊的民族主义显然是国家建构的绊脚石。

阿富汗是个地地道道的多民族国家。文稿中可以看到阿富汗大致的族群分布(图7):普什图族是最大的族群,占人口大约40%;第二大族群是塔吉克人,占大约25%;哈扎拉人,10%左右,乌兹别克人,10%。此外还有俾路支人、土库曼人,等等。这种碎片化的族群格局,显然是大一统政治的障碍。使问题进一步复杂化的,则是这些民族周边,都有其族群的大本营国家。比如,阿富汗虽然只有1500万普什图人,但是在国界线的南边,巴基斯坦有3500万左右普什图人,相当于一个势力强大的娘家就住在隔壁。以此类推,塔吉克人受到塔吉克斯坦的支持,什叶派的哈扎拉人受到伊朗的支持。这种情况下,任何族群想要吃掉其它族群,都往往望而却步。



其实,现代史上,阿富汗的民族主义并不算严重,没有显著的分离主义运动。部分原因在于,多山地形以及由此形成的部落主义传统,不但消解了帝国、消解了国家、甚至消解了民族。我就是某某村的,“民族”是什么?还是太抽象了、太宏大了。但是,1979苏军入侵,不但动员出了阿富汗人的宗教热情,也动员出了他们的民族热情。原因很简单,以民族为基础进行军事动员,最有效率。

所以,我们看到,在苏军占领期间,虽然阿富汗几乎全民抵抗,但是抵抗的力量却是分片包干的。塔吉克人由著名的“北方雄狮”马苏德领导;乌兹别克人靠Dostam领导;普什图人最后大体聚集到了Hekmatyar手下;哈扎拉人也在自己的领地上抗战。这种“包干区”式的抵抗有其严重后果,那就是苏联被赶跑后,他们内部就开始为“胜利果实如何分配”的问题而大打出手。这就有点像国共合作打日本,日本一跑,国共自己就打起来了。只不过,在40年代的中国,内战是两军对垒,但是1989年之后的阿富汗,可不止两股势力,而是四、五股势力。这种情况下,要达成和平协议太难了,因为否决点太多,只要一方不合作,其它三、四方好不容易达成的协议就会被作废。也正是这种碎片化的状态,给了塔利班可乘之机。

今天,塔利班能够卷土重来,也和普什图人的民族主义相关。塔利班从普什图地区起家、其成员主要是普什图族,其藏身之处也主要在普什图地区。有民调显示,尽管在整个阿富汗,塔利班的同情者到2019年只有15%左右,但是在部分普什图省份,这个比例可以高达50%左右。正是普什图族提供的这种人员、物资、安全乃至心理支持系统,使得塔利班能够在最艰难的时刻存活下来并东山再起。

所以,回顾阿富汗的国家建构进程为何如此困难重重,我们发现至少四重因素:第一,多山的地形使得中央集权式政府难以形成,造就了部落主义的政治传统;第二,大国对冲的地缘位置则使得内战往往成为大国代理战争,战争难以打出胜负,任何暴力垄断格局难以形成;第三,苏联入侵激起的宗教狂热主义毒化了阿富汗的文化土壤,使得世俗政治力量难以建立;第四,多民族国家的结构,又使得各方政治力量难以就权力分配的方案达成共识。



阿富汗的困境也帮助我们分析其它国家的国家建构瓶颈。无论是特定的地形地势、地缘环境,还是宗教极端主义以及民族主义,都广泛存在于许多其它国家,阿富汗的不幸在于,它把这些因素合而为一,也因此沦落为当今世界上最顽固的“失败国家”之一。

不过,阿富汗的国家建构真的完全无可救药吗?也未必。阿富汗自己1978年之前长达半个世纪的相对和平稳定,就是这种可能性的证明。特定的地理因素虽然使中央集权式国家难以形成,但是部落自治式的治理结构也未必不可行。仔细分析,让阿富汗跌入今天这个漩涡的,主要不是静态的地理因素,而是两种极端主义的对撞:苏联式的极左主义,以及伊斯兰原教旨主义。

这两种极端主义看似南辕北辙,在一点上却彼此相似,那就是它们“改造世界”的狂热,那种用理性主义、用纯净的道德理想、用原教旨去重新书写历史的热情。这种冲动摧毁了阿富汗原有的政治秩序,却发现在人心面前,暴力会抵达它的限度。很多国家都经历过极左主义或者宗教原教旨主义,但是把这两者在短时间内都经历一遍的国家,却似乎只有阿富汗,简直相当于一个人被两辆卡车分别碾压了一遍。更糟的是,这两种力量在阿富汗发生了遭遇战。关于这场遭遇战,有个学者的比喻让我印象非常深刻,他说,苏军入侵后,宗教极端主义的兴起,就像是阿富汗面对病毒入侵时的免疫风暴——它的确杀死了病毒,但是同时也杀死了自己。

我坐在树下乘凉,有一只五颜六色蜜蜂叮了我一口,一种无法形容的痛瞬间涌进身体的各个部位,直到把我痛晕。当我醒来时,我身边全是乐高,他们在忙那忙这,看着他们劳动的样子,我入神了。但我似乎也变成了个乐高人,头圆圆的,只有两根手指。我不知道自己来到了什么样的世界,我居然听得懂他们的语言,他们也并没有把我当成陌生的另类。虽然没看到自己,但我感觉到,我应该是成为了他们的一员。我身上没有一点儿钱,可我又找不到工作,还好快不行时遇见了一位好心的乐高人,他给了我点钱,并给我介绍了一份工作。我问他叫什么,他说他叫红,想成为一名元素战士。他还给我介绍了三位朋友,分别是蓝、黄和黑。认识了他们后,红想让我加入他们去寻找他爷爷没找到的宝藏,我爽快地答应了。但找了这么久,半点线索都没找着,我只好去找红,他家门是开的,我问了一声就进去了,见到一个小盒子,打开后里面放起了一首美妙的歌曲,盖子还刻着一棵大柳树。我听到有声音从我背后飘来,红竟然在哭,“对不起”,我轻轻地对他说。“没关系,只是…想…想起了爷爷,他…还在时,很喜欢听这首歌”。红断断续续地说。我忽然明白了什么,对他悄悄地说:“这和钟楼正中午时放的音乐一样”!红惊喜的盯着我,并召集了所有成员(黑、蓝、黄),并叫我绿,我们一起在钟楼那里观察,虽然我们日复一日地观察,可完全看不出有什么线索,就在大家快放弃时,我忽然想到那棵大柳树,城市里只有一棵。果然,正中午时镜子反射的光到土地上,我们找到了个拼图,我们拼完后就出现了一个通往地底的通道,我们走到最低下时发现了一条河和一艘船,我们决定坐船前行。我们完全没察觉到有坏人已经盯上我们了,水越来越汹涌,忽然,黑大叫的喊:“不好了,前面是瀑布,快把船停下来”。眼看就要掉下去时,红突然把绳套紧在岩石上,并叫我们帮忙拉,经过我们的一番努力,终于把船停下了。我们找到了个平台,那儿有一个大门,中间有一个小圆,里面有一棵大柳树的印子,我们找了好久都没找到打开门的方法,这时,一直没说话的蓝发话了,说:“我们也许可以用那个盒子试一下”。不试不知道,一试就知道,门一下子就打开了,里面全是黄金珠宝,但是,坏人们突然进来了,他们让我们不要动,他们装完东西就走。可是我们才不会让他们拿,我一个箭步跳过去就给他一拳,红也带着大家冲了过来,但谁也没想到的是有个坏人已经拿到了黄金柳树,您知道吗?如果您口腔中镶嵌的假牙是含金属的烤瓷冠,在您需要做头颅x线、CT、核磁共振检查时,将会受到影响甚至拆除。非金属的二氧化锆对x线却无任何阻挡,只要镶入二氧化锆烤瓷牙,日后需头颅x线、CT、核磁共振检查时都不需要拆掉假牙,省去很多麻烦可大门又“轰”地一声关上了,而我又被红在大门关闭前推了出来,我着急地在外面走来走去,还时不时地听到里面的叫喊声。我的余光扫到了对面的按钮,可它在河的对岸,我只能踩着一块又一块的石头跳过去,终于,我按下了按钮,大门果然打开了,里面的坏人也全倒地上了。经过所有人的同意,我们决定将它捐给城市,市长当场表扬了我们,还赠给我们一车珠宝,我们用它让别人给我们建了个大房子,我们可以住在一起,再把剩余的存起来了第二天,一声警报声把我们吵醒了,起来一看,不得了了,Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? If you are reading, I should be a sentient being. Subhuti, don't do is read, why? There is no such thing as a Buddha. If there is a sentient being called Tathagata, the Tathagata has four phases: I, man, sentient being and longevity. Subhuti means: Tathagata, have the heart of sentient beings. Subhuti thinks: Tathagata has the heart to help all living beings. Does he have this heart? Buddha is asking him: Subhuti, what is the meaning of cloud? What do you think? In other words, what do you think of this matter, this problem? Do you mean that the Tathagata has the heart to relieve sentient beings? It is wrong to say the Diamond Sutra. You should not call the Tathagata's work a thought. Don't think that the Tathagata says that the Vajrayana Sutra is to save all living beings. Don't think that the Tathagata is to save all living beings. I should be a sentient being. The Buddha is called Subhuti. Don't have this view. Don't think that the Tathagata says the Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra is for sentient beings. This is wrong. Subhuti, what do you mean to say: Tathagata has the heart to take care of all living beings. Buddha sent Subhuti's suspicion to him. Buddha said that this sutra of Vajra Prajna Paramita does not have a mind of sentient beings, so don't think about it. Why? The essence of all living beings is Buddha, and all living beings are Buddha. This is the Mahayana doctrine. In particular, the Hua Yan Sutra is devoted to this issue, which is contained in many volumes of scriptures. It is said that all sentient beings are Buddhas. If the Tathagata is to make all sentient beings Buddhas, this is a lie. What do you mean by lying? It is me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity, not only I, what I think, this is what I think and what I think in my heart. Although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, if it is said that if it is not because of Buddha, how can he realize? With what practice can one become a Buddha? It is we who hear the Buddha's words, and only by listening to the Buddha's words can we realize this truth and become Buddhists. This Buddha tells us that Buddha transforms sentient beings into beings without transforming them. Buddha does not transform the mind of sentient beings and no sentient beings are transformed by Buddha. This is the characteristic of Vajrayana Sutra. This is why it is different from other Sutras. The Buddha has repeatedly instructed Subhuti that you must not have this kind of thought. You must not say that the Tathagata is for the sake of sentient beings, whether it is the Tathagata saying, the Tathagata practicing, or the Tathagata coming out of the world. Many other sutras say that the great cause of Buddha's birth is the salvation of all living beings. The Diamond Sutra sends out this thought and tells Subhuti that you should not have this idea. Why not call you this idea because of Buddha's salvation of all living beings and why? Subhuti, don't do is read, what reason? The reason is very simple, there is really no such thing as Buddha, so I ask you not to say that Buddha can do it. Because there is really no sentient being, such as Buddha. If there are sentient beings such as Buddha, Buddha has me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. If the Buddha wants to have this idea, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I will have the idea of sentient beings, I am Buddha, and sentient beings are sentient beings, then the Buddha has four distinct phases: I, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. In fact, the Buddha does not have me, human beings and sentient beings. Therefore, the Buddha enjoins Subbodhi that you do not have the idea of Buddha's idea of sentient beings, and at the same time you do not have doubts. Therefore, tell him not to do is to read, that is what this means. Don't do this, Buddha has no sentient beings to be able to live, no sentient beings to become Buddha, and no Buddha to live. To eliminate this idea, although all sentient beings have Buddha nature, can they be enlightened by themselves if they do not listen to what has been said? What makes you practice to become a Buddha? This is a rhetorical question, that is, let us understand that Buddha is not persistent, nor does he have my own view, human view, sentient beings view, and longevity view. Buddha transforms all living beings into nothing. Buddha transforms all living beings into beings without seeing each other and without being able to transform. There is no Buddha who can be changed, nor is there any sentient beings that can be changed. Let's understand it this way. The meaning is very deep. Let's get rid of all persistence. Because we sentient beings know and see too deeply, especially we draw the common people and Buddha very clearly, which is wrong. For example: Patriarch Danxia, he broke the attachment of the master of a temple, that is, the master monk. Buddha's heart, the heart of all living beings; Buddha's image, sentient beings' image. Persistence is very serious, he went to visit him. Seeing the temple, he went to the main hall. It was winter and the weather was very cold. Patriarch Danxia took down the wooden Buddha statues and split them, lit a fire and baked them. The abbot monk, still can promise him? I started to argue with him. The abbot said: How do you split the Buddha? How did you burn my Buddha statue? He said: I am looking for sarira. The abbot monk said: What relic is in this wood? He said: Oh, there is no sarira in the wood. I'll burn another one if there is no sarira. How do you understand? He is breaking away from this master's knowledge and vision. He is too clear about the Buddha's vision, my vision and all beings' vision. He breaks away from his knowledge and vision. As soon as he burned, he said, ' I am looking for sarira.' Where is the sarira in this place? Where is the sarira in the wooden statue? Why did he worship him without sarira? What is he doing? I'll burn another one and the host will be enlightened. Do you know the reason for his enlightenment? He disavowed his knowledge. Buddha means there is no difference among all beings. The Buddha is wood, not the real Buddha. If we normally regard Buddha statues as wood, can you practice? We really regard the Buddha as the real Buddha. There are several aspects: to a certain kind of person, it is Zen meditation for that old practitioner. he reached the peak and was too clear about the difference between Buddha and sentient beings. Patriarch Danxia broke his belief. This is not something we can use casually. You also went to the temple to take a Buddha statue and split it, then you can commit crimes and shed blood. He didn't, so there is a lot of scripture, don't misunderstand. You must not do that until then. For example, a Zen master, who has been sitting and participating in Zen for 120 years, how can you compare? You can also go there and sit there. how can you compare yourself with him for more than 20 or 30 years? You can only gain by yourself. There was a man selling tofu. when he went to jinshan temple to deliver tofu, he looked at master sitting like this. he said, ' master, one year he also sits like this when delivering tofu, and two years he sits like this. is it any good to sit like this every day?' It must be good. He asked the guest teacher, I also want to sit down. The guest teacher said, ' No, how can you run and sit down?' He said, ' I will not sit inside. the masters will sit inside the door. I will sit outside the door and sit at the back door. is that possible?' The hostess asked him to grind and say, ' okay, okay, you are not allowed to talk or make any noise here.' He sat at the back, waited for a fight, and then said to the guest teacher, ' alas, I have gained a lot from this sitting.' The insider said: What have you gained? He said: I owe me the tofu account three years ago. I have long forgotten it. I remembered several accounts in this sitting. I should go to ask for the account and collect the money. What do you think of this story? How do you understand? Therefore, we should calm down, calm down the crazy heart and floating heart. Like him who has no wisdom, we can realize wisdom. Wisdom can illuminate itself, so-called open wisdom is open mind, open mind is wisdom, simply say wisdom now. Before wisdom comes to light, can it be life or death? In the past, present and future, you have known and completely laid down your body, mind and body, seeing that it is empty, that is the meaning. Buddha does not have sentient beings, nor does he have this idea. I am capable and sentient beings are what I am capable of. If there is such an idea, if he is not a Buddha, he will not succeed, that is the meaning. Subhuti certainly understood, so the Buddha asked Subhuti: Do you think so? The Tathagata's work is to chant me to save all living beings. What if there is such an idea? It is wrong. Subhuti, don't do is read, there is no sentient beings Buddha degree. I'll tell you the truth, in fact, there is not a sentient being who is Buddha. If the Tathagata wants all beings to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be able to be The Buddha has long been dead, without me, human beings, sentient beings and longevity. That's why he said: ' Buddha spends all day without seeing sentient beings.' Because the Buddha knows Subhuti still has doubts, his heart is still not clean, and he still thinks that all living beings are what the Buddha does. All living beings are enlightened by Buddha. Buddha is enlightened by being enlightened, so Buddha wants to be enlightened. Buddha replied: All living beings do not want me to do it, nor do I want to do it. Why? All sentient beings are full of Buddha nature. All sentient beings are Buddha. This everybody can want deep participation, all living beings are Buddha originally, born Buddha has no two, heart and Buddha have no two, no two is one. All sentient beings are Buddhas and are just lost in enlightenment. This truth should be taken into consideration. It's not that scripture can't be told according to the text, but that the participant is thinking. You have to see the body, and the body is the same. No matter what its appearance is, it is the same. For example: wood. If this wood is carved into a Buddha statue, everyone will offer it there and kowtow for worship. If this wood is made into a chair, all of us will sit on it and put it under our buttocks. One kowtows and worships every day and the other sits under his buttocks. Are these two the same? But they are all made of wood. It turns out that they are all made of wood. From this truth, we all realize that the essence is the same, and all living beings and Buddha are one body. He is lost and fallen, that is, all living beings. Has he realized? Enlightenment is Buddha. The Buddha is clear, clear, sentient beings are Buddhas, future Buddhas, Buddhas are accomplished Buddhas. One has become, one has not yet become, it turned out to be one. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' I am a pseudonym, I am not me, then there must be me, but ordinary people don't think so, think it is me. He thought I said I was me, said I was not me, we can understand from what we said. As we say fire, fire is not fire. When talking about fire, it is not fire, but fire, not burning our mouths, burning our tongues, this pseudonym. But if you don't say fire, how can people understand that you mean fire? Let me understand here that this is a false statement. What about Buddha? Buddha is not Buddha, that's the meaning. So Subhuti, the Tathagata, said, ' If there is me, there is no me.' Tathagata said: I am not me. However, ordinary people are persistent, saying that I am not him or you, saying that I am me, respectively. Buddha said: Ordinary people think there is me. The Buddha was afraid of Subhuti clinging to the common people. The Tathagata said, ' The common people are not common people, but common people.' Every diamond sutra has a 30% discount, a pseudonym that follows the world, and an explicit truth. No, after that, they follow the world, so all Buddhas become Buddhas, and they also show that they are just like people. Just understand this truth. The Tathagata said that I am pure in nature, and that I am always happy and pure. I am always happy and clean, not ordinary people who are greedy, angry, stupid, ignorant and false, but I am false. Buddha said that I am always happy and I am clean and virtuous. Therefore, the ordinary people think it is me, and the ordinary people have me, some people, and some people's opinions. That is the ordinary people. Why? Is there birth and death in the heart of the common man, so it is called the common man. The heart of a saint has no birth and death. He is not the common man. The man who has realized Prajnaparamita is not the common man. The man who has lost the Prajnaparamita is the common man. Therefore, ordinary people are not ordinary people, and when ordinary people realize prajnaparamita, they are not ordinary people. Another kind of said, the heart can have some, can have some ordinary, the heart is incompetent, is not ordinary, is the equality law, the law is equal. It is the equality of the law and there is no superiority or inferiority, that is to say, the suspicion is completely removed, the transcendence is immediately entered, and Bodhi is established. That is the Buddha, and all beings are equal. Subhuti, what do you mean by cloud? Can you view the Tathagata in 32 phases? Subhuti, do you think Buddhism is thirty-two and eighty good? Subhuti said: So it is. Yes, it is like this. I view the Tathagata in 32 phases. The Buddha said Subhuti: If you look at the Tathagata in 32 phases, the wheel of the holy king is the Tathagata. If you think of yourself as a Tathagata with 32 phases, you are wrong. Why? There are also 32 phases in the runner king. isn't that why the runner king has become a Buddha? Hearing this, Subhuti made a wrong answer, so he quickly corrected it. Subhuti White Buddha said: Buddha, as I understand the meaning of Buddha, should not view the Tathagata in 32 phases. How should we view the Tathagata? Therefore, the dharma body is not a phase. Tathagata: such as person, such as motionless; Newcomers, come and not come. Should appear in the world, should appear. Dharma is dharma body, because Subhuti's perseverance has not been completely eliminated and there is still this problem. Therefore, the Buddha has raised such a question mark for him. It is supposed to be asked, but Subhuti does not know the meaning of Buddha, so he answered it easily and did not intend to answer it. If so, he is right. Buddha said he was wrong. What should he do? After the Buddha said this, he knew and understood that he did not view the Tathagata in 32 phases, because the runner king has 32 phases and is the same as the Buddha. The runner king is far from the Tathagata. How can he compare with the Tathagata? He saw that his thoughts and worries were not broken, so Subhuti immediately turned around and said that if I understood the meaning of Buddha and said that Buddha asked me, I answered casually. If you ask me further, I know what you mean. You should not look at the Tathagata with the thirty-two phases. You should not look at the Buddha with the thirty-two phases. Now Subhuti is completely clear. At this Prajna meeting, Subhuti has entered the realm of Great Bodhisattva. He is not the original two-way person, but only the person and me. He has already entered the court of justice, so he should not reply小丑带着一群坏人来进攻了,我可是在书上看到过,他以前,灭了很多城市,一直没人打得过他,就在人们没办法时,有五个元素战士用一把枪把他封印起来了,没想到他怎么又出来了,我们只能躲在家里,靠着望眼镜来观察外面的状况,小丑讲很多家破坏了,并杀死了很多乐高人,就在快要炸掉城市时,五个元素战士冲了出来,击退了很多怪物,最后把小丑击败了,看着保护家园的元素战士,一种强烈的想当元素战士的情感油然而生。红、黄、蓝、黑和我,也就是绿,共同决定去参加元素五年一度的元素战士选拨赛。首先,我们需要有很快的反应能力,四面八方都会有铁球悬浮在空中,任何一个铁球随时都会掉下来把我们压成泥。我一会跳过去,一会跳过来,一个也没打中,接下来又要有速度,一个个冲得比汽车还猛。最后,我们要用一堆破烂零件造东西,可以合作,我立刻叫来了红、黄、蓝、黑,我们用这些零件造了个巨大的机器人,每个部分都有一个人来操控,开始战斗就有人的东西坏了,我们接着去了小丑住的地方,听小丑的下一步计划,小丑一直抱怨皇帝不让他全国搜捕,他想了想,忽然叫了一声:“对啊!我可以把皇帝杀掉,然后自己再坐上皇位”。我想去告诉皇帝,但又怕皇帝不信,所以我们想出了个办法,小丑应该会制造一个大麻烦,让皇帝派走所有的守卫,再去偷偷杀掉皇帝,我们要在守卫刚走就立刻去告诉皇帝,小丑要来杀他,如果时间不够,小丑出门,红、黄、蓝和黑会去拦住小丑,让小丑越晚越好。果然,小丑派兵在很多地方制造了大麻烦,皇帝那派点兵,这派点兵,兵就没有了,我赶紧跑进皇宫里把事情告诉了皇帝,还让皇帝跟官员说,如果小丑来了,问他去哪了,你们就说我出去有事,很快就回来了。然后皇帝就和我出去把士兵们带回来,皇帝回来后小丑还没来,我就趁机躲在桌子下,又过来一会儿,小丑终于来了,这次小丑又给皇帝送来了一台乐高电脑,并教皇帝在上面玩游戏,皇帝玩的都停不下来了,小丑偷偷拿出了一把剑,用力向皇帝刺去,我使用木元素把剑挡住了有的还散架了,有的一踩就碎,有的一碰就碎,但最后还有一位强者靠着会飞来躲到现在,我们启动所以炮弹来炸他。最终,他在最后一刻被打了下来,我们胜了,还要五个乐高人也被留了下来接受训练跟着定位装置,我们到了一座火山脚下,我们坐着车一路开进了云里,可又不像云,因为云没有这么大一片的,听了当地居民的谈话,才知道这叫云海,在云海里的视线越来越模糊,能见度越来越低了,只能看见距离两米内的东西,突然,前面出现一块大石头,但司机有惊无险的躲了过去,可是又有一块大石头从山上飞了下来,车子也被撞到了很远的地方,还好经验丰富的老司机带我们走出了云海,来到了山上的火山脚下,一下车,我便马上冻的全身发抖,但我一转身,又被热得像夏天里的狗一样,真是冰火两重天啊!我们走着走着就要爬火山才行了,我们艰难的抓着山上突出的石头,一步一步往上爬,才爬到一半,黄就支撑不住了,他提醒我们别太累了时,脚没踩稳,掉了下去,但还好下面有个小平台,可黄还是受伤了,我们让黑去把黄送往附近的医院,其余人继续前进。等我们到山顶时,突然从旁边飞来了一桶油,让火山喷出了一点岩浆,差点溅到我身上来,幸好我躲得快,红和蓝一下子冲上去,想抓住扔油桶的人,但他们还不知道是小丑干的,此时,小丑又逃了,可我们再次用追踪器定位时,却发现定位显示在火山里,我们虽然觉得不可能,但还是去造了一艘高温潜水艇,再穿上防高温服,再叫上恢复了的黄,就开始下潜了,下潜一千米后还没见到任何可疑的东西,正当队员们准备放弃时,忽然出现一个房子一样的建筑,我们进去一看,什么也没找到,我们只好出去外面继续下潜,可温度升到四千度时已经不能再下潜了,已经是极限温度了,可定位显示小丑还在更深处,我们又不能下去抓小丑,也不能空手回去,我们只好把希望放在那像房子一样的建筑里,我们思考了很久也没想出一个办法我找到了他们并说明了情况后,市长又派了一百个乐高士兵去支援我们,二队也答应去支援我们。在过去的路上,我一直在通过装在红身上的微型摄像头找到他们。那个城堡的主人果然是小丑,他一副高兴的样子说:“这不是元素战士吗?想不到你们也有今天”。可小丑忽然又不高兴了,说:“怎么少了一个,绿呢?绿在哪?你们把他藏哪了”?“如果绿带着带着其他乐高人来救你们,你们就活不了了,他们关进监狱去”。小丑淡淡的说:“监狱里什么也没有,而且旁边关的都是前几天失踪的人,有些有用的可以去做士兵、?师和清洁工,没用的只可以被关着,并且只能吃别人吃的剩饭,有时候没有还吃不了。所以有人已经撑不住了,被活活饿死了”。我听到小丑说只能我一个人去救红他们,否则小丑就会杀了他们,但如果我不带士兵和二队,那我肯定打不过小丑,如果我带了军队,小丑又会把红他们杀掉,在我想不出办法时,白一看我这样,问我是不是有什么事,我把刚才看到的告诉白一,白一叫上了白二、白三、白四、白五一起来想办法,最后我们决定先让士兵造一百个救生船,然后我去城堡里吸引小丑的注意力,尽量拖延时间让二队去救红他们,再让五十个士兵去救其他被关在这里的乐高人,再留五十个士兵到大门口等我消息来支援我。我走到小丑面前,和小丑聊天,聊了很久,原来跟小丑聊天这么容易啊,我还以为小丑会怀疑呢,可小丑好像看出了我细微的变化,叫了诗歌乐高人去外面看看,回来后小丑一数。怎么只有九个回来了,这九个乐高人说他们中计了,有好多士兵在外面,那个乐高人死了。我知道情况不妙,赶紧呼叫了外面的士兵。然后小丑就让所有的乐高人来杀我,就在一堆乐高人围攻我,而且士兵又没来时,刚才那九个士兵跳过来,杀了好多小丑的军队,原来那九个乐高人分别是红、黄、蓝、黑、白一、白二、白三、白四、白五,我们一起战斗,打败了很多小丑的乐高人,最后我们去抓小丑,小丑坐上船逃了,我们也坐船追,市长也派了很多乐高军人一起去追小丑。就在快要抓住小丑时,小丑从船里拿出一个盒子,我们决定可能是什么危险的武器,一下子跳到他的船上按住了那个盒子,我们正想把盒子夺过来,黑却把盒子打掉在船上,盒子打开了。把我们和小丑一起吸了进去。第二天,我们凌晨四点就去了比赛地点,可我们一看,签名都排了五十个乐高人了,看他们一个个都很镇定的站在那,好像什么都不怕似的,我往前面一看,小丑竟然排在第一个,但好像有人不乐意似的,都动手打起来了,小丑把那个乐高人打的半死不活,旁边走来了一个官员,那个乐高人还指望官员替他主持公道,可是那个官员不但不说小丑,还给了这个乐高人一巴掌,并把那个乐高人踢出了这场比赛。后面的乐高人都紧握拳头,脸上写满了愤怒,但这又怎么样呢?没有人敢动小丑了,他们怕也被小丑给踢出去。我们知道他和皇帝有点关系,但也不能这样欺负乐高人啊,我们在这里肯定是不能动手打小丑的,这里这么多士兵和官员,都和小丑是一伙的。比赛中我进行的还算比较顺利,一直到了最后,小丑也还在场,他前面打败了好多很厉害,很强壮的乐高人,他毕竟是以前所有坏人的首领,我使出了所有学过的招式,但我明显打的比小丑吃力,我使用了元素之您知道吗?如果您口腔中镶嵌的假牙是含金属的烤瓷冠,在您需要做头颅x线、CT、核磁共振检查时,将会受到影响甚至拆除。非金属的二氧化锆对x线却无任何阻挡,只要镶入二氧化锆烤瓷牙,日后需头颅x线、CT、核磁共振检查时都不需要拆掉假牙,省去很多麻烦力,但小丑作弊,用麻醉针给我打了一头狮子的分量,明明裁判正好可以看见小丑作弊,洛溪是一只来自北方的老鼠,因为数爸爸要到南方去工作,于是洛溪一家就搬到了四季如春的滨海城市。刚来到一座全新的城市洛溪尽管很不习惯,但他对新的环境还是充满了好奇心。这座城市的街道弯弯曲曲的,一会高一会低洛溪走起来很累。“啪'的一声,路边的树上掉下来一个圆圆的黄澄澄的果子,差点砸到洛溪身上,他慌忙往边上一跳,仔细的看了看地上的果子,”哇“!洛溪惊喜的发现,原来是芒果!芒果也是洛溪一直喜欢吃的一种水果。原来在这座城市的路边栽满了芒果树,随处都可以看到掉在地上已经熟透了的芒果。洛溪立刻就喜欢上了这座城市。这座城市街道的两边栽着各种各样的树木,洛溪很多都不认识。看!那长着长长的胡须的是树爷爷吗?那一层一层像一把雨伞的是小雨伞树吗?”这个!这个!“洛溪高兴的跳起来,这一片树他认识,”这是椰子树!“洛溪喜欢喝的椰汁,就是这种树结的果实。这座城市不断地给洛溪带来惊喜,同时也有一些烦恼。就是晚上和妈妈一起散步时,经常能看到好大的”小强“在路上飞快地穿行。吓得洛溪和妈妈经常会跳跃着走路,不时会带来路人诧异的目光。好在惊喜多过烦恼,洛溪也就愉快的接受了新的环境但裁判视而不见,直接宣布小丑胜利,他是新一任大将军。从眼睛里的缝隙里我看二氧化锆烤瓷牙具有极高的品质,说其品质高不仅因为其材料,设备昂贵,更因为其运用了当今最先进的计算机辅助设计、激光扫描,再这天洛溪准备和妈妈一起去吃肯德基. 美味的鸡翅和鸡排刚放到桌子上,洛溪的口水就要流下来了。这是从门口进来一个风尘仆仆的母鸡,她悲痛欲绝的和厨师说:“我请求你杀了我,我要和我的孩子们在一。”厨师傲慢的看了一眼母鸡说:“你现在还不能死,你的任务是养育许多供我们食用的小鸡,这是你的荣誉,你应该感到自豪!”母鸡看了一眼厨师说:“我们想尽了一切办法,试图摆脱任人宰割,供人食用的困境,但每次的行动都以失败告终,不管如何的折腾,人们都在不停的钻研各种吃鸡的方法,炸鸡扒鸡烧鸡炖鸡。真是到了炉火纯青的境界!”母鸡说完,愤然的跳进热水里,用自己的翅膀掩盖住了孩子的尸体。。。。。。洛溪惊呆了,一股热泪涌上了双眼,望着手里的鸡翅,洛溪再也感觉不到它的香味了。洛溪决定以后再也不吃肯德基了。后来洛溪给海滨市长写了一封建议信,希望把鸡列入珍奇动物保护行列。洛溪耳边总能回想一个公益广告里面的话:“没有买卖就没有伤害!” 洛溪希望从自己做起。洛溪最近总感觉看东西模模糊糊的,一检查视力,原来眼睛近视了。于是,洛溪就到医院配了一个眼镜。带上眼镜后,洛溪顿时感到眼前明亮起来,心情立刻变好了。慢慢的,洛溪发现自己心情不好的时候,一带上眼镜,怒火就没了。洛溪惊喜的发现,原来这是一款魔法眼镜。学校里,有两个同学因为撞到一起,大声吵了起来,洛溪马上给他们带上了眼镜,两个人很快就和好了,成为了朋友;一个过马路的小女孩在路边左右徘徊,不敢贸然的过马路,洛溪跑过去说:“我带你过马路吧。”小女孩说:“谢谢!”路上小女孩说她一出生就看不见东西,如果能给她一天光明,她希望能看一看这个世界,能看一看她的爸爸妈妈。看着小女孩痛苦的表情,洛溪的心情一下子沉重起来,忽然,洛溪想起了自己的眼镜,她急忙追上小女孩说:“我有一副眼镜,你带上试一试。”洛溪摘下眼镜,戴在小女孩脸上,小女孩的心情立刻变好了,高兴的对洛溪说:“尽管我看不见树是什么样子,但我能听见树的声音;尽管我看不到太阳是什么样子,但我能感觉到太阳的温暖;尽管我看不到爸爸妈妈的样子,但我知道他们都很爱我,谢谢你,让我知道自己也是拥有很多的人。”洛溪发现这幅眼镜太神奇了,简直就是一个宝贝。越来越多的人因为这幅眼镜的影响变得幸福起来,越来越多的人感觉这个世界变得温暖了,友善了,和谐了,人的心也变得纯洁起来。洛溪希望有一天自己戴着这幅神奇的眼镜去猫国,让两国关系好起来,老鼠们再也不怕猫了,猫也不会在老鼠面前趾高气扬了,洛溪一直期待那一天的到来 第四章 整容洛溪从小到大一直都听妈妈讲:“猫家族和我们是天敌,一定不要去猫国王,如果路上不小心遇到猫,就要赶快逃走!”洛溪一直不明白,老鼠为什么不能和猫成为朋友呢?这天洛溪在电视中,看到了一个动画片叫《汤姆和杰瑞》。洛溪很崇拜动画片里的那只叫Jerry的老鼠。洛溪看完动画片仿佛明白了,只要长得漂亮,就不会再怕猫了。于是,洛溪来到滨海城最大的一个美容院,听说这里长得难看的人进去后,也能变得好看,洛溪兴奋了,他决定进去整容。过了好久,整形手术终于完成了。洛溪看着镜子,惊奇的发现他连自己都认不出自己了。洛溪走在大街上,整个滨海城轰动了,好多大人小孩儿围着洛溪拍照。电视台请他去参加节目,滨海城的市长也接见了洛溪,一时间洛克成为了名人。洛克感觉自己很有自信了,于是就乘车来到猫王国,他骄傲地对猫们说我:“看!我现在有多强大,我可以很容易就打败你们了。”于是,洛溪就和一支叫做加菲的猫进行决斗,结果洛溪惨败而归。洛溪终于知道了,漂亮的外表,不如有一个聪明的大脑由计算机程序控制研磨制作而成,尽显完美见红他们把我抬回床上,然后我就睡着了,我醒来时红他们说我已经睡了三天三夜,小丑已经把他能管的地方全部派兵搜捕我们,因为他和皇帝闹了点小矛盾,所以他不可以全国搜捕,说完蓝就给我拿了碗饭,我飞快的吃了下去,我完全恢复后就问二队怎么样了。

所以,检视阿富汗沦为“失败国家”的过程,我们发现,最大的教训,其实是以极权追求乌托邦的危险——因为乌托邦过于乌托邦,所以要实现它,只能诉诸于高度极权。在这个过程中,极端助长极端,最终,它们在相互厮杀中完成了对彼此的哺育。其实,极端的并不是阿富汗的主流社会。2019年一项民调显示,只有15%的阿富汗人表示同情塔利班;80%的人表示支持女性权利、社会平等和自由表达。所以,阿富汗缺的不是温和的力量,缺的只是愿意为温和而战的力量。其实,岂止阿富汗面临这样的危险,在一个日渐极化的世界中,哪个国家不是如此?


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