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新冠病毒因泄漏?石正丽:请国家调查给我们清白

观潮君的☞ 雨中红莲 2020-08-17

 

面对铺天盖地的病毒泄漏质疑,风口浪尖上的石正丽表示希望国家专业部门来调查,以还团队一个清白。

来源:财新网  作者:杨睿、冯禹丁、赵今朝;徐路易、张子竹、黄晏浩亦有贡献 图源网络


“阴谋论者不相信科学。我希望国家专业部门来调查,给我们一个清白。”中国科学院武汉病毒研究所研究员石正丽2月4日回复财新记者称,“我自己的话没有说服力,我不能控制别人的思想和言论。”

石正丽,中科院新发和烈性病原与生物安全重点实验室主任、武汉病毒所新发传染病研究中心主任、湖北省科技厅“2019新型肺炎应急科技攻关研究项目”应急攻关专家组组长,却在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情异常严峻的关头,陷入到一场“质疑”她所在实验室可能是新冠病毒源头的舆论风波之中。

“新型冠状病毒是人造的生化武器”“新冠病毒是从武汉病毒所实验室泄漏出来的”……自新冠疫情暴发以来,不断有人在社交媒体上宣称,新冠病毒与中科院位于武汉的病毒研究所有关。公开资料显示,中科院位于武汉的病毒研究所拥有中国唯一一个P4级别的生物安全实验室,石正丽是该实验室副主任和生物安全3级实验室主任。P4是生物安全实验室的最高防护级别,专用于研究高度危险、至今无已知疫苗或治疗方式的病原体。

流言契合了人们心中的一些疑惑,不免引发联想。比如,为什么偏偏在武汉出现新型病毒;为什么病毒传人的源头——中间宿主始终找不到;病毒的自然宿主是蝙蝠,而石正丽实验室正是蝙蝠病毒研究的学术权威。

石正丽团队曾于2017年确定SARS病毒是经过几个蝙蝠SARS样冠状病毒重组而来。新冠疫情暴发后,石正丽团队1月23日在生物学论文预印平台bioRxiv上即发表文章“一种新型冠状病毒的发现及其可能的蝙蝠起源”。该研究表明,新冠病毒与2003年非典病毒(SARS-CoV)的基因序列一致性达79.5%,与云南菊头蝠中存在的RaTG13冠状病毒一致性高达96%,表明其自然宿主很有可能是蝙蝠。这一研究最早在实验层面证明了新冠病毒与SARS病毒的关联,以及其可能的自然宿主为蝙蝠。2月3日,在经过同行评审后,这篇论文已发表在国际顶尖学术期刊《自然》上。


面对外界的质疑和指责,2月2日,石正丽在微信朋友圈愤怒回应道:“2019新型冠状病毒是大自然给人类不文明生活习惯的惩罚,我石正丽用我的生命担保,与实验室没有关系。奉劝那些相信并传播不良媒体的谣传的人、相信印度学者不靠谱的所谓学术分析的人,闭上你们的臭嘴。”

事后,石正丽向财新记者解释,专业问题她不想与非专业人士讨论,“说不清”“没有用的,浪费我时间”,她说,“我能告诉你的是,我们是合法合规地开展实验活动。”

社交媒体上的质疑声

最早把石正丽实验室与新型冠状病毒联系起来的流言之一,是在1月下旬,有人发现2018年央视报道过中科院武汉病毒研究所牵头的科研团队发现了一种源自蝙蝠的新型冠状病毒(SADS-CoV),便揣测新冠病毒(2019-nCoV)是否与其有关。实际上,2018年被发现的是一种“猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒”,与新冠病毒在分类学上不是一个种,两者的基因组相似度仅仅略高于50%。此乃天壤之别。

随后,又有人发现石正丽曾参与2015年11月9日发表在《自然医学》上的一篇研究。该研究是关于一种在中国马蹄蝠身上发现的类SARS冠状病毒(SHC014-CoV)可能会引发的疾病,研究人员利用SARS反向遗传学系统,生成并鉴别出一种嵌合病毒。简单来说,这种嵌合病毒由SHC014的表面蛋白和SARS病毒的骨架构成。嵌合病毒可感染人类的呼吸道细胞,证明了SHC014的表面蛋白具有与细胞上的关键受体结合并感染细胞的必要结构。嵌合体能引发小鼠疾病,但无法致死。研究表明,目前蝙蝠种群中流行的病毒可能会再次引发SARS-CoV(非典病毒)疫情的潜在风险。

需要指出的是,这篇论文共有15位作者,分别来自美国北卡罗来纳大学、阿肯色州杰斐逊市食品和药物管理局国家毒理学研究中心等单位,其中包括中科院武汉病毒研究所的两名科研人员葛行义和石正丽。在作者贡献中,葛行义负责假型实验,而石正丽则提供了SHC014棘突蛋白序列以及质粒。实验的设计和实施都是在北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的实验室进行的。

质疑者据此宣称,新冠病毒可能是4年前这一实验中经改造的病毒从实验室泄漏而来。他们还援引《自然》资深记者德兰·巴特勒(Declan Butler)2015年撰写的文章称,巴黎巴斯德(Pasteur)研究所的病毒学家韦恩·霍布森(Simon Wain-Hobson)曾指出,“如果病毒逃脱,那么谁也无法预测它的传播轨迹。”

此后,这一掐头去尾的素材在社交媒体上广为流传,甚至有人据此“实名举报”石正丽及其团队,或要求“当面对质”。值得一提的是,这些质疑者的身份背景均不是病毒相关领域的专业人士。

财新记者核查了上述《自然》记者巴特勒撰写的报道。实际上,巴特勒的这篇报道立场中立,他援引正反两方的观点,呈现了“功能获得性研究”所引发的争议。病毒“功能获得性研究”(Gain of Function Research),是指在实验室中增加病原体的毒力、易传播性或宿主范围,以研究病毒的特性及评估新兴传染病。

巴特勒的报道写道,有的专家反对进行此类研究,比如韦恩·霍布森反对这一实验的理由是,它没有什么益处,并未揭示出蝙蝠体内的野生SHC014病毒对人类构成什么风险。美国罗格斯大学的分子生物学家、瓦克斯曼微生物研究所实验室主任理查德·埃布赖特(Richard Ebright)认为,“这项工作的唯一影响是在实验室中创造了一种新的非自然风险。”韦恩·霍布森和理查德·埃布赖特都是“功能获得性研究”的长期批评者。

报道称,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)2013年10月起暂停了对所有此类研究的资助,但曾允许这一实验在该机构审查期间继续进行,因为NIH得出的结论是,这项工作的风险并没有达到令其暂停的程度。

但也有学者认为,这类研究确实有好处。比如研究组织“生态健康联盟”总裁彼得·达斯扎克(Peter Daszak)认为,此类实验可以帮助识别应该优先考虑的病原体,以引起进一步的关注。他举例说,若没有这项实验,SHC014病毒仍将不被视作威胁——此前科学家基于分子水平建模和其他研究认为它不会感染人类细胞,而新的实验表明该病毒已经能够锁存在人类受体上。彼得·达斯扎克曾与石正丽团队有过科研合作。

一位国内生物化学专家向财新记者解释,在保证生物安全的前提下,这类病原体功能获得性研究有助于人们更加深刻地认识病毒的作用传播机制、特异性,从而更好地预防未知病毒。“人类对细菌的研究相对透彻,对动物病毒的理解相对较少。如果要研究病毒,的确需要一些获得性的功能研究,但是要防止各类泄露,”该专家说,“科学都是双刃剑。”

印度学者论文风波

截止此时,对石正丽及其实验室提出质疑者,都是非专业人士。而之后印度学者发表在bioRxiv上的一篇论文(目前已撤稿),则又引发了新一轮的舆论风波。

1月31日,印度德里大学和印度理工学院的研究人员在bioRxiv上发表一篇题为“2019新冠病毒棘突蛋白中含有独特的插入序列,并与艾滋病的HIV-1 dp120和Gag蛋白有着奇特相似性”的文章。简单来说,印度学者比对了新冠病毒和SARS的棘突蛋白序列,发现与SARS病毒相比,新冠病毒的棘突蛋白上有4段新的插入序列。之后,他们将这4段插入序列与数据库中的序列进行比对,发现这4段都能够在艾滋病的蛋白序列中找到。研究称,这种不寻常的同一性/相似性在自然界中不太可能是偶然现象;这4个插入序列均为新冠病毒独有,在其他冠状病毒中不存在。

这一新闻再次引发了一些网民的联想和演绎——新冠病毒可能是SARS病毒与艾滋病病毒人工合成的结果。

但随后,印度学者撤下了这篇论文。目前,这篇论文的网址只剩下论文标题,摘要部分被替换为:“该论文已被作者撤稿。他们打算根据研究同行对该研究技术方法及结论阐释的反馈进行修正”。论文的一位作者还在BioRxiv平台上留言称:“这是初始研究。我们无意于为阴谋论提供原材料。尽管我们尊重科研同行在BioRxiv及其他地方作出的批评与评论,但这个故事已经在社交平台和新闻媒体上以不同的方式阐释和分享了。为避免在世界范围内造成进一步的误解和混乱,我们决定撤回当前预印本,并在重新分析后提交修正版”。

bioRxiv预印平台也在官网上添加了一条黄色的“警告”横幅:“bioRxiv收到许多与新冠病毒有关的新论文。有必要提醒您:这些是未经同行评审的原始报告,不应被认为是具有结论性的,不能指导临床实践/与健康相关的行为,或作为既成事实信息在新闻媒体上报道。”

事实上,印度学者论文的结论在撤稿前已遭到多位国际专家的质疑。美国斯坦福大学生物化学助理教授Silvana Konermann发推特称,她检查了印度学者的结果,却发现所谓的相似性是假的。“他们比对新冠病毒和SARS,发现4个新插入的序列。其中有两个已经在蝙蝠的冠状病毒中发现了。剩下两个插入序列中,其中有一个与HIV病毒序列最为相似,但是非常短,以至于都不比偶然性高;另一个插入序列与HIV之外的另13种病毒序列都更为相似,且这些相似性都不比偶然性高(鉴于插入片段的大小/病毒蛋白质数据库的大小)。

美国华盛顿大学医学系和基因组科学系副教授、Fred Hutchinson癌症研究中心的生物信息学专家特雷弗·贝德福德(Trevor Bedford)则在推特上公开了自己重复比对的结果,他确认这些短插入序列确实存在于新冠病毒中,但是这些插入序列与多种生物(的序列)都能匹配,没有理由得出是HIV病毒序列的结论。

美国俄亥俄州立大学病毒与新发病原学中心主任刘善虑在接受《知识分子》采访时也指出,从科学和病毒进化的角度讲,冠状病毒和属于逆转录病毒的艾滋病毒差别很大,发生基因间重组的可能性不大,因为同源性太差。再者,根据经验,我们会时常看到所要比较的序列中有几十个核苷酸或几个氨基酸与某些毫不相关的东西完全或非常相似,但不具有任何生物学意义。

多位专家学者都认为,新冠病毒中有一些其他冠状病毒所没有的插入物,类似于HIV中发现的序列。但关键在于,这些遗传密码片段也存在于其他的病毒中,没有理由相信它们来自HIV病毒。

专家:新冠不可能人工制造

2020年1月21日,《中国科学:生命科学》英文版在线发表文章,揭示了武汉冠状病毒感染人类的机制。它是通过S-蛋白与人ACE2相互作用的分子机制,来感染人的呼吸道上皮细胞。

研究作者之一中国科学院上海巴斯德研究所研究员郝沛告诉财新记者,从人体作用机制一致角度来看,武汉冠状病毒感染能力与SARS类似,但是影响病毒传播因素感染能力只是一方面,还有病毒复制、病毒传播途径等其他因素影响。

1月22日,北京大学、广西中医药大学、宁波大学及武汉生物工程学院学者联合攻关,在Journal of Medical Virology 在线发表的一篇研究论文称,研究结果表明,新型冠状病毒2019-nCoV似乎是蝙蝠冠状病毒与起源未知的冠状病毒之间的重组病毒。

那么,到底新冠病毒有没有可能是人工制造的、基因工程的产物?财新记者采访了多位专家学者,他们一致的判断是,不可能。

特雷弗·贝德福德告诉财新记者,没有证据表明新冠病毒源自基因工程。他解释说,相较于蝙蝠身上的病毒(RaTG13冠状病毒),新冠病毒中存在的基因差异与自然进化是一致的。“如果是基因编辑的病毒,那么需要替换掉大量的遗传物质,目前没有观察到这种痕迹。相反,只看到一些符合自然进化的零星、分散的改变。”

特雷弗·贝德福德等人建立了一个开源网站nextstrain.org,能够对各种病原体的基因序列进行分析和可视化,其中包括此前已知冠状病毒家族(蝙蝠、果子狸、SARS)的基因序列系谱,以及此次共享在全球共享流感病毒数据库GISAID中的53例新冠肺炎患者的病毒基因组全序列。贝德福德结合病毒之间核苷酸的差异和其他冠状病毒的假定突变率估算,RaTG13和新冠病毒这两种病毒“在25-65年前有一个共同的祖先”。因此,RaTG13病毒突变为新冠病毒可能需要几十年的时间。

根据贝德福德的分析,RaTG13冠状病毒与新冠病毒之间有近1100个核苷酸的差异。可兹对比的是,果子狸冠状病毒与人类SARS病毒之间的差异仅为10个核苷酸。

中科院一位生物信息学领域的研究员告诉财新记者,新冠病毒“肯定是天然的,它不可能是人工的”。其依据在于,新冠病毒基因组全序列分析表明,其基因序列与云南菊头蝠中存在的RaTG13冠状病毒最为接近,一致性高达96%。但这4%的基因差异也是极大的,人和老鼠的基因组相似度也高达90%。如此差异绝非人工所能填补,因为新冠病毒有近3万个核苷酸,4%就是近1200个点位的基因突变,“只有大自然才有这种本事,经过很多年的进化造出这样一个病毒,”该人士说。此外,病毒丢失基因片段很正常,它在精简自己,病毒每个周期要合成基因组,对它来说功能越精简效率越高,但病毒获得基因片段插入其实是很难的,“(阴谋论者)把人类想得太伟大了。就算人类能做到(插入这些基因片段),为什么要弄1200个基因突变?稍微改一下不就行了?为什么搞那么复杂,最后自己也控制不住?”

美国宾夕法尼亚大学医学院副研究员李懿泽告诉财新记者,新冠病毒不可能是实验室制造出来的,“实验室制造病毒需要反向遗传系统,而这个系统的核心是序列拼接,序列拼接必须要人工引入内切酶位点,会留下人工改造的痕迹。只要在序列中发现了人工引入的位点,就可以基本上认定这个病毒是人工制造的,不可能做到天衣无缝。而新型冠状病毒没有人工引入内切酶位点的痕迹,因此不可能是实验室制造的。”

前述“功能获得性研究”的批评者理查德·埃布赖特告诉财新记者,基于目前病毒的基因序列分析,没有实质性证据证明,病毒经过基因编辑(was engineered)。

但他也提醒道,把病毒是否被基因编辑(这种可能性已被排除)与病毒是因为实验室事故进入人群(目前还不能排除)区分开,是重要的。

“当下抗击疫情是最重要的事情。当疫情结束后,需要发起法医调查(forensic investigation)以确定此次疫情暴发的源头。”他说。

美国俄亥俄州立大学预防兽医系终身教授王秋红近日接受《中国科学报》采访时,也呼吁官方介入。她指出,自从疫情发生以来出现了很多谣言,一种是说病毒是中科院武汉病毒所制造出来的,一种是说是北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校Ralph Baric实验室泄露的,Baric实验室曾用SARS病毒感染小鼠进行实验。“我特别希望国家成立一个专家团来辟谣,”她说,“现在基因序列已经发布,从这个序列分析,没有人工制造的位点,不可能是从实验室泄露的,完全是自然界的病毒。”

1月31日,《科学》杂志撰文称,大多数研究人员认为,病毒基因序列驳斥了新冠病原体来自武汉病毒研究所的观点。曾与石正丽合作研究的Peter Daszak对《科学》称:“每当一种新的疾病或病毒出现时,都会有同样的故事:这是某个机构释放或泄露的,又或者这是基因编辑的病毒。这是一种耻辱(It’s just a shame)。”

的确,每逢重大疫情总有类似阴谋论产生。比如2003年非典疫情期间,“SARS是人工武器”的流言也曾盛传一时。2014年,埃博拉在西非几内亚等国大暴发后,也有言论称是美国人制造了埃博拉病毒。麻省理工学院政治学系教授Vipin Narang近日在推特上表示,没有证据显示这场疫情中有生物武器的存在,刻意传播这种流言“完全不负责任”。“事实上,(如果是生物武器的话)这是一个很糟糕的生物武器,因为存在回爆的风险。好的生物武器应该被设计成高致命性,但低传染性。”他说。



50. All you can do is to try your best. Even with those small steps, you're closer to your goal than you were yesterday. 我们能做的只是拼尽全力,即使迈出的步子再小,也比昨天要更接近自己的目标。51. A smile is the shortest distance between two people. 微笑是人与人之间最短的距离。52. Do or do not. There is no try. 要么做,要么滚!没有试试看这一说。53. Courage is being afraid but going on anyhow. 勇气就是虽感恐惧,但仍会前行。54. A man can be destroyed but not defeated. 人可以被毁灭,但不可以被打败。55. A truly happy person is one who can enjoy the scenery while on a detour. 真正快乐的人是那种在走弯路时也不忘享受风景的人。56. No dream is too big, and no dreamer is too small. 梦想再大也不嫌大,追梦的人再小也不嫌小。57. It doesn't matter how many times you fail. What matters is how many times you stand up and try again. 失败多少次不重要,重要的是你能重新站起来多少次,并且继续前行。58. Silence is the most powerful cry. 沉默是最有力的呐喊。《美丽人生》 59. A little consideration, a little thought for others makes all the difference. 一点点体贴,一点点为他人着想,会让一切都不一样。60. Stop waiting for things to happen.Go out and make them happen. 别指望事情会自然发生,行动起来,让它们变成可能!61. Don't look forward to tomorrow, don't miss yesterday, to grasp today. 不憧憬明天,不留念昨天,只把握今天。62. Now we don't call it alive. It's just not to die. 我们现在不叫活着,这只是没有死去。《疯狂原始人》 63. You can change your life if you want to. Sometimes you have to be hard on yourself, but you can change it completely. 有志者事竟成。有时虽劳其筋骨,但命运可以彻底改变。《唐顿庄园》 64. Time will bring a surprise, if you believe. 时间会带来惊喜,如果你相信的话。《浮生物语》 65. What others think is not important . How you feel about yourself is all that matters. 别人怎么想并不重要,你怎么看自己才是关键。66. Don't cry because it is over,smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣,微笑吧,因为你曾经拥有。67. Tomorrow is never clear. Our time is here. 明天是未知的,我们还是享受此刻吧!《摇滚夏令营》 68. Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all. 生活要么大胆尝试,要么什么都不是。69. Pursue excellence and success will follow. 追求卓越,成功自然来。《三傻大闹宝莱坞》 70. Climb mountains not so the world can see you, but so you can see the world. 爬上山顶并不是为了让全世界看到你,而是让你看到整个世界。71. Every step towards your dream today is a step away from your regret tomorrow. 今日为梦想所付出的每一份努力都会减少明日的一份后悔。72. It's never too late to be what you might have been. 勇敢做自己,永远都不迟。(乔治·艾略特) 73. It's time to start living the life you've imagined. 是时候开始过自己想要的生活了!95. How can men succumb to force? 男人怎么能屈服于“武力”之下?《海贼王》 96. Life is like live TV show. There is no rehearsal. 人生没有彩排,只有现场直播。97. Dress shabbily and they remember the dress; dress impeccably and they remember the woman. 穿着破旧,人们记住衣服;穿着无瑕,人们则记住衣服里的女人。(Coco Chanel) 98. Hope is a good thing, maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever dies. 希望是一件好事,也许是人间至善,而美好的事永不消逝。《肖申克的救赎》 99. There are so many beautiful reasons to be happy. 有太多太多美好的理由让你笑对生活。100. Where the more different you are, the better. 你们之间越是不同,越好。(Glee) 101. I'm only brave when I have to be. Being brave doesn't mean you go looking for trouble. 我只在必要时才勇敢,勇敢并不代表你要到处闯祸。《狮子王》 102. Behind every successful man there's a lot of unsuccessful years. 每个牛B的成功者都经历过苦B的岁月。(鲍博.布朗) 103. If you want something done, do it yourself. 靠谁都不如靠自己。《第五元素》 104. Life is a wonderful journey. Make it your journey and not someone else's. 生命是一段精彩旅程,要活的有自己的样子,而不是别人的影子。105. No matter how many mistakes you make or how slowly you progress, you are already ahead of those who never tried. 无论你犯了多少错,或者进步得有多慢,你都走在了那些不曾尝试的人的前面。106. Some things are so important that they force us to overcome our fears. 总有些更重要的事情,赋予我们打败恐惧的勇气。107. Say to yourself: "No matter how many obstacles I encounter in life, I will do all that I can to complete the whole course." 请对自己说:无论生活之路上会遇到多少障碍,我会竭尽所能地跑完这一程。108. No cross, no crown. 不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。109. Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value. 与其努力成功,不如努力成为有价值的人。(爱因斯坦) 110. Remember when life's path is steep to keep your mind even. 记住:当人生很苦逼的时候,你要保持淡定。111. If you're brave enough to say GOODBYE, life will reward you with a new HELLO. 只要你勇敢地说出再见,生活一定会给你一个新的开始。112. Sometimes the right path is not the easiest one. 对的那条路,往往不是最好走的。113. Just trust yourself, then you will know how to live. 只要相信自己,你就会懂得如何去生活。114. In life it's not where you go. It's who you travel with. 生命中,重要的不是你去哪里,而是与谁同行。115. Life is like a rainbow. You don't always know what's on the other side, but you know it's there. 生活像一道彩虹,你不知道另一端通向哪里,但你会知道,它总是在那里。116. When the world says,"Give up!"Hope whispers,"Try it one more time." 当全世界都在说“放弃”的时候,希望却在耳边轻轻地说:“再试一次吧”!117. I don't care about other questions and I just try to be myself. 我不在乎别人的质疑,我只会做好自己。118. Attempt doesn't necessarily bring success, but giving up definitely leads to failure. 努力不一定成功,但放弃一定失败!119. The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today. 对明天最好的准备就是今天做到最好。120. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. 你已经一无所有,没有什么道理不顺心而为。(乔布斯) 121. Life is a journey, one that is much better traveled with a companion by our side. 人生是一场旅程,我们最好结伴同行。122. Sometimes you have to fall before you can fly. 有时候,你得先跌下去,才能飞起来。123. If you are able to appreciate beauty in the ordinary, your life will be more vibrant. 如果你擅于欣赏平凡中的美好,你的生活会更加多姿多彩。124. Be who you are, and never ever apologize for that! 坚持做自己,并永远不要为此而后悔!125. Consider the bad times as down payment for the good times. Hang in there. 把苦日子当做好日子的首付,坚持就是胜利!126. Do not pray for easy lives, pray to be stronger. 与其祈求生活平淡点,还不如祈求自己强大点。127. Everybody can fly without wings when they hold on to their dreams. 坚持自己的梦想,即使没有翅膀也能飞翔。128. There is no such thing as a great talent without great will power. 没有伟大的意志力,便没有雄才大略。129. You can't change your situation. The only thing that you can change is how you choose to deal with it. 境遇难以改变,你能改变的唯有面对它时的态度。130. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well. 凡是值得做的事,就值得做好。131. Perfection is not just about control.It's also about letting go. 完美不仅在于控制,也在于释放。《黑天鹅》 132. Dream is what makes you happy, even when you are just trying. 梦想就是一种让你感到坚持就是幸福的东西。133. Never frown,because you never know who is falling in love with your smile. 别愁眉不展,因为你不知道谁会爱上你的笑容。134. It's easy once you know how. 一旦你明白,就会很简单。135. In order to be irreplaceable, one must always be different. 要做到不可替代,就要与众不同。136. I honestly think it is better to be a failure at something you love than to be a success at something you hate. 宁愿失败地做你爱做的事情,也不要成功地做你恨做的事情。(George Burns) 137. Don't hide. Run! You'll make it to tomorrow. 别躲避,奔跑吧,你就会找到明天。138. Life comes with many challenges.The ones that should not scare us are the ones we can take on and take control of. 生活充满了挑战,唯有勇敢面对并自我掌控,我们才能克服恐惧。(安吉丽娜·朱莉) 139. Life doesn't just happen to you; you receive everything in your life based on what you've given. 一切发生在你身上的都不是碰巧。你获得什么,在于你付出了什么。140.You are more beautiful than you think. 你,要比你想象的更美丽。141. Throughout life's complications, you should maintain such a sense of elegance. 不管生活有多不容易,你都要守住自己的那一份优雅。142. When you feel like giving up, remember why you held on so long in the first place. 每当你想要放弃的时候,就想想是为了什么才一路坚持到现在。143. Enjoy your youth.You'll never be younger than you are at this very moment. 好好享受青春,你再也不会有哪个时刻会比此时更年轻了。144. You'd better bring, cause I'll bring every I've got it. 你最好全神贯注,因为我定会全力以赴!145. Take time to enjoy the simple things in life. 慢慢享受生活中的简单。146. As long as you are still alive, you will definitely encounter the good things in life. 只要活着就一定会遇上好事。147. Hold on, it gets better than you know. 挺住,事情会比你想像中要好!148. If you are fine,the sun will always shine. 你若安好,便是晴天。149. What doesn't kill you makes you stronger. 磨难会让你更强大。150. Every life deserves our respect. 每一个生命都应该被尊重。151. The best feeling in the world is when you know your heart is smiling. 世间最美好的感受,就是发现自己的心在笑。152. Don't ever underestimate the heart of a champion. 永远不要低估一颗冠军的心。(Rudy Tomjanovich) 153. There is nothing permanent except change. 唯一不变的是变化。154. The difference between successful persons and others is that they really act. 成功者和其他人最大的区别就是,他们真正动手去做了。155. Don't follow the crowd, let the crowd follow you. 不要随波逐流,要引领潮流。(Margaret Thatcher) 156. People pay in advance for a coffee meant for someone who cannot afford a warm beverage. 人们提前买咖啡,让付不起的人享受温暖。157. No one is born a genius.Just keep on doing what you like and that itself is a talent. 哪有什么天才!坚持做你喜欢的事情,这本身就是一种天赋。(大野智) 158. The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page. 世界是一本书,不旅行的人只读了其中一页。159. You can create something more glorious than the championship. 你可以创造比冠军更荣耀的事。160. You never get a second chance to make a first impression. 永远没有第二次机会,给人留下第一印象。161. You can always be a worse version of "him", or better version of yourself. 你不是要做一个单纯优秀的人,而是要做一个不可替代的人。162. Give every day the chance to become the most beautiful day of your life. 让每一天都有机会成为你人生中最美好的一天。163. Honesty is the best policy. 做人以诚信为本。164. To a crazy ship all winds are contrary. 对于一只漫无目标的船而言,任何方向的风都是逆风。165. The outer world you see is a reflection of your inner self. 你看到什么样的世界,你就拥有什么样的内心。166. Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。167. Knowing what you cannot do is far more important than knowing what you are capable of. 知道自己不能做什么远比知道自己能做什么重要。168. People cry, not because they're weak. It's because they've been strong for too long. 哭泣,不代表脆弱,只因坚强了太久。169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 别留念昨天了,把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢,没人替你坚强。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你没有梦想,那么你只能为别人的梦想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. 只要你给自己机会,你会发现你的世界可以很美丽。173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. 赢与输的差别通常是--不放弃。(华特·迪士尼) 174. I am ordinary yet unique. 我很平凡,但我独一无二。175. I like people who make me laugh in spite of myself. 我喜欢那些让我笑起来的人,就算是我不想笑的时候。176. Image a new story for your life and start living it. 为你的生命想一个全新剧本,并去倾情出演吧!177. I'd rather be a happy fool than a sad sage. 做个悲伤的智者,不如做个开心的傻子。178. The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. 未来属于那些相信梦想之美的人。(埃莉诺·罗斯福) 179. Even if you get no applause, you should accept a curtain call gracefully and appreciate your own efforts. 即使没有人为你鼓掌,也要优雅的谢幕,感谢自己的认真付出。180. Don't let dream just be your dream. 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧,见的世面多了,你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧,管它会怎样。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好计划胜过明天的完美计划。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能!“不可能”的意思是:“不,可能。”(奥黛丽·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的,不管你的境遇如何,你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 无论多么艰难,都要继续前进,因为只有你放弃的那一刻,你才输了。189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必须十分努力,才能看起来毫不费力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像骑单车,只有不断前进,才能保持平衡。(爱因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 拥有一颗感恩的心,最终你会得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一种内心的感觉,并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亚·罗兰) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用,就是让你快乐加倍,痛苦减半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 当你真心渴望某样东西时,整个宇宙都会来帮忙。     When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high school, he wandered through the Midwest picking up work as a mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Like many who lived through the war, they had experienced enough excitement that, when it was over, they desired simply to settle down, raise a family, and lead a less eventful life. They had little money, so they moved to Wisconsin and lived with Paul’s parents for a few years, then headed for Indiana, where he got a job as a machinist for International Harvester. His passion was tinkering with old cars, and he made money in his spare time buying, restoring, and selling them. Eventually he quit his day job to become a full-time used car salesman. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later来源:小兵说天下

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