JEEM 2022年第114卷目录及摘要

全文链接：

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-environmental-economics-and-management/vol/114/suppl/C

Regular papers

Take a ride on the (not so) green side: How do CDM projects affect Indian manufacturing firms’ environmental performance?

Jūratė Jaraitė, Oliwia Kurtyka, Hélène Ollivier

Climate Adaptive Response Estimation: Short and long run impacts of climate change on residential electricity and natural gas consumption

Maximilian Auffhammer

Balancing conservation and commerce: A shadow value viability approach for governing bycatch

Pierce Donovan, Michael Springborn

Access to toilets and violence against women

Md Amzad Hossain, Kanika Mahajan, Sheetal Sekhri

Do carbon footprint labels promote climatarian diets? Evidence from a large-scale field experiment

Paul M. Lohmann, Elisabeth Gsottbauer, Anya Doherty, Andreas Kontoleon

Pollution pictures: Psychological exposure to pollution impacts worker productivity in a large-scale field experiment

Nikolai Cook, Anthony Heyes

Environmental justice and Coasian bargaining: The role of race, ethnicity, and income in lease negotiations for shale gas

Christopher Timmins, Ashley Vissing

Using economic experiments to assess the validity of stated preference contingent behavior responses

Lusi Xie, Wiktor Adamowicz, Maik Kecinski, Jacob R. Fooks

Evaluating the impact of technological renovation and competition on energy consumption in the workplace

Valeria Fanghella, Giovanna D'Adda, Massimo Tavoni

Are renewable energy policies effective to promote technological change? The role of induced technological risk

Fanglin Ye, Nicholas Paulson, Madhu Khanna

Meaty arguments and fishy effects: Field experimental evidence on the impact of reasons to reduce meat consumption

Grischa Perino, Claudia Schwirplies

Success and failure of communities managing natural resources: Static and dynamic inefficiencies

François Libois

The effects of individualized water rates on use and equity

Steven M. Smith

The short-term impact of air pollution on medical expenditures: Evidence from Beijing

Fan Xia, Jianwei Xing, Jintao Xu, Xiaochuan Pan

Fairness and the support of redistributive environmental policies

Mark A. Andor, Andreas Lange, Stephan Sommer

Notes and short papers

Global carbon price asymmetry

Robert A. Ritz

Take a ride on the (not so) green side: How do CDM projects affect Indian manufacturing firms’ environmental performance?

Jūratė Jaraitė    Oliwia Kurtyka    Hélène Ollivier

Abstract：This study examines the causal impacts of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) on the environmental performance of Indian manufacturing firms, as measured by their energy use, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and intensities of CO2 emissions per sales and per energy use. The impacts of CDM projects are estimated using either two-way fixed-effect regressions or an estimator built for an event study with staggered treatment (Sun and Abraham, 2021) combined with a sample of ever-treated firms only or a sample comparing treated to never-treated control firms using semi-parametric matching. We found that CDM projects significantly increased firms’ CO2 emissions and energy use after treatment, but had no effect on CO2 emission intensity per sales and only a small negative effect on the CO2 content of energy use (only for the matched sample). These results reveal that CDM projects led to a positive scale effect (increased sales) after investments were made, and that these investments triggered a limited emission-reducing technique effect (decreased CO2 intensity).

Climate Adaptive Response Estimation: Short and long run impacts of climate change on residential electricity and natural gas consumption

Maximilian Auffhammer

Abstract：This paper proposes a simple two-step estimation method (Climate Adaptive Response Estimation - CARE) to estimate sectoral climate damage functions, which account for long-run adaptation. The paper applies this method in the context of residential electricity and natural gas demand for the world’s fifth largest economy — California. The advantage of the proposed method is that it only requires detailed information on intensive margin behavior, yet does not require explicit knowledge of the extensive margin response (e.g., technology adoption). Using almost two billion energy bills, we estimate spatially highly disaggregated intensive margin temperature response functions using daily variation in weather. In a second step, we explain variation in the slopes of the dose response functions across space as a function of summer climate. Using 18 climate models, we simulate future demand by letting households vary consumption along the intensive and extensive margins. We show that failing to account for extensive margin adjustment in electricity demand leads to a significant underestimate of the future impacts on electricity consumption. We further show that reductions in natural gas demand more than offset any climate-driven increases in electricity consumption in this context.

Balancing conservation and commerce: A shadow value viability approach for governing bycatch

Pierce Donovan    Michael Springborn

Abstract：The losses from extinction events are not well-known, making an expected net benefits approach to conservation problems difficult to implement. A viable control strategy instead focuses on limiting the risk of extinction to some acceptably low level at the least possible cost. Here we describe a shadow value viability approach for solving conservation problems with irreversible thresholds with dynamic programming. A social planner calculates the minimal (virtual) level of loss from extinction that would trigger sufficient action to avoid extinction with the desired confidence. The cost-effective policy then arises from acting as if the resulting shadow value is real. We demonstrate the method in a numerical application to the conservation of the Pacific leatherback turtle population, which co-mingles with the Pacific swordfish fishery. We show how the cost-effective outcome can be achieved among decentralized fishers by using the planner’s shadow value to set market-based instruments for managing turtle bycatch. This approach translates the species viability objective into economic terms so conservation and commercial harvest can be rationally integrated.

Access to toilets and violence against women

Md Amzad Hossain    Kanika Mahajan    Sheetal Sekhri

Abstract：This paper examines if in-home access to toilets reduces the risk of violent crimes against women. We use the roll out of the Swachh Bharat Mission, a flagship toilet construction program in India, to ascertain if assaults and rapes of women reduce when access to in-home toilets increases. We bolster our findings through an instrumental variable strategy using political alignment of locally elected representatives in close elections with the national government’s political party, post the launch of the program, as an instrument. We find that construction of toilets reduces sexual assaults on women, but do not discern consistent changes in rapes. Our findings for sexual assaults are robust to a variety of controls, specifications, and identification approaches. We address reporting changes as a plausible alternative explanation and present evidence to support the exclusion restriction in our IV strategy.

Do carbon footprint labels promote climatarian diets? Evidence from a large-scale field experiment

Paul M. Lohmann    Elisabeth Gsottbauer    Anya Doherty    Andreas Kontoleon

Abstract：We estimate the causal effect of carbon footprint labels on individual food choices and quantify potential carbon emission reductions, using data from a large-scale field experiment at five university cafeterias with over 80,000 individual meal choices. Results show that carbon footprint labels led to a decrease in the probability of selecting a high-carbon footprint meal by approximately 2.7 percentage points with consumers substituting to mid-carbon impact meals. We find no change in the market share of low-carbon meals, on average. The reduction in high-carbon footprint meals is driven by decreases in sales of meat meals while sales of mid-ranged vegan, vegetarian and fish meals all increased. We estimate that the introduction of carbon footprint labels was associated with a 4.3% reduction in average carbon emissions per meal. We contrast our findings with those from nudge-style interventions and discuss the cost-effectiveness of carbon footprint labels. Our results suggest that carbon footprint labels present a viable and low-cost policy tool to address information failure and harness climatarian preferences to encourage more sustainable food choices.

Pollution pictures: Psychological exposure to pollution impacts worker productivity in a large-scale field experiment

Nikolai Cook    Anthony Heyes

Abstract：While contemporaneous exposure to polluted air has been shown to reduce labor supply and worker productivity, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We present first causal evidence that psychological exposure to pollution – the “thought of pollution” – can influence employment performance. Over 2000 recruits on a leading micro-task platform are exposed to otherwise identical images of polluted (treated) or unpolluted (control) scenes. Randomization across the geographically-dispersed workforce ensures that treatment is orthogonal to physical pollution exposure. Treated workers are less likely to accept a subsequent offer of work (labor supply) despite being offered a piece-rate much higher than is typical for the setting. Conditional on accepting the offer, treated workers complete between 5.1% to 10.1% less work (labor productivity) depending on the nature of their assigned task. We find no effect on work quality. Suggestive evidence points to the role of induced negative sentiment. Decrements to productivity through psychological mechanisms are plausibly additional to any from physical exposure to polluted air.

Environmental justice and Coasian bargaining: The role of race, ethnicity, and income in lease negotiations for shale gas

Christopher Timmins    Ashley Vissing

Abstract：Using a unique combination of datasets and estimation techniques, we test whether private lease negotiations to extract oil and natural gas exhibit features of Coasian efficiency. We demonstrate that measures of wealth (including income, house square footage, and land acreage), typically determinants of willingness to pay for environmental quality, do affect bargaining outcomes. However, race, ethnicity, and language also play important roles after conditioning upon these variables, suggesting an environmental injustice and a breakdown of efficient Coasian bargaining. We further demonstrate that failure to negotiate protections in leases leads to increased risk of future drilling violations, and that weak lease restrictions are not generally offset by strong local ordinance restrictions.

Using economic experiments to assess the validity of stated preference contingent behavior responses

Lusi Xie    Wiktor Adamowicz    Maik Kecinski    Jacob R. Fooks

Abstract：Contingent behavior (CB), a stated preference (SP) method, elicits individuals’ intentions about behavior in quantities or frequencies under hypothetical scenarios. CB has primarily been used to elicit preferences in recreation demand models or to assess market demand. Although CB shares the hypothetical nature of other SP methods, there has been limited assessment of CB validity and incentive compatibility. Focusing on hypothetical bias and framing effects, we design an incentive-compatible decision mechanism that examines the validity of CB in economic experiments. We find hypothetical bias associated with an overstatement of quantities in CB responses, but the overstatement does not appear to arise from strategic behavior. We also find that overstating quantities is not significantly affected by framing, but framing does affect the convergence of CB and revealed preference responses. These findings raise questions about the validity CB research and its demand revealing properties but provide some avenues to address these concerns.

Evaluating the impact of technological renovation and competition on energy consumption in the workplace

Valeria Fanghella    Giovanna D'Adda    Massimo Tavoni

Abstract：This study investigates the effect of two interventions aimed at reducing electricity consumption among branches of a large Italian bank. The first intervention consists in the technological renovation of 70 branch buildings through the installation of an automated energy management system. The second is an energy-saving competition that involved more than 500 branches for a year. Using two separate difference-in-differences estimations, we find that the technological renovation curbs electricity consumption by 15.8 percent overall, and by more than 25 percent outside the main work schedule. The behavioral intervention reduces electricity consumption, by around 6 percent outside the main work schedule, and by 2.4 percent overall, although not significantly so. The estimated cost-effectiveness ranges between 3.4 and 8.8 € cents per kWh saved for the technological intervention, and 9.8 and 17.8 € cents per kWh saved for the behavioral intervention. Our findings suggest that for both interventions, energy savings in the workplace are more easily obtained by reducing passive energy waste than through behavioral change during working hours.

Are renewable energy policies effective to promote technological change? The role of induced technological risk

Fanglin Ye    Nicholas Paulson    Madhu Khanna

Abstract：This study shows that renewable energy policies have an important side effect of inducing technological risk that makes firms' already-adopted technologies become uncompetitive more quickly. This induced risk irrevocably reduces firms' incentives to develop and adopt new technologies, thus undermining policy effectiveness to promote technological change. We find that the quantity-based renewable energy standard is more effective than the R&D or price subsidy to maintain firms' innovation and investment incentives under the induced-risk effect. This effectiveness advantage further influences policy choices between the price-based and quantity-based policy instruments, and provides a bias in favor of a quantity instrument in Weitzman's criterion.

Meaty arguments and fishy effects: Field experimental evidence on the impact of reasons to reduce meat consumption

Grischa Perino    Claudia Schwirplies

Abstract：We report evidence from a field experiment (N=561) on how different reasons for reducing the consumption of red meat (health, climate and animal welfare) impact intentions to change behavior, the consumption of red meat and the enjoyment of meals. Surprisingly, the three concepts are not aligned. On average, two treatments affect intentions to reduce meat consumption, only one affects behavior, while all affect enjoyment of meals containing red meat. This contributes to the emerging discussion of the welfare effects of nudging. We find that behavioral changes are driven by our female participants eating in company. This confirms the importance of the social environment both in explaining gender differences and the channels by which nudges affect behavior.

Success and failure of communities managing natural resources: Static and dynamic inefficiencies

François Libois

Abstract：This paper presents an analytical framework to help understand why some communities successfully manage their renewable natural resources and some fail to do so. We develop a finite-number-of-player, two-period non-cooperative game, where a community can impose an exogenous amount of sanctions. The model develops a nuanced view on Ostrom’s conjecture, stating that, in a common-pool resource it is easier to solve the within-period distributional issue than the between-period conservation problem. We first show that rules preventing dynamic inefficiencies may exist even though static inefficiencies still remain. Second, we show an increase in the initial value of the resource may lower the utility of all users when enforcement mechanisms are bounded. Third, we show that inequalities decrease static inefficiencies but increase dynamic ones.

The effects of individualized water rates on use and equity

Steven M. Smith

Abstract：Water pricing policies seek to balance cost recovery, conservation, equity, and affordability. Two-part tariffs are commonly deployed with the volumetric portion often using increasing block tiers. Setting a uniform-sized first tier too small can put more burden on lower income groups that may have less efficient homes and more people per household. Setting the tier too large will allow many people outdoor use at the lowest rate. This paper analyzes the effects of the growing trend to use average winter consumption (AWC) to create individualized rate structures tailored to revealed indoor use. I use nearly eight million monthly household bills from before and after the implementation of AWC pricing to explore two questions. First, do consumers respond to the implicit discount for winter use embedded in AWC pricing and reduce indoor conservation? Second, how does AWC alter equity in terms of varying average price both across and within water use levels? On average, winter use does not increase, but the trend in reductions is slowed after AWC is introduced and a small subset of consumers do appear to respond strategically. Furthermore, AWC results in a progressive structure whether holding water use constant or allowing it to vary.

The short-term impact of air pollution on medical expenditures: Evidence from Beijing

Fan Xia    Jianwei Xing    Jintao Xu    Xiaochuan Pan

Abstract：We identify the short-term effects of PM2.5 concentrations on medical costs in Beijing by analyzing two datasets: one detailing daily air quality indexes over a four-year period and the other containing individual-level records of all health care visits and medical transactions that occurred under a government insurance program that covers most city residents. We find that both higher levels of air pollution and longer-lasting pollution episodes significantly increase health care visits and medical expenditures. An analysis of multiple-day pollution episodes shows that marginal health care visits and marginal health costs start to increase as the pollution event lasts for consecutive days. Omitting the variation in the magnitude of the marginal effects of pollution exposure over the course of a pollution episode would lead to the underestimation of the total health costs of air pollution. Our findings provide empirical evidence that both the intensity and the duration of pollution episodes are critical considerations when designing policies to reduce the health costs of air pollution.

Fairness and the support of redistributive environmental policies

Mark A. Andor    Andreas Lange    Stephan Sommer

Abstract：Exemptions from costly policy measures are frequently applied to alleviate financial burdens on specific market participants. Using a stated-choice experiment with around 6000 German household heads, we test how exemptions for low-income households and energy-intensive companies influence the political feasibility of additional cost for the promotion of renewable energies. We find that the policy support is substantially higher when low-income households are exempt rather than the industry. Introducing exemptions for low-income households on top of existing exemptions for the industry increases the acceptability of the policy. We show that the support for exemptions as one example of distributional policy design is associated with individual behavioral measures like inequality aversion and fairness perceptions.

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编辑：代安澜

审核：龙文进