学术视界 | 大型企业数字创新驱动的创业：实践创新与理论挑战（附下载）
大型企业数字创新驱动的创业：实践创新与理论挑战
张玉利1,2，冯潇1,2，田莉1,2
（1.南开大学创业研究中心，天津300071;
2.南开大学商学院，天津300071）
摘要：在数字经济时代，大型企业在技术创新与创业发展所展现出的骨干支撑作用日益凸显。随着越来越多的大型企业开始通过支持和推动多元创业活动来识别新的发展机遇和培育新的竞争优势，有关大型企业组织僵化、结构臃肿等方面的陈旧负面印象被打破。然而，目前还鲜少有研究将大型企业的创业实践与数字创新相结合，探讨数字经济下由创新驱动的大型企业创业活动，导致对大型企业是如何在数字技术创新的支撑下驾驭企业创业活动的理解仍然有限。对此，本文首先梳理提炼了大型企业在数字经济时代的机遇和优势，然后对既有研究中针对大型企业创业的关注与探索进行了回顾与总结。其次，以前述梳理工作为逻辑起点，提出了有可能挑战管理主流理论观点的研究课题，即公司关联创业、大型企业机会识别与定义以及对管理模式的冲击，并在最后对未来研究进行了展望。
关键词：数字创新驱动；大型企业创业；实践创新；理论挑战
主要研究结论：
伴随着信息社会向数字经济、智能社会的跃升，由大型企业支持和推动的创业活动日益多元，隐含在这些新兴企业实践背后的价值创造机制、竞争优势获取逻辑以及经营管理理念等均可能发生了重大变化。因此，大型企业的创新创业实践不仅与学术研究前沿并进，更是“创新驱动发展”国家战略实施的具体体现，对于支持建设创新型国家具有重大意义。在实践方面，本文首先梳理了大型企业在数字经济时代的机遇和优势。第一，大型企业凭借其在产业中长期耕耘所沉淀下来的大量独特数据，得以支撑应对在新时代中数据作为一种新兴生产要素所带来的系列挑战。第二，大型企业坐拥众多真实、多元的业务场景，这为其承接数字经济与实体经济深度融合的新需求创造了优异条件。第三，大型企业的大规模资产优势及其参与数字基础设施建设的强烈意愿，驱使其不断增进与众多利益相关者的价值创造与共享。在此基础之上，本文总结了大型企业创业实践在形态和行为上所发生的具体变化，包括：（1）众多横跨组织边界的创业平台和生态涌现，大型企业借此拓展了参与创新创业的方式与范围；（2）多种多样的行为主体被吸纳进大型企业的创业布局中。综合来看，在新兴的大型企业创业实践过程中，演化出了一批在理论上介于独立新创企业与公司新事业开发之间的“中间体”。在理论方面，本文基于对相关理论进展的梳理和对实践的洞察，从公司关联创业、机会识别与定义、企业管理模式等三个方面提出了可能挑战管理主流理论观点的研究课题，尝试以此弥合当前有关公司创业实践与大型企业创新研究的割裂发展态势，并探讨数字经济下由创新驱动的大型企业创业活动。具体结论如下：第一，随着公司创业实践的新兴演进，传统公司创业活动的内涵发生变化。在此基础之上，对与公司关联创业相关的创新风险控制、创新资源联络和理论术语重新界定进行开放探讨可能为理解新时代的大型企业创业实践开拓思路。第二，数字技术的介入为重塑创业研究中的机会理论体系提供了新的可能。更多围绕大型企业机会识别、孵化与演化的研究议题存在广阔的理论发展空间。第三，强烈的“数字渗透”驱使企业的组织结构、组织边界、分工协作以及员工行为模式等方方面面均发生了重要变化。对此，针对大型企业的多元创业实践的研究可以为增进对数字经济时代中企业组织建设与管理模式演进的理解提供抓手。Digital innovation-driven entrepreneurship of large enterprises: Practical innovation and theoretical challenges
Zhang Yuli1,2, Feng Xiao1,2, Tian Li1,2
(1.Entrepreneurial Research Center, Naikai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
2.Business School, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China)
Abstract:In the era of digital economy, the backbone supporting role of large enterprises in technological innovation and entrepreneurial development is increasingly prominent. As more and more large enterprises begin to identify new development opportunities and foster new competitive advantages by supporting and promoting diversified entrepreneurial activities, the old negative image of large enterprises with rigidity and overstaffing has been broken. It is not only a great event in economic and social development, but also a great research opportunity for large enterprises to actively engage in entrepreneurial practices. However, there are few studies that combine the entrepreneurial practices of large enterprises with digital innovation to discuss the innovation-driven entrepreneurial activities of large enterprises in the digital economy. As a result, the understanding of how large enterprises control entrepreneurial activities under the support of digital technological innovation is still limited. The engagement in entrepreneurial practices of large enterprises in the era of the digital economy is not simply equivalent to the entrepreneurial activities initiated by incumbent corporations, nor is it comparable to the independent start-ups. Therefore, it is urgent for academics to fully understand the current situation and dynamics of entrepreneurship research motivated by large enterprises and actively explore major scientific problems.
In this regard, this paper firstly summarizes the opportunities and advantages of large enterprises in the era of the digital economy. The analysis shows that data, scenarios and infrastructure construction are the basic elements providing direction and motivation for large enterprises to gain new development opportunities in the new era. Then, the paper reviews and summarizes the attention and exploration of entrepreneurship conducted by large enterprises in the existing research. Scholars have analyzed how large enterprises actively respond to the challenges of the times from different perspectives such as technological innovation, business model innovation, organizational renewal and corporate entrepreneurship. And specifically, corporate entrepreneurship helps large enterprises to achieve strategic goals such as breakthrough innovation, organizational learning and acquisition of important knowledge, and re-allocation of innovative resources. In general, the rapid technological change and open markets promote the self-renewal and iterative innovation of corporate entrepreneurship practices of large enterprises, and therefore corporate entrepreneurship has received more extensive attention. In the wave of the digital economy, some entrepreneurial practices led by large enterprises have changed, and emerging research that blends corporate entrepreneurship with other forms of corporate innovation is also deepening.
Secondly, some research topics that may challenge the prevailing theories of strategy and management are proposed in this paper based on the above work, including the CxE, identification and definition of opportunities by large enterprises, and its impact on traditional management models. In fact, the connotation of traditional corporate entrepreneurial activities has undergone tremendous changes in the new era, and some theoretical terms need to be redefined. On this basis, some large enterprises more obviously show the initiative and priority to identify entrepreneurial opportunities driven by data and business scenarios in the era of the digital economy; In addition, with the active involvements related to platforms and ecosystems, the different stages between opportunity identification and opportunity development may merge. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider whether the understanding of opportunity in traditional entrepreneurship research is still applicable to explain the practice of corporate strategy in the new era. In addition, as the ideal type of hierarchical organization gradually changes, the management mode formed according to functions may face a greater shock.
Finally, the future research direction is prospected from the aspects of research problems, research cooperation and crossover. It may be more useful to explore strategies and management models for the new era by the end of large enterprises. The research of digital innovation-driven entrepreneurship in large enterprises needs further theoretical exploration due to its pioneering and interdisciplinary nature in practice. Facing the challenges and tests of the times, large enterprises have changed from passive adaptation to active reshaping and even leading. In this case, large enterprises have a huge demand for theoretical tools, methods or means that can directly guide their innovation and entrepreneurship practice. However, there is still a wide gap between theoretical development potential and practical needs in this research area. Therefore, more relevant studies are urgently needed to help understand the important phenomenon in the era of the digital economy.
Key words:digital innovation-driven; entrepreneurship of large enterprises; practical innovation; theoretical challenge
引用本文：张玉利，冯潇，田莉.大型企业数字创新驱动的创业：实践创新与理论挑战[J].科研管理,2022,43(5):01-10.
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