戳下面标题可直接阅读
其他
刘建波老师考研排序题补充练习
排序题1
[A] Geography doesn't help; traffic has to be squeezed between mountains and sea along a handful of narrow corridors. But the real bugbear is the region's conflicting or overlapping transport plans. Each local authority wants to control its own; each has its own administration, engineers and schedule planners; and all compete for passengers and funds.
[B]The monorail was approved by voters in 2002 as a populist alternative to Sound Transit, at the time beset by cost overruns and questions over its management. It seemed cool to vote for a train system no other big city is using no such a large scale. To add to its anti-elitist luster, the monorail was designed to serve middle-income districts that Sound Transit neglected.
[C] Now Seattle City Council must approve the monorail's financing plan before letting building go ahead. Weeks ago, approval seemed certain, but not any more. This, in a way, is unfair. For though the monorail scheme has flaws aplenty, the real culprit is the political culture that allowed its creation in the first place.
[D] In King County, where Seattle sits, Metro Transit's 1,300 buses work to ferry people between suburbs and the big city. A system called Sound Transit is building train and bus services throughout King County and next-door Pierce and Snohomish Counties (which also have their own bus systems). The city of Seattle operates a trolley line. Now construction may soon start on a monorail-an elevated, single-track train-that would wend its way for 14 miles (23km) from neighborhoods in north Seattle to those in the city's south-west.
[E] That startling figure-nearly five times the cost-has caught the public's attention, to say the least. Michael Murphy, Washington state's treasurer remarked in mid-June that the monorail's financing plan was "ludicrous" and threatened to damage the credit-rating of the entire state. Monorail officials have fired back, insisting that the system's cost is in line with what voters approved, and complaining that they are being unfairly maligned for openly stating the full borrowing and operating costs. Maybe. But monorail planners also over-estimated tax revenues, which have fallen about one-third short of projections.
[F] The cost for the first stage was pegged at around $1.75 billion, paid for with a now unloved car tax. Since then-and this will shock no-one-the costs have increased to about $1.9 billion. To pay for it, the monorail's managers plan to borrow a whopping $9.3 billion, to be paid off over nearly 50 years.
[G] It is home to Boeing, Starbucks and Microsoft (as well as to Ichiro Suzuki, the hippest baseball player in the world). But Seattle's other, lesser boast is that it probably has the worst transport planning in North America.
Order： G 41. 42 43 44 45 C
排序题 2
[A] Most governments are responding pragmatically. After years in which AIDS was denounced as a social evil, Vietnam's communist rulers have begun to attend AIDS-awareness functions and promote AIDS-prevention schemes. In neighboring Laos, soldiers are taught about AIDS as part of their training. Indonesia is running needle exchanges and handing out methadone to heroin users, although only at a handful of clinics.
[B] Until recently, South-East Asia was considered a beacon of hope in the fight against AIDS. Thailand and Cambodia, where the epidemic took hold in the 1990s, have managed to reduce the incidence of the disease through vigorous and well funded public-health campaigns. In Cambodia, the proportion of adults infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, fell from 3% in 1997 to a still high 1.9% in 2003. In Thailand, the number of new cases has fallen each year for the past decade.
[C] "BOOM!" That, in a word, is how one epidemiologist describes the spread of AIDS in Vietnam. Infection rates may be higher in Africa, but AIDS is growing faster in South-East Asia than in any other part of the world. What is more, in populous countries like Vietnam and Indonesia, even small increases in the proportion infected means millions of new cases.
[D] AIDS is spreading so quickly because those most in danger are still taking risks. A recent survey of injecting drug users in three Indonesian cities found that 88% had used unsterilised needles in the previous week. No wonder, then, that half of all drug users in Jakarta and Bali have HIV. By the same token, repeated surveys find that relatively few prostitutes use condoms in Indonesia. Infection rates among them have risen as high as 17% in some parts of the country. In Ho Chi Minh City, in Vietnam, over a third of prostitutes inject drugs, and half of those are HIV positive.
[E] But when Malaysian authorities announced that they would start similar programmes earlier this year, religious leaders reacted with horror. The government of the state of Perak said it would distribute condoms only to married men. In 2003, the Philippines' Catholic bishops succeeded in blocking a proposal to spend government money on condom distribution. The military regime in Myanmar has not yet allowed any prevention campaigns on radio or television. Even Thailand, which mounted a much-imitated "100% condom" campaign in the 1990s, is uncomfortable with any policies that imply forbearance in the face of drug use.
[F] People in the region remain worryingly ignorant about AIDS. Last year, the World Health Organization reported that prevention programmers had reached only 19% of prostitutes in Asia and the Pacific, 5% of drug users and 1% of gay men. People in risky situations use condoms only 8% of the time, it reckoned. Only 1% of Indonesian women have ever been tested for HIV.
[G] Even as Thailand and Cambodia get to grips with AIDS, however, the disease has been taking hold in other countries in the region. Myanmar and Papua New Guinea, with estimated infection rates of 1.2% and 1.7% respectively, face what the United Nations AIDS programmer call generalized epidemics. Several others, including Indonesia and Vietnam, are witnessing skyrocketing infection rates among drug users, from whom the disease might soon start spreading to the wider population. In East Asia as a whole, the number of people living with HIV rose by 24% in 2004 alone, according to a UNAIDS report, to be released on July 1st at a regional AIDS conference in Kobe, Japan.
Order
C 41. 42 43 44 45 E
排序题3
［A］ In studies of interpersonal argument, for example, when subjects were asked to deal with contradictory information stemming from conflict between a mother and a daughter or a student and a school, Peng found that Americans were “noncompromising, blaming one side—usually the mother—for the causes of the problems, demanding changes from one side to attain a solution and offering no compromise” in dealing with the conflict.
［B］Americans wear black for mourning. Chinese wear white. Westerners think of dragons as monsters. Chinese honor them as symbols of God. Chinese civilization has often shown such polarities with the West, as though each stands at extreme ends of a global string. Now a University of California, Berkeley, Psychologist has discovered deeper polarities between Chinese and American cultures—polarities that go to the heart of how we reason and discover truth.
［C］Dialectical thinking also has a Western version, which Americans often consider the highest, most sophisticated form of reasoning, said Peng. This type of reasoning allows people to proceed from thesis to antithesis, to synthesis. In Chinese folk wisdom, by comparison, people do not attempt to work through the contradictions, following a cultural tradition which holds that reality is “multilayered, unpredictable and contradictory,” and is in a constant state of change, Peng said.
［D］“Americans have a terrible need to find out who is right in an argument.” said Peng. “The problem is that at the interpersonal level, you really don’t need to find the truth, or may be there isn’t any.” Chinese people, said Peng, are far more content to think that both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have a holistic awareness that life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than do Americans, he added.
［E］“It can hardly be right to move to the middle when you have just read evidence for a less plausible view. Yet that is what the Chinese subjects did,”said Peng. He believes that this tendency to find the middle way has hampered Chinese efforts to seek out scientific truth through aggressive argumentation, the classic Western method for forging a linear path through contradictory information, which results in identifying right and wrong answers.
［F］His findings go far toward explaining why American cultures seem so contentious and Chinese cultures so passive, when compared to each other. More importantly, the research opens the way for the peoples of the East and the West to learn from each other in fundamental ways. The Chinese could learn much from Western methods for determining scientific truth,and Americans could profit enormously from the Chinese tolerance for accepting contradictions in social and personal life. said Kaiping Peng, a former Beijing scholar, who is now a UC Borkeley assistant professor of psychology.
［G］Compared to this angry, blaming American stance, the Chinese were paragons of compromise, finding fault on both sides and looking for solutions that moved both sides to the middle. In tests of scientific thinking, however, the Chinese came up short. Asked to determine which statement was true—whether, for instance, smoking makes people gain or lose weight—Chinese respondents took the middle road, even when they believed one statement to be less true than another.
Order.
B.→1. 2. 3. 4. 5. C.
排序题4
［A］ Any number of things can damage a work of art. Smog eats away at stone and metal. Insects chew wood. Moisture causes wood and canvas to swell, shrink and finally rot. For one art show, a painting was flown from England to Rome. During the flight, the canvas shrank so much that the paint lost its grip and began peeling. When the box was opened in Rome, there was a halfbare painting——and a pile of tiny colored flakes.
［B］ Paintings on wood are then carried into a boxcarsized room. The door is sealed shut. For 24 hours, a deadly gas seeps into all the cracks in the wood to kill hidden bugs and their eggs. Paintings on torn canvas go to a room where new cloth backings are glued and ironed on. Finally the paintings are ready to be given new life by one of the restorers.
［C］On the ground floor of a fivestory building in Rome, Italy, a leadaproned man carefully places a 400yearold painting on a table. Then he steps back and flips the switch of a 50,000volt Xray machine. Nearby, another painting is being wheeled into a special oven. Elsewhere the buzz of a power saw is heard from behind a closed door. Two workers are cutting the back off a 500yearold wood panel painting.
［D］Doctor Urbani remembers,“The painting was rushed to us. It looked hopeless. But we never give up on a case.” After months of slow, careful work, every piece of paint had been puzzled back together and glued on a new canvas. The job was so well done that no damage could be seen.
［E］No wonder they did harm. They often cleaned paintings with strong black soap, or scrubbed them with raw onions and green apples. Instead of just touching up damaged spots, most early restorers painted over them with a heavy hand. Sometimes they even changed the picture.
［F］Such things happen every day at Rome’s Institute of Restoration. Headed by Doctor Giovanui Urbani, the men and women here work at keeping works of art in good health. In terms of art treasures, Italy is one of the richest countries in the world. Yet until 1939, when Italy’s government founded the Institute, the country’s museums had to hire private restorers for cleaning and repair jobs. Says Doctor Urbani, “Most of the restorers did not have proper training. They often did more harm than good.”
［G］When a painting arrives at the art hospital, it goes to the laboratory, where scientific work is done. Infrared and ultraviolet photographs are taken. These photographs make it possible to see through the thin top coats of paint to find out if the painting has been touched up or painted over in the past. Newer coats of paint stand out as dark spots against older coats of paint. If there seems to be a different picture beneath the one showing on the surface, the painting is finally X rayed.
Order.
C.→1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B
下载补充练习可以在公众号后台回复：刘建波补充练习