高中英语语法知识点总结:动词不定式
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动词不定式
考向一 不定式的作用
1. 作主语:不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语,把不定式放在谓语后面。
It took us two hours to finish the job.
2. 作宾语(1)动词+不定式。
☞He managed to escape from the fire.
☞I find it hard to get along with him.(it 作形式宾语)
(2)动词+疑问词+to,"特殊疑问句+不定式"相当于名词,作宾语。
☞I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.
不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。
☞I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.
3. 作宾语补足语
(1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do )。
☞He warned me to be careful.
注意:可以用动词不定式作宾补的动词有:ask,tell,order,want,get,would like,like,advise,invite,allowhelp,wish,warn,expect,would prefer,encourage。
(2)表见解、看法的动词结构可为:动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。
☞We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
The book is believed to be useful.(被动语态)
(3)There +不定式。
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
(4)在动词feel (一感),hear, listen to(二听),have, let, make(三让),notice, see, watch, observe, look at(五看)(即:吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to。
☞They saw the boy fall off the tree.
(5)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to。
☞I often help him (to) clean the room.
☞I helped him (to) find his things.
4. 作定语
不定式作定语,修饰名词或代词,不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。
I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系)
He is looking for a room to live in.(动状关系)
He is the first person to think of the idea.(主谓关系)
He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位关系)
5. 作状语
作状语,表示目的、结果、原因等,有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语,如in order to,so as to,so... as to,such...as to,enough to,too...to等。
(1)作目的状语,just to,only to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)... as to...(如此……以便……)
☞He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
(2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
☞He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.
(3)作原因状语。
☞We were very excited to hear the news.
(4)作条件状语。
☞To turn to the left, you could find a post office.
6. 作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,构成表语。
☞The question is how to put it into practice.
考向二 不定式的时态和语态
1. 不定式的时态
(1)现在时:有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
☞He seems to know this.
(2)完成时:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
☞I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
☞He seems to have caught a cold.
(3)进行时:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
☞He seems to be eating something.
(4)完成进行时:表示动作从过去某个时间开始,一直延续到现在,并有可能持续下去。
☞She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.
2. 不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时,就用被动式。
He was seen to enter the hall.
考向三省to 的动词不定式
一、使役动词后省略to的情况
在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如:
☞My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
☞I don’t like milk, but mother made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶,可是母亲强迫我喝。
二、感官动词后省略to的情况
在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如:
☞I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。
☞I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。
☞We often hear her sing this song. 我们经常听到她唱这首歌。
☞Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗?
三、动词help后省略to的情况
在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如:
☞Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗?
☞Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 妈妈帮助我做作业。
注意: 1. 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时,不定式通常带to。如: ☞Help the little boys at the back of the hall to carry the chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。 ☞These tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。 2. 在当help用于被动语态时,不定式前的to不能省略。如: ☞The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。 |
四、why (not)…后省略to的情况
在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。如:
☞Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去?
☞Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师?
☞Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?
五、介词except / but后省略to的情况
用作介词except, but宾语的不定式有时带to,有时不带to。其大致原则是:若其前出现了动词 do,其后的不定式通常不带 to;若其前没有出现动词 do,则其后的不定式通常带 to。如:
☞I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我没有别的选择。
☞He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。
☞It had no effect except to make him angry. It had no effect except to make him angry.
除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。
☞She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。
六、主语带do表语省略to的情况
当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如:
☞All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。
☞The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在唯一的出路。
☞What I’ll do is 我要做的就是告诉她真相。
七、并列不定式省略to的情况
当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时,通常只需在第一个不定式前用to,其余不定式前的to可以省略。如:☞He told me to stay there and wait for him. 他叫我在那儿等他。
☞I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知该怎么想怎么说。
☞It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易,强迫人难。
但是,如果两者有对比关系,则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如:
☞To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
八、省略不定式是否保留to
在一定的上下文中,为了避免重复,有时不定式可以省略,但通常保留不定式符号to。如:
☞I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。
☞ "Don’t be late." "I’ll try not to." "不要来晚了。""我尽量不来晚。"
☞Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
注意:
1. 若被省略的不定式为to be短语,则通常应保留to be。如:
☞He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。
2. 有时省略不定式时,同时也可省略to。如:
☞She may go if she likes (to). 她想去就可以去。
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