中国园林·刊首语(2021-10) | 王向荣：区域景观的形成与变迁
本期主题：区域景观系统
区域景观的形成与变迁
The Formation and Changes of Regional Landscape
在自然力和人力的双重影响下，不同区域的景观都在不断的动态变化之中。
区域的概念在中国古已有之。《尚书·禹贡》将天下分为九州，并描述了各州的山川、河流、土壤、田地、物产及道路等情况，体现了先秦时期中国人对当时华夏大地的系统认知。如雍州，大约是今天关中平原及其以北、以西地区，“田上上”，土地最为肥沃；而扬州，大致为今长江下游及江南地区，“其草惟夭，其木惟乔，其土涂泥。田下下”，说明当时江南草木茂盛、土地低湿，不适合耕作，远不及关中平原丰产富庶。然而，到了唐中后期，“赋出天下而江南居十九”，江南已成为全国的经济重心。1000年间区域经济的变化，说明了不同地区农业及城镇开发的不同历程，以及区域景观的变迁。
战国时期，关中平原的富庶依靠的是灌溉农业的发展。如渭河平原的郑国渠，从泾水引出人工渠道，再分为若干支渠、毛渠，依地势自流灌溉渭河北岸的广阔农田。而唐以后江南的繁荣，依赖的是圩田及陂塘等水利设施的兴建。在江南的低地沼泽，人们开挖沟渠排水，用挖渠之土在田地周围修筑堤坝，创造了免于水患的圩田；在山前，人们利用自然地形于山脚筑塘蓄水，调蓄水资源并抵御洪水，再以若干水渠向低处引水，灌溉平原农田。作为农耕民族，中国人千百年来不断地依据自然条件梳理土地、兴修水利，用农作物替代原有的天然植被，持续塑造着地表景观。
农耕的不断发展改变着大地景观，形成地区景观系统的基础结构，而城市就在这样的基础上建造、发展和演变，并成为系统中不可或缺的要素。尽管中国每个地理单元的自然条件各不相同，发展农耕的途径也不一致，但是在顺应自然的宗旨下，对土地的整体梳理与综合利用使得不同区域的景观体系都具有一个共同的特征，即将区域的山水、农田、村落和城镇融为一体。
世界各地自然条件的不同带来了不同的地表空间，不同的土地利用方式又塑造了不同的地表景观。区域的社会变革、经济发展和技术进步会带来土地利用方式的改变，也会影响不同区域的景观。中世纪后期，欧洲中西部形成了二圃制或三圃制的农业体系，这一休耕、轮作兼有放牧的生产方式造就了不同色彩的斑块状土地肌理。17世纪末开始，随着海外市场的拓展和毛纺工业的发展，英国对羊毛的需求不断增加。于是，大面积的农田被圈占种植牧草、饲养羊群，乡村景观从斑块状条田变成了草地牧场，英格兰的地表景观发生了巨大的变化。这一时期，一些贵族农场主通过有意识的土地规划和风景设计，将自己的农庄建成兼具生产功能和美学价值的风景式牧场庄园，被园林史学家称为英国自然风景园。
英格兰的经验启发了人们通过景观规划的途径来综合整理利用区域土地。在德国的德骚(Dessau)，从1763年开始，弗兰茨(F. Franz)亲王通过在领地内建造水利设施、修整城市和村庄、开通果树林荫路网、组织风景视廊、建造园林群，将区域中的城市和乡村融为一体。德骚地区景观体系的构建，不仅重新塑造了这片土地，也改良了整个地区的政治、社会、经济、文化和城市。19世纪初，风景园林师莱内(P. J. Lenne)在波茨坦和柏林更新了大量历史园林，也设计了许多新公园，并完成了波茨坦、柏林的区域景观规划。
工业革命以前，农业是不同地区区域景观体系的主要影响因素，包括单纯的农业开垦和综合性的农业、水利规划及聚落营建。工业革命之后，机器替代了人力、畜力和水利，人类改造环境的效率得到极大提高，改造的范围也无限扩展。在人类对自然毫无节制的掠夺下，区域景观质量急剧下降，特征快速改变，一系列的环境和社会问题引发了新的思考。
19世纪末，英国社会学家霍华德(E. Howard)提出的综合城市和乡村两者优点的 “田园城市”，是在区域视角下城乡平衡和谐的城市，其模型也是一种区域景观系统模型，展现了“绿心-城市-农地”的圈层结构及其组合方式。苏格兰生物学家和社会学家盖迪斯(P. Geddes)以生态学的眼光看待人类世界与自然环境之间的关系，倡导跨学科综合方法研究城市问题。他将城市与区域视为有机整体，认为城市不能脱离区域而孤立存在和发展，提出区域规划的概念。20世纪，美国城市规划理论家和历史学家芒福德(L. Mumford)认为真正成功的城市规划必须是区域的规划：强调地理单元的整体性，包括城市、村庄和广泛的农业地区，追求城市与乡村、人工环境与自然环境的结合，在区域范围内保持肥沃的农业、园地和天然风景。美国风景园林师麦克哈格(Ian. L.McHarg)提出运用生态学原理、充分结合自然进行规划设计的方法。这些思想家的理论和观点对于20世纪以来的城乡规划和景观规划产生了重大影响，也为在现代城市和乡村环境中建立起健康的区域景观系统提供了指引。
人类一直在改变地表，目的在于不断地改善生产和生活条件，其结果也塑造了不同区域的景观系统。在漫长的历史时期，这种塑造绝大多数出自普通的民众，也有来自政治家、思想家和设计师的推动和示范。区域景观系统是一个地区人类文化在自然系统上的投射和积淀，反过来也会对人的思想和文化产生深刻的影响。过去的经验证明，任何有悖于自然规律的地表塑造都难以成功，也无法持续。今天，我们对区域景观体系的改变，更应当与自然同行，以实现人们享用土地与生态环境稳定之间的持续和谐与平衡。
Under the dual influence of natural and human forces, the landscapes of different regions are constantly changing dynamically.
The concept of region has existed since ancient China. In the book Yugong of Shangshu, the world was divided into nine states, and the mountains, rivers, soils, fields, natural products, and roads of each state were described, reflecting the Chinese people's systematic cognition of the land of China in the pre-Qin period. For example, Yongzhou, about the Guanzhong Plain and the area to the north and west of it today, "had superior fields", namely the land was the most fertile; while Yangzhou, roughly in the lower reaches and the south of the Yangtze River, "had flourishing grass, tall trees, and muddy soils, and the field is inferior", which indicated that the south was lush with grass and trees, and the land was low and wet, not suitable for farming, and was far less productive nor richer than the Guanzhong Plain. However, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, "contributing nine tenth of the taxes of the country", the south had become the national economic center. The changes in the regional economy over a thousand years have explained the different processes of agricultural and urban development in different regions, as well as the changes in the regional landscape.
The prosperity of the Guanzhong Plain during the Warring States Period relied on the development of irrigated agriculture. For example, Zhengguo Canal in the Weihe Plain drew artificial canals from Jingshui River, and was then divided into several branch canals and sub-branch canals, which irrigated the vast farmland on the north bank of the Weihe River by gravity according to the terrain. After the Tang Dynasty, the prosperity of the south of the Yangtze River relied on the construction of water conservancy facilities such as polders and impounding reservoirs. In the lowland marshes in the south, people dug ditches to drain water, and used the soil from the ditches to build dams around the fields, creating flood-free polders; in front of the mountains, people used the natural topography to build ponds at the foot of the mountains to store water and regulate water resources and withstand floods, and then used a number of canals to divert water to the lower places to irrigate the plains. As a farming nation, the Chinese have been combing the land and building water conservancy projects based on natural conditions for thousands of years, replacing the original natural vegetation with crops, and continuing to shape the surface landscape.
The continuous development of farming changes the landscape of the land and forms the basic structure of the regional landscape system. The city is built, developed and evolved on this basis, and has become an indispensable element in the system. Although the natural conditions of each geographical unit in China are different, and the ways of developing farming are not the same, under the purpose of conforming to nature, the overall combing and comprehensive utilization of land make the landscape system of different regions have a common feature, namely the landscape, farmland, villages and towns of the region are integrated.
Different natural conditions around the world have brought different surface spaces, and different land use methods have shaped different surface landscapes. Regional social changes, economic development and technological progress bring about changes in land use patterns, and also affect the landscape of different regions. In the late Middle Ages, an agricultural system of two or three nurseries was formed in central and western Europe. This production method of fallow, crop rotation and grazing created patchy land textures of different colors. Since the end of the 17th century, with the expansion of overseas markets and the development of the wool spinning industry, Britain's demand for wool has continued to increase. As a result, a large area of farmland was occupied for planting pastures and raising sheep, the rural landscape changed from patchy fields to pastures, and the surface landscape of England undergone tremendous changes. During this period, some aristocratic farmers used conscious land planning and landscape design to build their farms into scenic pastures with production functions and aesthetic values, which were called the British natural landscape gardens by garden historians.
The experience of England inspired people to comprehensively organize and utilize regional land through landscape planning. In Dessau, Germany, since 1763, Prince F. Franz had built water conservancy facilities in his territory, repaired cities and villages, opened a network of tree-lined roads, organized landscape corridors, and built gardens cluster, which integrated the city and the countryside in the region. The construction of the landscape system in Dessau not only reshaped the land, but also improved the politics, society, economy, culture, and urban areas of the entire region. At the beginning of the 19th century, landscape architect P. J. Lenne renewed a large number of historical gardens in Potsdam and Berlin, also designed many new parks, and completed the regional landscape planning of Potsdam and Berlin.
Before the industrial revolution, agriculture was the main influencing factor of the regional landscape system in different regions, including simple agricultural reclamation and comprehensive agriculture, water conservancy planning, and settlement construction. After the industrial revolution, machines replaced manpower, animal power, and water conservancy, the efficiency of human beings in transforming the environment was greatly improved, and the scope of transformation was also expanded infinitely. Under the unrestrained plunder of nature by mankind, the quality of regional landscape has declined sharply, the characteristics have changed rapidly, and a series of environmental and social issues have triggered new thinking.
At the end of the 19th century, the British sociologist E. Howard put forward the "pastoral city" that integrated the advantages of both urban and rural areas. It is a city that balances urban and rural areas from a regional perspective, and its model is also a regional landscape system model, showing the circle structure and combination of "green heart-city-farmland". Scottish biologist and sociologist P. Geddes looked at the relationship between the human world and the natural environment from an ecological perspective, and advocated an interdisciplinary and integrated approach to urban issues. He regarded the city and the region as an organic whole, believed that the city could not exist and develop in isolation from the region, and proposed the concept of regional planning. In the 20th century, the American urban planning theorist and historian L. Mumford believed that the truly successful urban planning should be a regional one: emphasizing the integrality of geographic units, including cities, villages and extensive agricultural areas, pursuing the combination of city and village, artificial environment and natural environment, maintaining fertile agriculture, gardens and natural scenery within the region. American landscape architect Ian.L.McHarg proposed a method of planning and design using ecological principles and fully integrating nature. The theories and opinions of these thinkers have had a significant impact on urban and rural planning and landscape planning since the 20th century, and have also provided guidance for the establishment of a healthy regional landscape system in modern urban and rural environments.
Human beings have been changing the surface with the goal of continuously improving the conditions of production and living. As a result, it has also shaped the landscape systems of different regions. In the long historical period, most of this shaping came from ordinary people, and also from the promotion and demonstration of politicians, thinkers and designers. The regional landscape system is the projection and accumulation of human culture in a region on the natural system, which in turn will have a profound impact on human thought and culture. Past experience has proved that any surface shaping that goes against the laws of nature is difficult to succeed and cannot be sustained. Today, when we are changing the regional landscape system, we should go with nature to realize the continuous harmony and balance between people's enjoyment of the land and the ecological environment.
本刊主编：王向荣 教授
Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong
Chief Editor
引文格式
王向荣.区域景观的形成与变迁[J].中国园林，2021，37(10)：2-3.
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