《Food Policy》2022年第107卷目录及摘要
全文链接：
https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/food-policy/vol/107/suppl/C
Viewpoint
Viewpoint: Aligning vision and reality in publicly funded agricultural research for development: A case study of CGIAR
Philip Thornton, Jeroen Dijkman, Mario Herrero, Lili Szilagyi, Laura Cramer
Research Articles
Has global agricultural trade been resilient under coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an econometric assessment of 2020
Shawn Arita, Jason Grant, Sharon Sydow, Jayson Beckman
COVID-19 risk perception and restaurant utilization after easing in-person restrictions
Jackie Yenerall, Kimberly Jensen, Xuqi Chen, T. Edward Yu
Consumer food sustainability before and during the Covid-19 Crisis: A quantitative content analysis and food policy implications
Torben Hansen
The efficacy of the dependent care deduction at maintaining diet quality
Benjamin Scharadin
An evaluation of the healthier dining programme effects on university student and staff choices in Singapore: A cluster-randomized trial
Sharna Si Ying Seah, Rob M. van Dam, Bee Choo Tai, Zoey Tay, May C. Wang, Salome A. Rebello
The role of poultry transfers in diet diversity: A cluster randomized intent to treat analysis
Harold Alderman, Daniel O. Gilligan, Jessica Leight, Michael Mulford, Heleene Tambet
A quantile regression analysis of dietary diversity and anthropometric outcomes among children and women in the rural–urban interface of Bangalore, India
Anjali Purushotham, Nitya Mittal, B.C. Ashwini, K.B. Umesh, Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel, Sebastian Vollmer
The impact of cash and health insurance on child nutrition during the first 1000 days: Evidence from Ghana
Richard de Groot, Jennifer Yablonski, Elsa Valli, on behalf of the Ghana LEAP1000 Evaluation Team
How can public policy encourage private investments in Indian agriculture? Input subsidies vs. public investment
Nusrat Akber, Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh, Ashok K. Mishra
Do government zoning policies improve buyer-farmer relationships? Evidence from Rwanda’s coffee sector
Andrew Gerard, Maria Claudia Lopez, Nicole M. Mason, Alfred R. Bizoza
Assessing rice production efficiency for food security policy planning in Malaysia: A non-parametric bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach
Mohd Norazmi Nodin, Zainol Mustafa, Saiful Izzuan Hussain
Temperature effects on crop yields in heat index insurance
Janic Bucheli, Tobias Dalhaus, Robert Finger
Place matters: Out-of-home demand for food and beverages in Great Britain
Cherry Law, Richard Smith, Laura Cornelsen
Effects of regulatory policy mixes on traceability adoption in wholesale markets: Food safety inspection and information disclosure
Jiehong Zhou, Yu Jin, Qiao Liang
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102218
Viewpoint: Aligning vision and reality in publicly funded agricultural research for development: A case study of CGIAR
Philip Thornton Jeroen Dijkman Mario Herrero Lili Szilagyi Laura Cramer
Abstract: Global food systems are currently facing unprecedented challenges with respect to production and nutritional targets, inclusivity and environmental footprint. Several recent reports highlight the need for major, rapid reconfiguration of our food systems as a result. International publicly funded agricultural research for development will play an increasingly vital role in support of such goals as reducing poverty, improving food and nutrition security, and improving natural resources and ecosystem services. Here we take stock of the work over the last decade of CGIAR, one of the major players in the agricultural research for development arena, from the perspective of published, peer-reviewed science. We do this with respect to several elements of its vision as set out in 2011, elements that are shared by many other organisations that are also working towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Overall, we found a strong association between number of CGIAR publications and countries with large numbers of rural poor and high child stunting prevalence. At the same time several countries were identified that are anomalous, being either relatively over- or under-represented in the peer-reviewed literature in relation to numbers of rural poor and stunting prevalence. On average, 30% of the calories consumed in national food baskets come from food sources that are not currently the commodity focus of CGIAR research, such as fruit and vegetables. We identify possible ways in which the alignment between the strategic objectives of an agricultural research for development organisation such as CGIAR and its publicly funded science outputs might be further strengthened, for maximum impact in the nine years that are left for the world to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
Has global agricultural trade been resilient under coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an econometric assessment of 2020
Shawn Arita Jason Grant Sharon Sydow Jayson Beckman
Abstract: Global agricultural trade, which increased at the end of 2020, has been described as “resilient” to the impacts of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic; however, the size and channels of its quantitative impacts are not clear. Using a reduced-form, gravity-based econometric model for monthly trade, we estimate the effects of COVID-19 incidence rates, policy restrictions imposed by governments to curb the outbreak, and the de facto reduction in human mobility/lockdown effect on global agricultural trade through the end of 2020. We find that while agricultural trade remained quite stable through the pandemic, the sector as a whole did not go unscathed. First, we estimate that COVID-19 reduced agricultural trade by the approximate range of 5 to 10 percent at the aggregate sector level; a quantified impact two to three times smaller in magnitude than our estimated impact on trade occurring in the non-agricultural sector. Second, we find sharp differences across individual commodities. In particular, we find that non-food items (hides and skins, ethanol, cotton, and other commodities), meat products including seafood, and higher value agri-food products were most severely impacted by the pandemic; however, the COVID-19 trade effect for the majority of food and bulk agricultural commodity sectors were found to be insignificant, or in a few cases, positive. Finally, we also examine the effects across low vs high income countries, the changing dynamics of the pandemic’s effect on trade flows, and the effects along the extensive product margins of trade.
COVID-19 risk perception and restaurant utilization after easing in-person restrictions
Jackie Yenerall Kimberly Jensen Xuqi Chen T. Edward Yu
Abstract: This article investigated the influence of risk aversion and the perception of risk associated with dining inside a restaurant on restaurant utilization and expenditures in the initial re-opening phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consistent with economic theory, risk aversion and perception decreased the use of in-person restaurant services and increased the probability of using take-out and delivery, but had no influence on total restaurant expenditures. Risk perception had a larger effect on indoor dining compared to outdoor dining, suggesting risk averting behavior within the utilization of in-person restaurant services. These findings suggest COVID-19 concerns may influence restaurant use even after states relax their policies restricting restaurant operations. Our results also highlight the importance of developing policies to support the restaurant industry as consumers adjust to the re-opening phase of the pandemic.
Consumer food sustainability before and during the Covid-19 Crisis: A quantitative content analysis and food policy implications
Torben Hansen
Abstract: Sustainability is one of the major challenges that societies are facing. The question of why and how consumer food sustainability related issues (e.g., food waste, sustainable food shopping behavior, among others) are placed on the public agenda is therefore of high interest to food policy makers. Drawing from media agenda setting theory, this study provides the first analysis of how relationships between consumer food sustainability-related frames appear in the media. Focusing on the COVID-19 crisis, it is examined how the media framed food sustainability issues in 2019 and 2020. 271 newspaper stories are investigated through a rather new approach to quantitative content analysis that incorporated binary coding, optimal scaling, and path analysis. The study’s findings point to various significant relationships between frame contents and implications and similarly bring to light the moderating effects of the COVID-19 crisis and ‘article authorship’ on a number of these relationships. The findings contribute to the understanding of how public opinion regarding food sustainability develops and can help food policymakers and authorities seeking to develop, position, and address issues relevant to food sustainability.
The efficacy of the dependent care deduction at maintaining diet quality
Benjamin Scharadin
Abstract: One feature of the SNAP benefits calculation, the Dependent Care Deduction, increases SNAP benefits if a household pays for formal care, allowing for an indirect substitution between household time spent in dependent care and SNAP benefits. Approximately only 3 percent of eligible households utilize the Dependent Care Deduction, despite many eligible households facing significant time constraints. Therefore, I investigate the reduction in childcare time needed for a household to maintain their level of diet quality if they were to select into paid childcare. Using the American Time Use Survey I predict time spent in numerous activities for households in the National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey. In particular, I focus on secondary childcare time, time where the caregiver is completing a separate task while responsible for the well-being of a child because it is the dependent care activity reduced most by formal childcare. Estimating a conditional hybrid diet quality production function, I find that the marginal rate of substitution between household income and secondary childcare is higher for lower income levels and more time-constrained households. In addition, I find the necessary reduction in secondary childcare time to hold diet quality constant is approximately 5.3 h per day for all households and 3 h per day for SNAP households, assuming the average cost of one four-year old child in formal care.
An evaluation of the healthier dining programme effects on university student and staff choices in Singapore: A cluster-randomized trial
Sharna Si Ying Seah Rob M. van Dam Bee Choo Tai Zoey Tay May C. Wang Salome A. Rebello
Abstract: The Healthier Dining Programme (HDP) was launched to increase the availability and accessibility of healthier foods and beverages at food centers in Singapore. Our study's objective was to evaluate effects of the HDP on out-of-home dietary intakes of consumers at an institute of higher learning using a cluster-randomized trial. Six food centers at a large university campus were randomly assigned to the intervention or control arm. Participants were university students or staff aged ≥ 18 years (n = 247) who frequently dined at these centers. Out-of-home food consumption was assessed using a 7-day food diary before and after 10 weeks of intervention. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess differences in healthier dish intakes between the two study arms. Participants in the intervention arm were found to be more likely to have at least one healthier out-of-home dish per week than those in the control arm (84% vs. 65%, relative risk: 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 1.54). This difference was due mainly to higher consumption of dishes prepared with healthier oil blends (1.47; 1.19, 1.82) and lower-sodium salt (3.25; 1.56, 6.78) in the intervention arm. While saturated and polyunsaturated fat intakes in the two arms were comparable, participants in the intervention arm had lower total fat (−1.27 g/1000 kcal, −2.48, −0.06) and monounsaturated fat (−0.50 g/1000 kcal, −0.94, −0.06) intakes, from out-of-home dishes as compared with the control arm. These findings suggest that environmental interventions at institutes of higher education to increase healthier food availability can improve dietary intake from out-of-home foods.
The role of poultry transfers in diet diversity: A cluster randomized intent to treat analysis
Harold Alderman Daniel O. Gilligan Jessica Leight Michael Mulford Heleene Tambet
Abstract: Poultry has gained renewed attention as a promising value chain for women because it is an asset that is widely accessible to women, has low start-up costs, and provides a good source of nutritious animal-sourced foods for children in chicken meat and, especially, eggs. The current study presents evidence from an experimental intervention that randomly provided women either a poultry package transfer of vaccinated, improved-breed chickens and related inputs, or a cash grant of equivalent value within a sample of households participating in a social safety net program. These transfers were embedded in a set of intensive livelihood and enhanced nutrition interventions as part of a broader experiment in rural Ethiopia. We assess the impact of the poultry package transfer as well as the enhanced nutrition intervention on the consumption of eggs by both children and adult women. We find that the poultry transfer increased the frequency of egg consumption as well as the sale of eggs, falling between the extreme of an autarkic household and one in which production decisions are fully separable from consumption choices.
A quantile regression analysis of dietary diversity and anthropometric outcomes among children and women in the rural–urban interface of Bangalore, India
Anjali Purushotham Nitya Mittal B.C. Ashwini K.B. Umesh Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel Sebastian Vollmer
Abstract: Based on a primary survey conducted in the rural–urban interface of Bangalore, this study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between dietary diversity (DD) and anthropometric outcomes of young children (6 months – 5 years) (measured by weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ), and height-for-age (HAZ) z-scores), school-aged children (6–14 years) (measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) z-scores and HAZ scores), and women (15 years and above) (measured by BMI). We examine this association not just at the mean, but also at different points of the conditional distribution of anthropometric outcomes using the quantile regression (QR) method. We use six different measures of individual- and household-level DD to check whether the estimated association depends on the choice of the metric used. Our results show that increased DD is associated with higher z-scores at the lower quantiles of the WAZ distribution. In addition, we find a positive association between DD and upper quantiles of WHZ and BMI z-scores of young and school-aged children, respectively. Except for these, no other associations at any other quantile for any anthropometric outcome of young children, school-aged children, and women are consistently significant for various measures of DD. Our results suggest that policies that focus on improving DD might not be effective in improving (most) anthropometric outcomes especially in areas facing multiple burdens of malnutrition.
The impact of cash and health insurance on child nutrition during the first 1000 days: Evidence from Ghana
Richard de Groot Jennifer Yablonski Elsa Valli on behalf of the Ghana LEAP1000 Evaluation Team
Abstract: Child malnutrition remains a major global public health issue, with 155 million children under five stunted and 52 million children wasted. Social protection, in the form of cash transfer programmes, has been identified as a potential nutrition-sensitive intervention to address malnutrition in early childhood. This study documents the impacts on young child nutrition outcomes and underlying determinants of a Ghanaian cash transfer programme paired with health insurance fee exemptions, targeted to pregnant women and infants under one year. We use data from a 24-month quasi-experimental impact evaluation which exploits the fact that households were selected into the programme based on a continuous programme eligibility index. Using a difference-in-difference approach, our study finds no main treatment effect on nutritional outcomes. Household-level food security improved, yet child meal frequency decreased, suggesting an important role for the intra-household allocation of resources. We conclude that cash alone is unlikely to yield impacts on young child nutrition outcomes and integrated programmes that aim to address multiple underlying determinants at the same time need to be further examined, including effects on the intra-household division of resources.
How can public policy encourage private investments in Indian agriculture? Input subsidies vs. public investment
Nusrat Akber Kirtti Ranjan Paltasingh Ashok K. Mishra
Abstract: Private on-farm investment has been lacking by smallholders in Indian agriculture. This study explores the efficiency of alternative public expenditures to support Indian agriculture and encourage private on-farm investment. Specifically, the paper examines the crowding-in effect of input subsidies and other forms of public investments on private on-farm investment. The study uses an autoregressive distributive lag model and data from 1980 to 2018. Findings reveal that irrigation subsidy strongly induces private on-farm investment over the long-run and short-run. However, public expenditures on research, education, and the area served by public canals have a significant crowding-in effect on private on-farm investment over the short and long run. Other factors that stimulate private investment in Indian agriculture include institutional credit, favorable agricultural terms of trade, and future demand for food. Thus, policymakers should better target and rationalize public expenditures programs. Policy recommendations include removing unproductive input subsidies (such as fertilizer and power subsidies) and diverting the freed resources toward public investment in Indian agriculture.
Do government zoning policies improve buyer-farmer relationships? Evidence from Rwanda’s coffee sector
Andrew Gerard Maria Claudia Lopez Nicole M. Mason Alfred R. Bizoza
Abstract: Contract farming has the potential to both connect farmers to global markets and limit farmers’ sale channel choices. In countries where contract enforcement is weak, some governments have enforced monopsony zoning systems in which farmers within a zone must sell to a specific buyer. There is variance in zoning systems’ effectiveness in improving relationships between suppliers and buyers. In 2016, Rwanda implemented a zoning system aimed at reducing side-selling by coffee farmers and improving service provision to farmers by coffee mills. This paper analyzes the impacts of zoning on contracting between farmers and mills. We use data from farmer surveys from before and after the shift to zoning to estimate a difference-in-differences model analyzing the effects of zoning on second payments (i.e., bonuses) paid to farmers out of mill profits. We use the share of farmers aware of zoning at the local level as a proxy for the relative strength of zoning implementation and analyze the effect of zoning on farmers being promised or receiving second payments by coffee mills. We find that an increase in the degree of zoning implementation (proxied by the proportion of local coffee farmers that know about zoning) is associated with an increase in the probability that a farmer is promised or receives a second payment. Consistent with quantitative findings, interviews with mill managers suggest that zoning motivated mills to improve service provision. We do not find evidence that zoning increased farmer investment in their coffee plantations in the short run. However, qualitative evidence suggests that zoning reduced local trader activity and farmer side-selling, which benefited mills.
Assessing rice production efficiency for food security policy planning in Malaysia: A non-parametric bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach
Mohd Norazmi Nodin Zainol Mustafa Saiful Izzuan Hussain
Abstract: The 2007–2008 international food crisis triggered national food security policies of several countries worldwide, creating a problematic situation in the global food landscape and led to a drastic shift in the national food security policy (NFSP) approaches undertaken by affected countries. In this context, agricultural policies were reformulated to focus on achieving a certain degree of self-sufficiency while obtaining agricultural efficiency and sustainable agricultural development. This study empirically evaluated Malaysian rice self-sufficiency (RSS) approach, focusing on production efficiency closely related to maximizing production approach and minimizing environmental impact. We utilized non‑parametric bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA), input- and output specifications to estimate the relative technical efficiency scores of decision‑making units (DMUs) by constructing confidence intervals and correcting efficiency estimations. Our finding reveals that the Malaysian RSS policy approach demonstrates a better orientation toward output maximization than resource saving. However, the average annual change of the efficiency scores in both specifications was found to deteriorate during the analyzed period. Based on regional analysis, an improved RSS strategic approach could help the nation attain rice production maximization, minimize the environmental impacts, and obtain production efficiency mainly through modernizing the irrigation systems, efficient agrochemical inputs usage, adopting best agricultural practices, and implementing soil treatments programs.
Temperature effects on crop yields in heat index insurance
Janic Bucheli Tobias Dalhaus Robert Finger
Abstract: Heat can cause substantial yield losses in crop production and climate change is increasing the risk of this kind of damage. Weather index insurance can help to reduce the financial losses resulting from heat exposure. This paper introduces crop-specific payout functions based on restricted cubic splines in heat index insurance. The use of restricted cubic splines is a cutting-edge method to reflect empirically estimated temperature effects on crop yields and to estimate temperature-related yield losses. The integration of these temperature effects in payout functions facilitates insurance design and allows hourly temperatures to be used as the underlying index. An empirical analysis is used to assess heat stress effects for a panel of East German winter wheat and winter rapeseed producers, to calibrate insurance contracts accordingly and simulate the resulting risk reducing capacities. We find that the insurance scheme introduced here leads to statistically and economically significant out-of-sample risk reducing capacities for farmers, i.e. risk premiums are reduced by up to approximately 20% at the median, in comparison to the uninsured status and at the actuarially fair premium. Moreover, we highlight that policy-makers can support the cost-efficient provision of market-based weather index insurance by fostering data collection and data provision.
Place matters: Out-of-home demand for food and beverages in Great Britain
Cherry Law Richard Smith Laura Cornelsen
Abstract: Fiscal policies to influence consumption of food and beverages are increasing globally. Most food demand studies focus on understanding consumer response in the context of food and beverages consumed at home. Yet food and beverages consumed outside of the home play an increasing part in our diets, and demand elasticities for these settings are crucial for assessing the potential impact of such fiscal measures on promoting healthier diets. Utilising a large out-of-home food purchase dataset from Great Britain in 2016–17, this paper analyses the demand for seven food groups across four outlet types, including restaurants, fast-food outlets, food retails and other outlets. We use a demand system approach to estimate price and expenditure elasticites of demand, along with procedures to account for censoring, expenditure and price endogeneity. Our results indicate substantial variations in consumer responses across outlet types. Demand for main meals is expenditure and price elastic in restaurants but inelastic in fast-food outlets. For sugary drinks, the demand is generally price elastic except in fast food outlets. These differences across outlet types highlight the complexity in studying out-of-home food and beverage consumption and the importance of accounting for where consumers buy from when designing, implementing and evaluating consumer responses to fiscal measures.
Effects of regulatory policy mixes on traceability adoption in wholesale markets: Food safety inspection and information disclosure
Jiehong Zhou Yu Jin Qiao Liang
Abstract: The increasingly heavier burden of government spending on food safety supervision is a common problem faced by regulatory agencies in various countries. Traceability is an effective quality and safety management measure and plays an important role in food safety risk control in many developed countries. However, the agricultural product traceability system in wholesale markets has low coverage in China. This article investigates the effects of regulatory policy mixes, i.e., food safety sampling intensity and information disclosure, on vendors’ traceability adoption, theoretically and empirically based on a dataset containing the information of all aquatic product wholesale markets in three provinces of China. The results show that both sampling intensity and information disclosure positively influence the traceability adoption of vendors. However, the effect of food safety sampling intensity on traceability adoption relies on information disclosure. Specifically, an increase of 10 sampling tests enhances the probability that vendors adopt traceability by 4 percentage points in markets with information disclosure. These effects are heterogeneous across vendors with different business scales and with different supply chain distances from farms. The effects are larger for vendors with larger business scales and/or are closer to farms. The above results are robust after the inclusion of the instrumental variable into the models.
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