2018年诺贝尔化学奖颁给Frances H Arnold等人，表彰他们实现酶的定向演化和多肽和抗体的噬菌体呈现技术
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2018年诺贝尔化学奖一半颁给Frances H Arnold，奖励她实现了酶的定向演化；另一半颁发给George P Smith和Gregory P Winter，奖励他们实现了多肽和抗体的噬菌体呈现技术。
The power of evolution is revealed through the diversity of life. The 2018 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have taken control of evolution and used it for purposes that bring the greatest benefit to humankind. Enzymes produced through directed evolution are used to manufacture everything from biofuels to pharmaceuticals. Antibodies evolved using a method called phage display can combat autoimmune diseases and in some cases cure metastatic cancer. Since the first seeds of life arose around 3.7 billion years ago, almost every crevice on Earth has filled with different organisms. Life has spread to hot springs, deep oceans and dry deserts, all because evolution has solved a number of chemical problems. Life’s chemical tools – proteins – have been optimised, changed and renewed, creating incredible diversity. This year’s Nobel Laureates in Chemistry have been inspired by the power of evolution and used the same principles – genetic change and selection – to develop proteins that solve mankind’s chemical problems. One half of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded to Frances H. Arnold. In 1993, she conducted the first directed evolution of enzymes, which are proteins that catalyse chemical reactions. Since then, she has refined the methods that are now routinely used to develop new catalysts. The uses of Frances Arnold’s enzymes include more environmentally friendly manufacturing of chemical substances, such as pharmaceuticals, and the production of renewable fuels for a greener transport sector. The other half of this year’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry is shared by George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter. In 1985, George Smith developed an elegant method known as phage display, where a bacteriophage – a virus that infects bacteria – can be used to evolve new proteins. Gregory Winter used phage display for the directed evolution of antibodies, with the aim of producing new pharmaceuticals. The first one based on this method, adalimumab, was approved in 2002 and is used for rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Since then, phage display has produced antibodies that can neutralise toxins, counteract autoimmune diseases and cure metastatic cancer. We are in the early days of directed evolution’s revolution which, in many different ways, is bringing and will bring the greatest benefit to humankind. （机器翻译：通过生活的多样性揭示了进化的力量。 2018年诺贝尔化学奖获得者控制了进化，并将其用于为人类带来最大利益的目的。通过定向进化产生的酶用于制造从生物燃料到药物的所有物质。使用称为噬菌体展示的方法进化的抗体可以对抗自身免疫疾病，并且在一些情况下治愈转移性癌症。自从生命的第一颗种子出现在大约37亿年前，地球上几乎每个缝隙都充满了不同的生物。生命已经蔓延到温泉，深海和干燥的沙漠，这一切都是因为进化已经解决了许多化学问题。生命的化学工具 - 蛋白质 - 已经过优化，改变和更新，创造了令人难以置信的多样性。今年的诺贝尔化学奖获得者受到进化力量的启发，并使用相同的原理 - 遗传变化和选择 - 来开发解决人类化学问题的蛋白质。今年诺贝尔化学奖的一半奖授予Frances H. Arnold。 1993年，她进行了酶的第一次定向进化，这是一种催化化学反应的蛋白质。从那时起，她已经改进了现在常用于开发新催化剂的方法。 Frances Arnold酶的用途包括更环保的化学物质制造，如药品，以及为更环保的运输部门生产可再生燃料。今年的另一半诺贝尔化学奖由George P. Smith和Sir Gregory P. Winter共同分享。 1985年，乔治史密斯开发了一种称为噬菌体展示的优雅方法，其中噬菌体 - 一种感染细菌的病毒 - 可用于进化新蛋白质。 Gregory Winter使用噬菌体展示进行抗体的定向进化，目的是生产新的药物。第一种基于这种方法的阿达木单抗于2002年获得批准，用于治疗类风湿性关节炎，牛皮癣和炎症性肠病。从那时起，噬菌体展示产生了可以中和毒素，抵抗自身免疫疾病和治愈转移性癌症的抗体。我们处于直接进化革命的早期阶段，它以多种不同的方式带来并将为人类带来最大的利益。）
Frances H. Arnold, 1956年出生于美国匹兹堡。博士 1985年，美国加州大学伯克利分校。 Linus Pauling美国加州理工学院化学工程，生物工程和生物化学教授，美国帕萨迪纳. http://fhalab.caltech.edu
George P. Smith, 1941年出生于美国诺沃克。博士 1970年，哈佛大学，剑桥，美国哥伦比亚密苏里大学生物科学荣誉教授。http://biology.missouri.edu/people/?person=94
Sir Gregory P. Winter, 1951年出生于英国莱斯特。博士 1976.英国剑桥大学。 研究负责人，英国剑桥分子生物学MRC实验室。 www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/group-leaders/emeritus/greg-winter/
完整阅读: https://old.nobelprize.org/che-sci.pdf?_ga=2.55086763.1889703975.1538386395-898090642.1538097643
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