中国园林·刊首语(2023-04) | 王向荣：景观的地方性

《中国园林》

Vol. 39  2023-04｜328

本期主题：景观的地方性

景观的地方性

Locality of Landscape

地表空间有2种类型的景观，其一为天然的景观。这类景观是地质构造运动、气候变化过程及生物进化过程的产物，是各种自然要素相互联系形成的自然综合体，所以也称为自然景观。另一类是人类的景观。这类景观是人类为了生产、生活、精神、宗教和审美等需要，对地表进行改造而形成的景观，在广义上这类景观也被称为“文化景观”。

↑图1 新疆博尔卡拉河及周围的山峦，人类少有干扰的天然景观(王向荣摄)

↑图2 长沙郊外的景观，人类为了生活和生产不断改造自然而形成的文化景观(王向荣摄)

景观或是自然进程的产物，或是自然与人文因素共同作用的结果。从时间维度上看，景观是动态的。自然界每时每刻都在变化，而人类自定居以来就从未停止过对地表的干预，景观是动态变化的自然进程和人类影响的折射，我们所看到的任何景观都只是一种形态向另一种形态过渡的中间环节。

从空间维度上看，景观是地域的。任何景观都依托于土地空间而存在，而一切与空间相关的事物都具有地域性。无论是自然景观还是文化景观，都与地域存在着不可分割的联系。自然条件的独特性以及人类改造地表、利用土地的差异性，为不同区域的景观赋予了不同的地方性。

图3 北京沿河城，不同区域的景观具有不同的地方性(王向荣摄)

在工业化之前，受到生产力水平相对低下的制约，人类几乎所有的建造活动都是适应土地、就地取材、采用基于自然的解决方案的结果，任何文化景观都是对景观地方性的强化。而自工业化之后，现代性与地方性之间便出现了越来越尖锐的对立。由于生产力的飞速进步，人类具有了不受限于自然条件、能够按照自身意愿改造环境的超强能力，加上不同国家和地区之间的思想传播持续加速、生活方式不断趋同、建造材料和技术工艺愈加相近等因素，人类的许多建造活动都在削弱景观的地方性，就像各种方言和民俗逐渐消失一样，景观的地方性特征也在减弱甚至消失。

保持和维护景观的地方性之所以重要，首先在于景观如同历史上所有的著作和文献一样，是记录自然演变与人类社会发展的档案。景观是一个地区自然与文化在大地上的积淀，记录着特定的区域内自然演变的历史，也记录着人类社会发展的过程和人与土地之间的关系，反映了一个地区人们的生产生活方式及社会文化发展状况。一个区域的景观就是地方性最鲜活的物质遗产，是我们了解该区域的自然演变与曾经和正在这里生活的人们的文化、情感、生存方式和改造世界途径的最直接的文本。

图4 陕西石峁遗址，景观是记录自然演变与人类社会发展的档案(王向荣摄)

其次，景观能够唤醒人们的记忆和身份认同。自然和人类共同创造了景观，景观反过来也影响着我们，景观是沟通人与土地之间的一种最持久的物质和精神的联系。对于每个个体来说，弥漫在童年成长环境周围的景观都会沉积在内心之中，日后如果再见类似的风景，便会唤醒某些记忆与情感。对于生活在一个地区的群体来说，区域景观的认知会深深地烙印在人们的大脑之中，从而形成一种共同的集体意识，并造就该区域民众的民族认同和民族性格。景观赋予一个区域的民众共同的身份感和认同感，为他们带来归属感和亲切感，并能引起他们内心的共鸣。

图5 浙江富阳龙门镇，景观赋予生活或曾经生活在这里的民众以共同的身份感和认同感(王向荣摄)

景观地方性的消失，意味着记录地方自然演变与人类社会发展档案的散失，意味着寄托人们对土地、对故乡的依恋与记忆的载体的消失，也意味着过去的丢失及文化的断裂。所以，对于风景园林师来说，地方性景观是设计土地的重要依据和灵感来源，是展望未来的基础。认识、维护、顺应、延续场地景观的地方性应该是风景园林师基本的价值取向。

景观是过去与现在的连接，风景园林师要面对的任何土地都是自然与文化的载体，任何设计都与土地的历史相关。土地自有属于它的特征，景观设计在某种程度上就是对自然与文化演进过程的管理。现在是在过去基础上的叠加，景观设计应该顺应基址的条件，遵循自然的过程，根植于所在的地方，让现在连接过去，并使得现在与过去互为对方的延伸。正如亚历山大(C. Alexander)在《秩序的性质》中所说：其实人类“建造活动的每一步都以遵循自然法则的‘保留结构的转换’为基础，以使人类建造的结构能够同样获得那些在自然中一再重现的结构品质”。景观是自然演变与生活方式的呈现，只有尊重自然过程，适应土地，同时又回应当地人的生活需要，景观的地方性才能得到有效的维护并可持续地发展。

图6 南京园博园未来花园，景观连接着过去、现在与未来(河狸景观摄)

There are two types of landscapes on the surface space, one of which is the natural landscape. This kind of landscape is the product of geological structure movement, climate change process and biological evolution process. It is a natural complex formed by various natural elements, so it is also called natural landscape. The other is human landscape, and this kind of landscape is formed by the transformation of the surface for production, life, spirit, religion, and aesthetics. In a broad sense, such landscapes are also called "cultural landscapes".

Landscapes are either the product of the natural process, or the result of the common effect of natural and human factors. From the perspective of time dimension, the landscape is dynamic. Nature is changing at all times, and human beings have never stopped intervention on the surface since the settlement of human beings. The landscape is the reflection of the natural process of dynamic changes and the influence of human beings. Any landscape we see is just an intermediate link in the transition from one form to another.

From the perspective of space dimension, the landscape is regional. Any landscape relies on land space, and everything related to space is regional. Whether it is natural landscape or cultural landscape, there is an inseparable connection with the region. The uniqueness of natural conditions and the differences between human transformation and the use of land give different localities to the landscapes of different regions.

Prior to industrialization, due to the relatively low level of productivity, almost all human construction activities were the results of adapting to land, using local materials, and nature-based solutions, and every cultural landscape was the enhancement of landscape locality. Since industrialization, there has been increasingly sharp opposition between modernity and locality. Due to the rapid progress of productivity, human beings have super capability that is not limited by natural conditions and can transform the environment according to their own wishes. Coupled with the continuous acceleration of ideological communication between different countries and regions, continuous convergence of lifestyles, and construction materials and techniques getting similar, many human construction activities are weakening the locality of landscape, and just like the gradually disappearing of various dialects and folk customs, the local characteristics of landscape are weakening or even disappearing.

The reason why maintaining and preserving the locality of landscape is important first lies in that the landscape is the archives that record natural evolution and human society development, like all the books and literature in history. The landscape is the accumulation of nature and culture in the region. It records the history of natural evolution in a specific area, the development process of human society and the relationship between human and land, and the production method and life style of people and social and cultural development conditions of a region. The landscape of a region is the most local material heritage. It is the most direct text that we understand the natural evolution of the area and the culture, emotion, survival methods, and ways of transforming the world of the people who once lived here and who are living here.

Secondly, landscapes can awaken people's memory and identity. Nature and human have created landscapes, and landscapes also affect us. Landscape is the most persistent material and spiritual connection between people and land. For each individual, the landscapes around the childhood environment will be deposited in the heart. When seeing similar sceneries in the future, the memories and emotions will wake up. For groups living in a region, the cognition of regional landscapes will be deeply imprinted in people's brains, thereby forming a common collective consciousness, and creating the national identity and national character of the people in the region. The landscape gives people in a region with a common sense of identity, bringing them a sense of belonging and intimacy, and arousing their inner resonance.

The disappearance of landscape locality means the disappearance of the archives of the local natural evolution and the development of human society, the disappearance of carriers of people's attachment to land and the memory of hometown, and also the loss of the past and the break of culture. Therefore, for landscape architects, local landscape is an important basis and inspiration for designing land, and the foundation for looking forward to the future. Understanding, maintaining, conforming to, and continuing the locality of landscape should be the basic value orientation of landscape architects.

Landscape is the connection between the past and the present. Any land that the landscape architect is facing is the carrier of nature and culture, and any design is related to the history of the land. Land has its own characteristics, and landscape design is to some extent the management of the natural and cultural evolution process. The present is a superposition on the basis of the past. Landscape design should conform to the conditions of the base site, follow the natural process, be rooted in where it is, so that the present is connected to the past, and the present and the past will be each other's extension. As C. Alexander said in The Nature of Order, in fact, "every step of human construction activity is based on 'the transformation of the reserved structure' that follows the law of nature, so that the structure of human construction can also obtain those structural qualities that repeatedly reappear in nature". Landscape is the presentation of natural evolution and lifestyle. Only by respecting the natural process, adapting to the land, and responding to the needs of the local people, can the locality of landscape be effectively maintained and in sustainable development.

本刊主编：王向荣 教授

Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

Chief Editor

引文格式

王向荣.景观的地方性[J].中国园林，2023，39(4)：2-3.

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排版 | 李旻

校对 | 王媛媛

审核 | 金荷仙