国际视野 | Nature Climate Change-2019第9期

Volume 9 Issue 9,

September 2019

Image:

Dan Grinwis.

Cover Design: 

Tulsi Voralia.

输

Wave climate projections

Wind-generated waves, such as those shown on the cover shaping a sandy beach in Cape Town, South Africa, play a major role in coastal sea-level dynamics and shoreline change. Future changes to deepwater wave climate (height, frequency and direction) will likely affect approximately 50% of the world's coastlines, and could drive significant changes in coastal oceanic processes and hazards.

译：波浪气候预测

如封面所示（南非开普敦塑造沙滩的海浪），风力产生的海浪在沿海海平面动态和海岸线变化中起着重要作用。未来深水波气候（高度，频率和方向）的变化可能会影响世界约50％的海岸线，并可能导致沿海海洋过程和灾害的重大变化。

See Morim et al.

Editorial

Editorial | 28 August 2019

Sustainable land use for mitigation

The latest IPCC report highlights that a change in diets for richer nations, and smarter land use, could ensure food security and mitigation of potential climate impacts.

译：可持续土地利用用于减缓

最新的IPCC报告强调，富裕国家的饮食变化和更智能的土地使用可以确保粮食安全和减轻潜在的气候影响。

Comment

Comment | 19 August 2019

Tackling climate change with blockchain

Concern about the carbon footprint of Bitcoin is not holding back blockchain developers from leveraging the technology for action on climate change. Although blockchain technology is enabling individuals and businesses to manage their carbon emissions, the social and environmental costs and benefits of doing so remain unclear.

Peter Howson

译：用区块链解决气候变化问题

对比特币碳足迹的担忧并没有妨碍区块链开发商利用该技术对气候变化采取行动。尽管区块链技术使个人和企业能够管理其碳排放，但这样做的社会和环境成本和收益仍然不明确。

Books & Arts

Books & Arts | 28 August 2019

The future when we don’t do enough

译：若不尽力，我们的未来......

Cassandra L. Thiel

Research Highlights

Research Highlight | 28 August 2019

Climate and food goals

译：气候和粮食目标

Alyssa Findlay

Research Highlight | 28 August 2019

National frames

译：国家框架

Adam Yeeles

Research Highlight | 28 August 2019

Temperature definitions matter

译：温度定义很重要

Baird Langenbrunner

Research Highlight | 28 August 2019

Benefits of a pea and tonic

译：豌豆和滋补品的好处

Bronwyn Wake

News & Views

News & Views | 12 August 2019

Wasting less electricity before use

New research finds that global inefficiencies in power transmission and distribution infrastructure result in nearly a gigatonne of CO2-equivalent annually. Countries can use this overlooked mitigation opportunity in their transition to a clean power sector.

译：减少使用之前的电力浪费

新的研究发现，全球性的低效输电和配电基础设施，导致了每年近千兆吨的CO2。各国在向清洁电力部门过渡时，可以利用这一被忽视的减缓机会。

Constantine Samaras

News & Views | 12 August 2019

Midlatitudes unaffected by sea ice loss

Climate scientists cannot agree on what caused a recent spate of severe winters over North America and Eurasia. Now, a simple yet powerful physics-based approach makes it clear that record-low Arctic sea ice coverage was not the root cause.

译：中纬度不受海冰损失的影响

气候科学家无法就最近北美和欧亚大陆发生极端冬季的原因达成一致。现在，一种简单但强大的基于物理的方法清楚地表明，记录的低水平的北极海冰覆盖不是根本原因。

John C. Fyfe

News & Views | 26 August 2019

A canary in the Southern Ocean

The Southern Ocean is a major carbon sink, but knowledge of its variability is limited, especially in the coastal Antarctic. Now, results based on 25 years of observations in the West Antarctic Peninsula show that the carbon sink is increasing rapidly, driven by summertime biological production linked to sea ice dynamics.

译：南大洋的金丝雀

南大洋是一个主要的碳汇，但关于其变化的知识是有限的，特别是在南极洲沿海。现在，南极半岛西部25年的观测结果显示，由于与海冰动力学相关的夏季生物生产，碳汇正在迅速增加。

Nicolas Metzl

Matters Arising

Matters Arising | 28 August 2019

Implausible projections overestimate near-term Bitcoin CO2 emissions

译：不可信的预测高估了近期比特币CO2的排放

Eric Masanet, Arman Shehabi […] & Jens Malmodin

Matters Arising | 28 August 2019

Rational mining limits Bitcoin emissions

译：合理的“采矿”限制比特币排放

Nicolas Houy

Matters Arising | 28 August 2019

Could Bitcoin emissions push global warming above 2 °C?

译：比特币排放能否将全球变暖推高到2°C以上？

Lars Dittmar & Aaron Praktiknjo

Matters Arising | 28 August 2019

Mora et al. reply

译：Mora等人的回复

Camilo Mora, Randi L. Rollins […] & Erik C. Franklin

Letters

Letter | 12 August 2019

The climate mitigation opportunity behind global power transmission and distribution

Additional electricity generation is required to compensate for losses from inefficient transmission and distribution infrastructure. In this study, emissions from compensatory generation and the potential for reductions are estimated for 142 countries.

译：全球输电和配电背后的气候减缓机会

为了补偿低效输电和配电基础设施的损失，需要额外的发电。这项研究估计了142个国家的补偿性发电排放量和减排潜力。

Kavita Surana & Sarah M. Jordaan

Letter | 19 August 2019

Summer weather becomes more persistent in a 2 °C world

Climate models project an increase in summer weather persistence for the northern mid-latitudes. In a 2 °C world, two-week-long hot-and-dry conditions increase by up to 20% for eastern North America. The chance of a week of heavy rainfall increases by 26%, adding to the risk of extremes in the future.

译：在2°C的世界中，夏季天气变得更加持久

气候模型预测北半球中纬度地区夏季天气持续增加。在2°C的世界范围内，北美东部地区长达两周的干热条件增加了20％，一周的暴雨几率增加了26％，增加了未来极端风险。

Peter Pfleiderer, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner […] & Dim Coumou

Letter | 12 August 2019

Antarctic iceberg impacts on future Southern Hemisphere climate

Climate change will increase meltwater and iceberg discharge from Antarctica, with implications for future climate and sea levels. Iceberg melt will partly offset greenhouse warming in the Southern Ocean and dampen the positive feedback loop between ice-sheet melting and subsurface warming.

译：南极冰山对未来南半球气候的影响

气候变化将增加南极洲的冰山融水排放，对未来的气候和海平面产生影响。冰山融化将部分抵消南大洋的温室气候变暖，并抑制冰盖融化与地下变暖之间的正反馈回路。

Fabian Schloesser, Tobias Friedrich […] & David Pollard

Letter | 26 August 2019

Enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake along the rapidly changing West Antarctic Peninsula

Along the West Antarctic Peninsula, a 25-year dataset indicates that oceanic CO2 uptake depends on upper ocean stability and phytoplankton dynamics. Diatoms achieve high oceanic CO2 uptake and uptake efficiency. There has been a nearly fivefold increase in oceanic CO2 uptake due to sea ice changes.

译：南极半岛西部的快速变化，海洋CO2的吸收增强

沿着西南极半岛，一个25年的数据集表明，海洋CO2的吸收取决于海洋上层稳定性和浮游植物动态。硅藻实现高海洋CO2吸收和吸收效率。由于海冰的变化，目前海洋二氧化碳吸收增加了近五倍。

Michael S. Brown, David R. Munro […] & Oscar M. Schofield

Letter | 12 August 2019

Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2fertilization of global plant biomass

Elevated CO2 increases plant biomass, providing a negative feedback on global warming. Nutrient availability was found to drive the magnitude of this effect for the majority of vegetation globally, and analyses indicated that CO2 will continue to fertilize plant growth in the next century.

译：氮和磷限制了全球植物生物量的CO2施肥

高CO2增加植物生物量，提供了对全球变暖的负反馈。发现养分供应量可以推动全球大部分植被的这种影响，并且分析表明，二氧化碳将在下个世纪继续为植物生长施肥。

César Terrer, Robert B. Jackson […] & Oskar Franklin

Letter | 19 August 2019

How contemporary bioclimatic and human controls change global fire regimes

Fires play an important role in ecosystem dynamics. Long-term controls on global burnt area include fuel continuity and moisture, with ignitions and human activity becoming dominant in specific ecosystems. Changes in fuel continuity and moisture are the main drivers of changes of fire globally.

译：当代生物气候和人类控制如何改变全球火灾制度

火灾在生态系统动态中起着重要作用。对全球燃烧区域的长期控制包括燃料连续性和湿度，点火和人类活动，开始在特定生态系统中占主导地位。燃料连续性和湿度的变化是全球火灾变化的主要驱动因素。

Douglas I. Kelley, Ioannis Bistinas […] & Ning Dong

Articles

Article | 12 August 2019

Minimal influence of reduced Arctic sea ice on coincident cold winters in mid-latitudes

Two independent methods, applied to observations and climate models, suggest that changes in atmospheric circulation drive cold winters in mid-latitudes and coincident mild Arctic winters. Reduced Arctic sea ice causes Arctic warming but has minimal influence on the severity of mid-latitude winters.

译：降低的北极海冰对中纬度地区偶尔寒冷冬季的影响最小

应用于观测和气候模型的两种独立方法表明，大气环流的变化驱动了中纬度地区的寒冷冬季和北极偶尔的温和冬季。北极海冰减少导致北极变暖，但对中纬度冬季的严重程度影响极小。

Russell Blackport, James A. Screen[…] & Richard Bintanja

Article | 05 August 2019

Persistent acceleration in global sea-level rise since the 1960s

Satellite altimetry shows global mean sea-level rise acceleration; however, sparse tide-gauge data limit understanding of the longer-term trend. A hybrid method of reconstruction for 1900–2015 shows acceleration since the 1960s, linked to increases and shifts in Southern Hemisphere westerly winds.

译：自20世纪60年代以来，全球海平面上升持续加速

卫星测高显示全球平均海平面上升加速度; 然而，稀疏的潮汐测量数据限制了对长期趋势的理解。1900 - 2015年的混合重建方法显示自20世纪60年代以来的加速，与南半球西风的增加和变化有关。

Sönke Dangendorf, Carling Hay […] & Jürgen Jensen

Article | 19 August 2019

Robustness and uncertainties in global multivariate wind-wave climate projections

There are large uncertainties in wind-wave climate projections that need to be resolved to allow adaptation planning. A multi-method ensemble of global wave climate projections shows robust changes in wave height, period and direction that put 50% of the global coast at risk.

译：全球多变量风浪气候预测的稳健性和不确定性

风浪气候预测存在很大的不确定性，需要加以解决，以便进行适应规划。全球波浪气候预测的多方法集合显示出波高、周期和方向的强烈变化，使全球50％的海岸面临风险。

Joao Morim, Mark Hemer […] & Fernando Andutta

Article | 19 August 2019

Emergence of anthropogenic signals in the ocean carbon cycle

The components of the ocean carbon cycle will respond differently to climate change, with anthropogenic impacts first seen on processes sensitive to chemical changes—the calcium carbonate pump and oceanic uptake of CO2—with the soft-tissue pump (sensitive to the ocean’s physical state) emerging later.

译：海洋碳循环中人为信号的出现

海洋碳循环的组成部分对气候变化的响应不同，人类影响首先出现在对化学变化敏感的过程 - 碳酸钙泵和海洋吸收二氧化碳，后来出现在软组织泵（对海洋的物理状态敏感）。

Sarah Schlunegger, Keith B. Rodgers […] & Richard Slater

来源：

Nature Climate Change

说明：

小编翻译了部分题目及摘要，专业能力有限，若有不当之处，还请读者指正！

整理、排版：TM

责任编辑：梁龙武

审核：任宇飞   王波涛

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