AJAE | 马梅琳 等：发展中经济体从小农场到大农场的转变
*中文标题和摘要系简单翻译，可能存在部分错误，请以英文为准
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摘要：
把促进小农生产系统作为增长和减贫战略，或者是支持能够将小农农场内生地和自愿地扩大经营的体制框架，是中低收入国家经济发展和粮食安全的核心争论。我们提出一个综合的概念框架，以比较两种替代性农业系统来生产国内主粮，重点关注使它们有区别的关键经济因素，包括较大农场的劳动力效率低下，小农户的信贷限制以及农场零售价差的差异。我们推导出两种农业制度下小农和城市消费者经济福利的均衡表达式，并基于可公开获得的数据和最新的经验文献对模型进行参数化。广泛的模拟分析揭示了从转变为大农场均衡的几个关键结果：（a）农村家庭福利几乎总是下降；（b）主粮的总产量几乎总是增加；（c）城乡家庭福利的总和几乎总是增加，经常是大量增加；（d）即使大型农场的资本密集度适度增加，农村就业也不会减少。促进农场整合的政策在保护农村家庭免遭福利损失（例如通过收入转移）的同时，可以在几乎所有研究的比较均衡中实现帕累托改进。
Abstract
Promoting smallholder production systems as a growth and poverty‐reduction strategy versus supporting an institutional framework that enables endogenous and voluntary consolidation of smallholder farms into larger operations is a central debate for economic development and food security in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We propose an integrated conceptual framework to compare the two alternative farming systems for producing a domestic staple commodity, focusing on key economic factors that differentiate them, including labor inefficiency of larger farms, credit constraints for smallholders, and differences in farm–retail price spreads. We derive equilibrium expressions for economic welfare for smallholder farmers and urban consumers under the two farming systems, and parameterize the model based on publicly available data and recent empirical literature. An extensive simulation analysis reveals several key results from transforming to a large‐farm equilibrium: (a) rural household welfare almost always declines; (b) total production of the staple almost always increases; (c) the sum of urban and rural household welfare almost always increases, often by substantial amounts; and (d) rural employment does not decrease, even with modest increases in capital intensity on large farms. Policies to promote farm consolidation, while protecting rural households from welfare losses, for example through income transfers, can achieve Pareto improvements for nearly all of the comparative equilibria studied.
原文链接（点击“阅读原文”跳转）：
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12195
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