全文链接：https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-rural-studies/vol/94/suppl/C Farmer perspectives on collaboration: Evidence from agricultural landscapes in Arizona, Nebraska, and PennsylvaniaWeston M. Eaton, Kathryn J. Brasier, Hannah Whitley, Julia C. Bausch, C. Clare Hinrichs, Barbara Quimby, Mark E. Burbach, Amber Wutich, Jodi Delozier, Walt Whitmer, Stephanie Kennedy, Jason Weigle, Clinton Williams Infrastructuring alternative markets: Enabling local food exchange through patchworkingChristian Fuentes, Maria Fuentes Impact of migrant and returning farmer professionalization on food production diversityMin Liu, Wei Zheng, Taiyang Zhong Winegrowers’ decision-making: A pan-European perspective on pesticide use and inter-row managementYang Chen, Rafael Alcalá Herrera, Emilio Benitez, Christoph Hoffmann, Stefan Möth, Daniel Paredes, Elke Plaas, Daniela Popescu, Silke Rascher, Adrien Rusch, Mignon Sandor, Pauline Tolle, Louise Willemen, Silvia Winter, Nina Schwarz Voluntary gold certification programs: A viable mechanism for improving artisanal and small-scale mining in Peru?Gerardo Martinez, Nicole M. Smith, Marcello M. Veiga How alternative foods become affordable: The co-construction of economic value on a direct-to-customer marketJonas Bååth Affordances and agricultural technologyDominic Glover The “White middle-class farming woman”: Instagram and settler colonialism in contemporary rural AustraliaLaura Rodriguez Castro, Barbara Pini Being a part of and apart from. Return migrants’ ambivalent attachment to rural placeHelle D. Pedersen, Anette Therkelsen “Only the intervenor cared”: Tracing the neoliberalization of environmental policy in Wisconsin's DairylandSarah D'Onofrio Effects of risk preferences and social networks on adoption of genomics by Chinese hog farmersShijun Gao, Carola Grebitus, Troy Schmitz Women's empowerment and the will to change: Evidence from NepalMarie-Charlotte Buisson, Floriane Clement, Stephanie Leder Tree planting for climate change: Coverage in the UK farming sector pressAshley Hardaker, Theresa Bodner, Norman Dandy Just transition frames: Recognition, representation, and distribution in Irish beef farmingSusan P. Murphy, Sheila M. Cannon, Lyndsay Walsh Lock-ins to transition pathways anchored in contextualized cooperative dynamics: Insights from the historical trajectories of the Walloon dairy cooperativesVéronique De Herde, Yves Segers, Kevin Maréchal, Philippe V. Baret The importance of artisanal and small-scale mining for rural economies: Livelihood diversification, dependence, and heterogeneity in rural GuineaHeather Huntington, Kate Marple-Cantrell Does planning production expansion have its intended effect in reality? Evidence from the dairy sector in PolandJan Fałkowski, Jacek Lewkowicz Identity theory in agriculture: Understanding how social-ecological shifts affect livestock ranchers and farmers in northeastern ColoradoJasmine E. Bruno, María E. Fernández-Giménez, Meena M. Balgopal The relationship between agritourism and social capital in Italian regionsNicola Galluzzo Black Ecologies, subaquatic life, and the Jim Crow enclosure of the tidewaterJ.T. Roane Spatially explicit restructuring of rural settlements: A dual-scale coupling approachYue Dong, Peng Cheng, Xuesong Kong Crime and safety in rural areas: A systematic review of the English-language literature 1980–2020Jonatan Abraham, Vania Ceccato Climate risk perceptions and perceived yield loss increases agricultural technology adoption in the polder areas of BangladeshZobaer Ahmed, Aaron M. Shew, Manoranjan K. Mondal, Sudhir Yadav, S.V. Krishna Jagadish, P.V. Vara Prasad, Marie-Charlotte Buisson, Mahanambrota Das, Mustafa Bakuluzzaman Improving the framework for analyzing community resilience to understand rural revitalization pathways in ChinaRuoyan Zhang, Yuan Yuan, Hongbo Li, Xiao Hu Theoretical model of territorial agro-industrial development through multi-focus research analyticsClaudia Jazmin Galeano-Barrera, Edgar Mauricio Mendoza-García, Alejandro David Martínez-Amariz, Efrén Romero-Riaño Does the democratization level of village governance affect perceptions of security and integrity of land rights? -An analysis from the perspective of social network abundanceNa Li, Liang Tang, Xuchao Che, Xiaoping Shi, Xianlei Ma Pigs as a shortcut to money? Social traps in smallholder pig production in northern UgandaAnna Arvidsson, Klara Fischer, Kjell Hansen, Juliet Kiguli Cognitive antecedents and formation pathways of confined feeding mode adoption by herders in ChinaHaibin Chen, Rui Ding, Liqun Shao Digital revolution and rural family income: Evidence from ChinaXuan Leng Migration, class and intra-distinctions of whiteness in the making of inland rural VictoriaRose Butler Lived environmental citizenship through intersectional lenses: The experience of female community leaders in rural ChileEvelyn Arriagada, Antonia Garcés Sotomayor, Antoine Maillet, Karin Viveros Barrientos, Antonia Zambra Evaluating the social added value of LEADER: Evidence from a marginalised rural regionGeorgios Chatzichristos, Anastasios Perimenis Market proximity and irrigation infrastructure determine farmland rentals in Sichuan Province, ChinaKristin Leimer, Christian Levers, Zhanli Sun, Daniel Müller Implications of socioeconomic change for agrarian land and labour relations in rural GhanaFred Mawunyo Dzanku, Dzodzi Tsikata Debates on the construction of an alternative food system in periurban spaces. The experience of a national consultation table in ArgentinaClara Craviotti Tea farmers’ intention to participate in Livestream sales in Vietnam: The combination of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and barrier factorsNguyen Khanh Doanh, Long Do Dinh, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh New insights on the use of the Fairtrade social premium and its implications for child educationJorge Sellare Determinants of returnees’ entrepreneurship in rural marginal ChinaYi Wang, Yangyang Jiang, Baojiang Geng, Bin Wu, Lu Liao To cut or not to cut – emotions and forest conflicts in digital mediaTuulikki Halla, Jaana Laine Making place in a place that doesn't recognise you: Racialised labour and intergenerational belonging in an Australian horticultural regionDr Victoria Stead, Lorayma Taula, Mellisa Silaga Social capital and soil conservation: Is there a connection? Evidence from Peruvian cocoa farmsNaara Cancino, Cathy Rubiños, Silvana Vargas Differing perceptions and tensions among tourists and locals concerning a national park region in NorwayVegard Gundersen, Stine Rybråten Striking roots: Place attachment of international migrants, internal migrants and local natives in three Norwegian rural municipalitiesBrit Lynnebakke, Aadne Aasland ‘What we'd like is a CSA in every town.’ Scaling community supported agriculture across the UKBernd Bonfert Farmer perspectives on collaboration: Evidence from agricultural landscapes in Arizona, Nebraska, and PennsylvaniaWeston M. Eaton Kathryn J. Brasier Hannah Whitley Julia C. Bausch C. Clare Hinrichs Barbara Quimby Mark E. Burbach Amber Wutich Jodi Delozier Walt Whitmer Stephanie Kennedy Jason Weigle Clinton WilliamsAbstract：We examine how contextual factors affect farmer perspectives on collaborative environmental management in Arizona, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania, U.S., through a qualitative and comparative study. In doing so, we explore how contextual factors identified in foundational collaborative environmental governance research play out specifically in three agricultural cases. Findings from this study reveal four key cross-case themes from farmer perspectives on collaboration: (1) prior participation, (2) flexible agenda, (3) willingness to learn, and (4) agency influence. Further, we find positions that are more open or closed on each theme are shaped by three contextual factors: farmer interdependence with non-farmers, the nature of salient water resource issues, and protection from versus vulnerability to regulatory agencies. These findings are useful for guiding future collaborative forums aiming to elicit farmer participation in environmental management. Infrastructuring alternative markets: Enabling local food exchange through patchworkingChristian Fuentes Maria FuentesAbstract：The aim of this paper is to advance our understanding of the complex material arrangements involved in the formation of AFNs by applying the concept of market infrastructure and turning our attention to the process of infrastructuring. Based on an ethnographic study of REKO rings, a network of local food markets, we show how disparate elements, e.g. digital interfaces, parking locations, and Swish (an electronic payment system), are interconnected and configured to form the REKO ring market infrastructure patchwork – an infrastructure made by linking together previously unrelated elements and re-purposing them. We then demonstrate how this patchwork infrastructure enables the formation of market actors, coordination of the market actors’ activities, and the qualification and valuation of foods, thereby making the exchange of alternative food possible. Our analysis of infrastructure patchworking illustrates a different type of infrastructure-making resulting in a temporary and fragile infrastructure which, despite its instability, enables exchange. Drawing on this analysis we argue that the potential of AFNs to take form and impact contemporary modes of food provisioning cannot be understood without exploring the process of infrastructuring. Impact of migrant and returning farmer professionalization on food production diversityMin Liu Wei Zheng Taiyang ZhongAbstract：Since the 2000s, there has been an increasing number of returning and migrant farmers across China. In 2012, China initiated a program for fostering professional farmers, which has caused greater changes for farmers and led to an agricultural shift towards commercial production. Migration has been recognized as a crucial factor affecting the diversity of agricultural production. However, scant attention has been paid to how different types of farmers influence agricultural diversification. Therefore, this study examines the influence of migrant farmers, returning farmers, and local non-migrant farmers on food production diversity. This study collected farm-level data on food production and farmers’ characteristics and applied a negative binomial regression model to estimate the impacts of different types of farmers on agricultural development. The results show that farms operated by migrant farmers had a significantly lower level of food production diversity while farms operated by returning farmers had no significant difference in food production diversity, using farms operated by local non-migrant farmers as the reference category. The variation in agricultural production diversity lies in differences in food production purposes, agricultural and market skills, and various risk-related capacities among the different types of farmers. Farm-level production specialization does not necessarily reduce food diversity and agrobiodiversity at the rural community and regional level. Winegrowers’ decision-making: A pan-European perspective on pesticide use and inter-row managementYang Chen Rafael Alcalá Herrera Emilio Benitez Christoph Hoffmann Stefan Möth Daniel Paredes Elke Plaas Daniela Popescu Silke Rascher Adrien Rusch Mignon Sandor Pauline Tolle Louise Willemen Silvia Winter Nina SchwarzAbstract：European viticultural landscapes not only support a significant share of rural livelihoods and cultural traditions, but also conserve biodiversity and sustain various ecosystem services. Winegrowers' practices of inter-row management (including whether to have vegetation in the inter-rows, type of vegetation, duration of vegetation cover, and soil tillage) and pesticide use (including herbicides in the inter-rows, fungicides, insecticides, and pheromone dispensers as an alternative) can affect these services. This study aims to understand winegrowers' decision-making driven by their personal characteristics, attitudes and beliefs towards viticultural practices, physical properties of vineyards, and farm management characteristics in five European winegrowing regions. These include Palatinate in Germany, Leithaberg in Austria, Tarnave in Romania, Bordeaux in France, and Montilla-Moriles in Spain. Based on a questionnaire survey, we constructed decision trees for each behaviour per case study as well as in a generic European model. We found factors that best explain how winegrowers manage their inter-rows and use pesticides. Results showed that not only do behaviours of winegrowers vary drastically across the case studies, but also the factors that explain most behaviours: farmers' attitudes and beliefs and farm management characteristics. This implies the importance of attitudes and beliefs – which are under-researched as compared to other factors – in understanding farmers’ behaviour. With the driving factors found to vary per case study, our results also imply the need for locally-adapted policies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the effects of climate change on European viticultural landscapes concern not only shifting production regions and changes in yields, but also changing pressure of pests and diseases. Any long-term behavioural change requires efforts from many stakeholders. Voluntary gold certification programs: A viable mechanism for improving artisanal and small-scale mining in Peru?Gerardo Martinez Nicole M. Smith Marcello M. VeigaAbstract：Globally, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) provides a livelihood for approximately 20 million people directly and millions more indirectly. Despite its economic contributions and job creation for rural communities, the sector continues to be overlooked in local, regional, and national sustainable development plans. Voluntary gold certification programs, created and administered by international NGOs, have emerged as one response to tackle the social and environmental issues associated with the ASGM sector. Although voluntary gold certifications are gaining more traction, their impacts remain unclear. Focusing on Peru, the country with the greatest number of certified artisanal and small-scale gold mining organizations (ASMOs), this paper examines the practical impacts when certification is achieved and identifies the shortcomings. Based on interviews with gold certification staff members and members of certified ASMOs, as well as site visits to certified mining operations, we demonstrate that gold certification programs are driving ASMOs to implement better environmental management and health and safety practices. Certified ASMOs are also benefitting from the economic incentives of selling gold internationally, and they are investing the premiums they receive from certifications into projects that benefit their workers and the mining town. Still, the reach of certification programs remains limited, with only a fraction of miners working for certified ASMOs. This article concludes that although gold certification programs have the potential to improve environmental protection and contribute to rural development, there are challenges that will have to be overcome for small-scale mining organizations to achieve and maintain certification status. How alternative foods become affordable: The co-construction of economic value on a direct-to-customer marketJonas BååthAbstract：The imposition of premium prices is one of the most influential barriers to sustainable food consumption. Yet studies of alternative food networks and sustainable consumption have paid sparse attention to how and why some customers overcome the price barrier. This article addresses this issue, posing the question: How do alternative foods become affordable to the customers purchasing them? The article draws on an extensive qualitative dataset that shows how the participants – suppliers, administrators, and customers – in Swedish REKO-rings, a direct-to-customer food market arrangement, co-construct alternative foods as affordable to customers. The study uses the sociology of markets and valuation studies to analyse how these market participants enable some economic comparisons but disqualify others. The findings suggest that they co-construct a distinct economic practice for their customers, called ‘affordacity’. This practice treats liberal spending on alternative foods as the prudent use of money, while deeming spending on conventional foods as imprudent regardless of their prices. These findings complement existing scholarship on sustainable food consumption and alternative food networks. Affordances and agricultural technologyDominic GloverAbstract：This paper discusses how the theory of affordances can be used to investigate how a spectrum of opportunities, benefits, costs and risks is generated and unevenly distributed by different kinds of technology (where ‘technology’ is understood as techniques, processes and practices of doing and making, rather than technical artefacts and systems). Affordances are possibilities for action, which arise from relations between humans and entities that surround them. This paper discusses three kinds of affordances: material, cultural and socio-economic. The theory of affordances offers a coherent way to explain why different technologies have different implications, and why those implications vary for different stakeholders. Applied to the domain of development-oriented agricultural research and innovation, the theory of affordances could be used by researchers and practitioners to examine the differentiated implications of different kinds of farming technology and alternative programmes of technological change in agriculture, both ex ante (e.g. in their design, development and implementation) and ex post (e.g. in their evaluation). To illustrate the argument, the paper uses the example of weeding in the System of Rice Intensification. Since affordances in theory are generated relationally and situationally for each person, the full array of implications arising from the introduction of new technology could be wide and diverse. A practical challenge, therefore, is whether and how the theory of affordances can be used practically and operationally to design, implement and evaluate the appropriateness, accessibility, utility and value of agricultural technology and technological change for specific people and groups of interest. The “White middle-class farming woman”: Instagram and settler colonialism in contemporary rural AustraliaLaura Rodriguez Castro Barbara PiniAbstract：In nations where colonialism persists such as Australia, scholars have identified the hegemony of a morally infused white farming imaginary. While this construction has traditionally been invested in heteropatriarchal ideologies our aim in this paper is to demonstrate how, in recent years, white middle-class farming women have been woven into this narrative through settler colonial logics. We take up this contention in the Australian context examining 100 posts to two major institutional Instagram accounts that feature farming women: @invisfarmer and @agrifuturesau. Using the lens of settler colonialism, and a visual and textual analysis, we identify how the “white middle-class woman farmer” is framed by discourses of white feminism and invisibility/visibility. We reveal the emergence of a narrow farming woman aesthetic which is bolstered by narratives which celebrate the “successful female farmer” and the “successful female farm leader”. In concluding the paper, we discuss the implications of the gendering of the white farming imaginary, and make a call for gender and rural studies scholars to de-centre and disaggregate the “white middle-class settler farming woman” subject position, through attending to settler colonialism and Indigenous scholarship in understandings of Australian rurality. Being a part of and apart from. Return migrants’ ambivalent attachment to rural placeHelle D. Pedersen Anette TherkelsenAbstract：This study is concerned with the return migration of highly educated young people to rural places. It seeks to understand the drivers and concerns behind their migration patterns and how they deal with own and others’ conflicting perceptions of rurality. Place attachment and place ambivalence in the context of life course changes are the main theoretical perspectives that help us to understand return migration. They are applied in a Danish context and based on analyses of qualitative interviews the concepts are further developed. A main contribution of the study is to look at rural place from the different identity positions of returnees and on that basis nuance the concept of place ambivalence. Another contribution is the identification of specific discursive and action-based coping strategies that returnees utilise to counter external stigmatisation and inner identity battles. “Only the intervenor cared”: Tracing the neoliberalization of environmental policy in Wisconsin's DairylandSarah D'OnofrioAbstract：Drawing from Peck and Tickell’s (2002) theory of roll-back and roll-out neoliberalism and Brenner et al.'s (2010) theory of variegated neoliberalism, this paper uses comparative historical analysis to understand how the state of Wisconsin suppressed its legacy of progressive environmentalism and embraced neoliberal policy over time. Specifically, this paper examines the rapid expansion of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in Wisconsin’s dairy industry since 1995. As these large CAFOs have grown in size, so have the social and environmental problems related to their use, including pollution of drinking water sources for rural communities. Based on analysis of newspaper articles between 1965-2010, I observed that that a turning point towards neoliberalism occurred with the demise of the Office of the Public Intervenor (OPI), a legally designated adversarial force unique to the state that was created in 1967 after a powerful coalition of environmental social movements defeated an attempt to merge the offices of development and environmental protection. Despite the continuous efforts of industry, the effort to weaken environmental regulations and institutions in Wisconsin failed not only in 1967, but in 1984 as well. However, by 1995, immediately after the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the state switched their support from populist environmental social movements to industry. Through deregulation, elimination of the OPI, and the gradual dissolution of environmental social movements, the state of Wisconsin created the conditions that enabled CAFOs to expand without the “burden” of environmental regulation. Subsequently, through re-regulation, Wisconsinites lost access to legal remedies that could curb polluting practices of large CAFOs. This research is part of a larger project to understand the environmental impacts of regulatory failure in the Core as states in the Global North continue to adopt neoliberal environmental policy. Effects of risk preferences and social networks on adoption of genomics by Chinese hog farmersShijun Gao Carola Grebitus Troy SchmitzAbstract：The outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in 2018 has had a massive impact on the Chinese hog industry. Finding treatments for the disease has attracted scientists worldwide working on a solution. Using genomics technology could potentially prevent hogs from getting infected with ASF. Many people, however, hold negative attitudes towards genomics technology, even though the Chinese government supports the technology. This paper attempts to determine hog farmers' motivations to adopt genomics for breeding hogs that are more resistant to the disease. In doing so we focus on the impact of their risk preferences and related peer effects that might influence potential adoption. We present a case study using face to face interviews with hog farmers from two locations in China. Results indicate that hog farmers would likely purchase semen produced with genomics technology if the semen was ASF resistant, reducing the probability of ASF by at least 60%. Most hog farmers we surveyed were risk averse. Findings suggest that more risk-averse hog farmers are more likely to delay the adoption of ASF resistant semen as compared to more risk-prone farmers. Results from social network analysis indicate hog farmers' social network status, such as, centrality, does not affect the time frame in which they would adopt genomics technology. However, the genomics adoption time frame of a particular hog farmer is positively correlated with other closely related hog farmers’ time frames. This study also finds hog farmers form networks with other farmers similar to them, not only do they share a similar attitude in adopting genomics technology but they also have similar risk preferences. Overall, this case study provides implications for local governments and companies trying to promote new technologies. Women's empowerment and the will to change: Evidence from NepalMarie-Charlotte Buisson Floriane Clement Stephanie LederAbstract：A static and apolitical framing of women's empowerment has dominated the development sector. In contrast, we assess the pertinence of considering a new variable, the will to change, to reintroduce dynamic and political processes into the way empowerment is framed and measured. This article uses a household survey based on the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and qualitative data collected in Nepal to analyze how critical consciousness influences women's will to change the status quo and the role of visible agency, social structures, and individual determinants in those processes. A circular process emerges: women with higher visible agency and higher critical consciousness are more willing to gain agency in some, but not all, of the WEAI empowerment domains. This analysis advances current conceptualizations of empowerment processes: the will to change offers valuable insights into the dynamic, relational and political nature of women's empowerment. These findings support the design of development programs aiming at increasing visible agency and raising gender critical consciousness and argue for improving the internal validity of women's empowerment measurement tools. Tree planting for climate change: Coverage in the UK farming sector pressAshley Hardaker Theresa Bodner Norman DandyAbstract：In recent years tree planting as a response to climate change has acquired a very high profile amongst policy-makers, scientists, the media, and the public. This ‘afforestation’, however, requires space: that is, land. Agriculture currently occupies very large areas of land globally meaning that it is commonly targeted as needing to make way for tree planting, and making farmers important gatekeepers to this climate change mitigation strategy. Given the importance of farming sector media outlets in reflecting, shaping and leading values and attitudes amongst the agricultural community, this paper investigates how tree planting is presented within the UK's two leading sectoral publications, Farmers Guardian and Farmers Weekly. We sample coverage at four points over a two-year period (2019–2021) which began with high-profile national media and scientific engagement with the topic. Our analysis reveals very low levels of coverage within these key publications with, on average, just 1 in 200 articles within our sample focussing on tree planting. Within this limited coverage we identify four themes which range from hostility towards the notion of trees on farms replacing agricultural practices, through to occasional recognition of the positive roles that trees on farms can play in climate change mitigation. Arguably, the lack of legitimisation within the coverage constitutes a significant barrier to woodland expansion on agricultural land. We conclude that farming media outlets could play a much stronger role in supporting the agricultural community to understand how it could contribute to climate change mitigation through bringing trees ‘in’ to farming systems, and to the normalisation of this within modern farming culture. Just transition frames: Recognition, representation, and distribution in Irish beef farmingSusan P. Murphy Sheila M. Cannon Lyndsay WalshAbstract：The concept of just transition has emerged as an important governance framework guiding sectors transitioning from unsustainable to sustainable practices and is most dominant in debates on the energy transition. This research, in contrast, explores if and how this framework can make sense of the challenges facing Irish beef farming. The sector is transforming in response to an intersecting range of social, environmental, and market pressures. Beef farmers are at the centre of this, yet little research has been conducted gathering their perspectives on the changing state of their livelihoods and their concerns for the future. Here, we use a novel methodological approach, drawing on the concept of framing as a strategic communication device to explore the perspectives of key actors in this sector and a multi-dimensional environmental justice framework to identify the elements of (in)justice present within frames. This novel just transition frames and functions model exposes how misalignment between powerful key actors, concerned with distributional matters, and beef farmers, concerned with declining social status, shifting identities, and under-representation is found to be contributing to conflict. We show how the application of this model can inform pathways to just and sustainable futures. Lock-ins to transition pathways anchored in contextualized cooperative dynamics: Insights from the historical trajectories of the Walloon dairy cooperativesVéronique De Herde Yves Segers Kevin Maréchal Philippe V. BaretAbstract：Drawing on a historical study of the Walloon dairy cooperatives, this paper analyses how complex cooperative dynamics define lock-ins in their trajectories. We consider cooperatives as firms active on markets and as structures of collective action gathering farmers-members around common strategic goals. Williamson's framework from New Institutional Economics accounts for the embeddedness of firms' strategies and governance in their wider context of development. Under the influence of this context of development, Ostrom's IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) and SES (Social-Ecological Systems) frameworks, merged in a so-called CIS framework, capture the dynamic interplay between the components of cooperatives. Resorting to a combination between these frameworks, this paper discusses how the interplay between the components of the cooperatives' social-ecological system unfolded in the trajectories of the Walloon dairy cooperatives over the last sixty years. We uncover a double social dilemma at play. On the part of the farmers, the social dilemma anchors itself in the tension between their short-term interests as milk supplier over those of principal investor. On the part of the cooperatives' directors, the social dilemma anchors itself in the features of linking and bridging social capital in the region, unfavourable to inter-cooperative dialogue. In the Walloon Region, these social dilemma constituted a structural driver of the competition between dairy cooperatives and the subsequent inability to cooperate and invest towards successful long-term diversification pathways. We discuss how contextual factors, in particular market features, regulatory frameworks, socio-political features, and institutional support to dialogue, may aggravate, or conversely mitigate the effect of these social dilemma on cooperatives' trajectories. We call for more historically-informed studies on the impact of context on cooperative dynamics and stress the relevance of contextualized approaches to unlock prospective dynamics of collective agency in transition pathways. The importance of artisanal and small-scale mining for rural economies: Livelihood diversification, dependence, and heterogeneity in rural GuineaHeather Huntington Kate Marple-CantrellAbstract：A number of development interventions have sought to improve livelihoods and benefits in diamond mining communities. Local interventions can include activities such as formalizing and securing the tenure of mining claims, converting mining sites to agricultural sites, alternative livelihoods, land use planning, and training miners in SMARTER mining techniques. However, there are strong assumptions underlying the program logic and context for many of these interventions. To interrogate these assumptions, this paper explores livelihood dependence and motivations for ASM, in-formality and rules, and environmental costs with a focus on differential responses for indigene miners versus national and transnational miners, as well as for full-time career miners versus part-time miners. We also analyze the variation in responses across two diamond mining areas. The findings challenge several key assumptions that inform development programming around alternative livelihoods and formalization in the context of ASM. The results demonstrate that ASM is fully embedded in the local economy in the study area, although there is significant heterogeneity in livelihood dependence and diversification within and between mining sites. We find that low conflict results challenge the general association of artisanal miners and violence, in part due to effective customary systems for land management. The analysis highlights elements of ASM management that would benefit from programs or policies that seek to facilitate ASM as a sustainable approach for local economic growth. Does planning production expansion have its intended effect in reality? Evidence from the dairy sector in PolandJan Fałkowski Jacek LewkowiczAbstract：Farmers are being continuously encouraged to adopt entrepreneurial practices with the hope that they will increase their competitiveness. One such practice involves defining clear goals for farm development, which is meant to improve farms' capacity to respond to multi-faceted changes in their environment. However, the question remains whether the assumed plans will actually be achieved and whether they should be seen as a prerequisite for improving farm performance. In this paper, we analyse these issues using unique micro data from the dairy sector in Poland. Our focus is on one specific objective – production expansion – which is often included in farmers’ future plans. We investigate whether declaring production expansion as a goal for the future has any impact on actual output growth. Our findings suggest a very weak relationship between the two, which is contradictory to strong arguments showing how setting clear goals may lead to improved farm performance. We discuss several potential reasons for this result, namely the specific nature of our data, complex regulatory framework, the fact that new profit opportunities in dairy sector might stem not only from increasing the scale of output, or the fact that business planning may be perceived by farmers just as a technical requirement to receive public support. Identity theory in agriculture: Understanding how social-ecological shifts affect livestock ranchers and farmers in northeastern ColoradoJasmine E. Bruno María E. Fernández-Giménez Meena M. BalgopalAbstract：This study examines how experiences and social interactions help form the occupational identities of livestock operators in northeastern (NE) Colorado. We also explore how their agricultural identities, especially related to gender roles, have shifted in the context of social and ecological change. Little research examines identities in the context of rapidly changing North American rangeland systems. To address this gap, we used identity theory to deductively analyze 32 interview transcripts with livestock keepers to examine their occupational identities and how shifting gender roles affect these identities. We first describe the context of social-ecological change in NE Colorado. We next illustrate participants’ self-concepts, outlining their multiple identities (e.g., rancher and farmer), identity standards (i.e., how a rancher “ought” to be), and identity symbols (i.e., elements with implied shared meaning). We found that, while history often presents the identities of farmers and ranchers as distinct and conflicting, participants described their roles as becoming increasingly plural (including dual farmer-rancher roles). Participants emphasized the significance of land, livestock, and way of life (i.e., culture) to their agricultural identities. While most participants discussed the increasing acceptance of women in agriculture, we also found that women have not always received public acknowledgment of their roles as farmers or ranchers. As livestock keepers are restructuring their identities in response to social and ecological change, we see opportunities to support the increased inclusion of diverse identities in agriculture. This more nuanced understanding of agricultural identities and their relationship to behavior can support researchers and practitioners in developing strategies that meet rangeland stakeholders' shifting needs. This study contributes to and offers new research directions for rural studies and the study of decision-making in agriculture. The relationship between agritourism and social capital in Italian regionsNicola GalluzzoAbstract：Agritourism has consistently increased in Italian rural areas since the early 1990s. Social capital is a fundamental pillar in reducing socio-economic marginalisation in rural areas. This study's main purpose was to assess, through two different quantitative approaches, the estimated impact of social capital on the growth of agritourism in all Italian regions from 2010 to 2019. The quantitative model used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyse efficiency and a two-stage DEA to analyse the growth of agritourism. Furthermore, machine learning was used to investigate whether some variables—namely crime perception, people at risk of poverty, internet diffusion, and people involved in co-ops—are linked to social capital and the development of agritourism in rural areas of Italy. The findings reveal that social capital for people involved in co-ops has been an important lever in the development of agritourism in Italy; by contrast, the fear of criminality is linked to a low level of social capital and reduces the growth of agritourism. Black Ecologies, subaquatic life, and the Jim Crow enclosure of the tidewaterJ.T. RoaneAbstract：This paper is an effort to recover histories of Black critiques of the twinned forces of displacement and extractionism in relation to the Jim Crow enclosure of the Tidewater region represented by the consolidation of commercial fisheries after 1880. Braiding Black cultural history, labor history, and environmental history, under the formulation of “Black Ecologies,” I show the ways rural Black communities' relationships with the water and the subaquatic species like fish, crabs, oysters, and clams, in practice and in expressive culture, evolved through the period of the industrialization, deindustrialization, and recent reindustrialization of the Tidewater's waterways after Reconstruction. Using county level records, local Black expressive culture, governmental studies, historical newspaper articles, and recorded oral histories, I chart the transformation of Black rural relationships with the area's waterscape--, a conceptualization combining the geological features and processes of the water-land ecotone as well as the overlapping spaces of labor and leisure that created competing demands and a dialectic shaping rural life. Spatially explicit restructuring of rural settlements: A dual-scale coupling approachYue Dong Peng Cheng Xuesong KongAbstract：Rapid urbanization has had a profound impact on rural socioeconomic development, which has driven the spatial restructuring of rural settlements. Numerous studies have analyzed the spatial restructuring of rural settlements, yet socioeconomic factors and their impacts on villages and rural settlements have been ignored. This paper implemented a dual-scale coupling approach to identify the restructuring direction of rural settlements in Tingzu Town, Hubei Province, China. At the village scale, a population-land-industry evaluation index system was constructed to calculate the development potential of villages. The advanced gravity model was used to measure the intervillage connections, and K-means clustering was applied to divide the village groups, both approaches were used to identify the central villages. At the patch scale, kernel density estimation and accessibility analysis were applied to identify the spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements, and rural settlements were classified into nine types based on the analysis of density-accessibility spatial combination characteristics. Four types, including relocation and evacuation, characteristic protection, suburban integration, and agglomeration and upgrading were proposed to restructure rural settlements. The restructuring direction and strategies of each type were determined by combining the influence scope of each central village, delineated by the weighted Voronoi diagram and the actual development needs of rural settlements. This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship involved in the restructuring of rural settlements and is of great practical significance for guiding the optimization of rural settlement layouts. Crime and safety in rural areas: A systematic review of the English-language literature 1980–2020Jonatan Abraham Vania CeccatoAbstract：This article explores the nature and frequency of crimes and people's safety perceptions in rural areas using a systematic review of the literature. It explores four decades of English-language publications on crime and safety in rural areas from several major databases; mainly Scopus, JSTOR and ScienceDirect. The number of retrieved documents was 840, of which 410 were selected for in-depth analysis and their topics later categorized by theme. We found that rural crime research took off after the mid-1980s and experienced an increase during the 2010s. Despite the domination by North American, British and Australian scholarship, studies from other parts of the world (including the Global South) are increasingly being published as well. Publications on rural crime patterns (e.g., farm crime) compose over one-fifth of the reviewed literature. This together with rural policing/criminal justice and violence constitute the three largest themes in rural criminology research. With ever-increasing links between the local and the global, this review article advocates for tailored multilevel responses to rural crimes that, more than ever, are generated by processes far beyond their localities. Climate risk perceptions and perceived yield loss increases agricultural technology adoption in the polder areas of BangladeshZobaer Ahmed Aaron M. Shew Manoranjan K. Mondal Sudhir Yadav S.V. Krishna Jagadish P.V. Vara Prasad Marie-Charlotte Buisson Mahanambrota Das Mustafa BakuluzzamanAbstract：The effects of climate change are likely to increase the frequency of flood, drought, and salinity events in the coastal areas of Bangladesh, posing many challenges for agrarian communities. Sustainable intensification in the form of improved agricultural management practices and new technologies may help farmers cope with stress and adapt to changing conditions. In this study, we explore how climate change perceptions of agricultural risk affect adaptation to climate change through technology adoption in a unique landscape: the polders of Bangladesh. In 2016, a survey was conducted in 1003 households living on these artificial, leveed islands facing the Bay of Bengal. We analyzed the responses from polder residents to construct a climate risk index which quantifies climate risk perception in this highly vulnerable agrarian landscape. We analyzed how polder demographics influence their perceptions about climatic change using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR). Further, by using three bivariate probit regression models, we estimated how the perception of climate risk drives the differential adoption of new agricultural technologies. Our findings show that farmers perceive polder agriculture as highly vulnerable to four environmental change factors: flooding, drought, salinity, and pest infestation. The SUR model suggests that farmer demographics, community group memberships, and access to different inputs and services strongly influence climatic risk perceptions. Findings also suggest that polder farmers with higher risk perceptions have a higher propensity to adopt both chemical and mechanical adaptation strategies. Cost, however, limits the ability of farmers to adopt improved technologies, suggesting an opportunity for institution-led approaches. Improving the framework for analyzing community resilience to understand rural revitalization pathways in ChinaRuoyan Zhang Yuan Yuan Hongbo Li Xiao HuAbstract：Community resilience (CR) is receiving increasing attention within rural studies, especially as many rural communities, worldwide, appear to be gradually declining. In 2017, the Chinese government outlined a “rural revitalization strategy”, which recommends four pathways for revitalizing rural communities and helping them to withstand external shocks. To advance understanding of rural revitalization pathways in China, we developed an improved conceptual framework for analyzing CR. The study's innovativeness lies in its integration of principles for building social-ecological resilience into the framework, and the provision of a step-by-step process for analyzing CR. We analyzed major risks and shocks faced within each of the four revitalization pathways in China on the basis of a literature review, and identified key slow variables and their mutual effects as well as corresponding thresholds and core indicators. Our results showed that slow-onset disturbances, which differ greatly among the four pathways, pose the greatest threat to CR. However, the impacts of slow variables on rural communities are often ignored as they are difficult to observe. Therefore, rules should be introduced to avoid shortsighted decisions in policymaking. Our findings can provide valuable inputs for the implementation of rural revitalization pathways in China. Moreover, they highlight the need for more empirical case studies focusing on diversified pathways. Theoretical model of territorial agro-industrial development through multi-focus research analyticsClaudia Jazmin Galeano-Barrera Edgar Mauricio Mendoza-García Alejandro David Martínez-Amariz Efrén Romero-RiañoAbstract：This study sought to propose a theoretical model by determining the incident factors of agro-industrial territorial development based on the existing scientific literature and the exploration of successful case studies in the sector worldwide. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, with a bibliometric analysis and content analysis, recognizing elements associated with the improvement of competitiveness and territorial development. The factors identified as incidents of agro-industrial territorial development are: the short supply chain, protection of agri-food products with territorial identity, family farming, local food systems and agribusiness. These factors were integrated into a theoretical model in order to analyze the systemic interaction of each of the factors to find the causes or reasons for territorial development where activation mechanisms can be identified, such as: relational, spatial and technological proximity, the institutional framework from the territory, the support of public policy and the promotion of inclusive and integrated businesses in the value chain. Does the democratization level of village governance affect perceptions of security and integrity of land rights? -An analysis from the perspective of social network abundanceNa Li Liang Tang Xuchao Che Xiaoping Shi Xianlei MaAbstract：Improving the land property rights system is an effective way to enhance the rural economy and resist the effects of rural decay caused by rapid urbanization. However, in many developing countries, farmers' perception of the security and integrity of their allocated land rights, which is the core of farmers' decision making, deviates from the forms stipulated by formal land property rights systems. China is no exception in this regard. Based on two household surveys conducted in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Liaoning Provinces in China, which cover 2014 and 2018 information, this paper uses an ologit model to explore the impact of the democratization level on farmers' perception of land rights security and integrity and identifies the moderating effect of social network abundance. The results show that a higher democratization level of village governance enhances farmers' perception of the effectiveness of land certificates and the integrity of the bundle of rights but exerts an insignificant impact on farmers’ perception of land reallocation. We also find that social network abundance has a moderating effect. Social network abundance weakens the effect of democratization level on the perception of certificate effectiveness but enhance its effect on the perception of rights integrity. Furthermore, our findings provide a reference for reforming rural land property rights systems and rural governance systems during the process of developing rural revitalization strategies. Pigs as a shortcut to money? Social traps in smallholder pig production in northern UgandaAnna Arvidsson Klara Fischer Kjell Hansen Juliet KiguliAbstract：Recent decades have seen a growing market for pork in Uganda. The government and donors have promoted pig rearing as a potential route out of poverty for poor smallholders. The idea is that upscaling and commercialisation of smallholder pig production can be a successful way out of poverty. Drawing on the concepts of trust and social traps, this article describes how pig production fails as a pathway out of poverty in post-conflict communities in northern Uganda due to tensions created by the focus on individual wealth creation. Results from ethnographic fieldwork reveal that there is a strong moral obligation in the studied communities for individuals who fare better to contribute to the community and share their wealth. Social tensions remaining from the period of conflict are stoked by the focus on individual wealth creation in pig production, resulting in acts of harming, stealing and killing other people's pigs. Locally these acts are said to be caused by “jealousy”, which for many smallholders is a more significant problem than disease in pig production. The findings suggest that poverty reduction measures would be more successful if they focused on distributed approaches aimed at raising the general level of welfare in communities and supporting the collective rather than the individual. Cognitive antecedents and formation pathways of confined feeding mode adoption by herders in ChinaHaibin Chen Rui Ding Liqun ShaoAbstract：Along with the implementation of the Rangeland Ecological Subsidy and Award Scheme, a modal shift of livestock production from open grazing to confined feeding is now encouraged in China's pastoral regions, in the hope of relieving grazing pressure meanwhile sustaining herders' livelihood. What cognitive factors and how they affect the adoption of confined-feeding mode by herders are yet unanswered. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour and using a field survey dataset of 250 herder households in Qinghai Province, this study explores the critical cognitive antecedents and formation mechanisms of herders' behaviour towards the new mode. The results of structural equation modelling suggest that the confined-feeding adoption is a reasoned action, whereby both perceived behavioural control and subjective attitude exert significantly positive impacts. For the former, economic rationality is the main driving force, whereas for the latter, the acquisition of financial and technical support is the key. Two pathways, namely ‘attitude → intention → behaviour’ and ‘perceived control → intention → behaviour’, stand out in forming the adoption behaviour. Although subjective norms show no significant impact on intension, they serve as contextual factors that help shape perceived control and attitude. The findings contribute to improve understanding on the behavioural responses of herders to novel technologies, practices and policy interventions, and have important implications for informing the design of intervention initiatives in pastoral regions of China and beyond. Digital revolution and rural family income: Evidence from ChinaXuan LengAbstract：This paper considers the relationship between the digital revolution and the income of rural households in China based on the difference-in-differences (DD) method. Using rich family survey data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2018, I show that the digital revolution has a large positive effect on the income of rural households, an effect of approximately ¥1382 ($214) per year, which also applies for less-educated groups. My results can be explained by an increase in the frequency of internet use, especially in relation to work and business activities. The internet promotes China's rural transformation, such as increasing employment, entrepreneurship, and part-time work. In addition, the digital revolution has a direct impact on agricultural production income. This study highlights the importance of the digital revolution in reducing information costs, as it helps broaden channels for farmers to increase income and achieving inclusive regional growth. Migration, class and intra-distinctions of whiteness in the making of inland rural VictoriaRose ButlerAbstract：This paper examines how white rural identities have been historically produced and transformed over time as a result of colonial migration regimes, the racialisation of labour, intra-distinctions of classed whiteness and projects of social mobility. White identities in settler Australia's ethnically diverse rural towns and cities are commonly depicted as reified, homogenous and fixed-in-place. In rural-focused sociological research, any recognition of whiteness is typically in response to classed stigma around “failed” whiteness, or in discussions of a white-centred “rural cosmopolitanism”. Yet critical Indigenous studies and critical rural studies scholars have long shown that the very ubiquitous construction of whiteness acts as a framing device in the imagining of Australian “rurality”, one which obscures ongoing legacies of power and structures of rural inequality. In this paper I further this agenda by examining how whiteness has been historically produced in one rural, inland city of south-eastern Australia. First, I discuss the colonial projects of race-making and class mobility which were embedded in the region's rural irrigation schemes of the late nineteenth century. Second, I examine how Australia's post-war migration programs, the racialisation of labour and intra-distinctions of class all redefined the boundaries of whiteness over the twentieth century, and consider how this contributed to shaping rural social geographies. Drawing on a range of historical and contemporary sources, I show how white rural identities in settler Australia, rather than being reified and immutable, have been historically created under specific social, political and economic conditions. Lived environmental citizenship through intersectional lenses: The experience of female community leaders in rural ChileEvelyn Arriagada Antonia Garcés Sotomayor Antoine Maillet Karin Viveros Barrientos Antonia ZambraAbstract：The 2019 social uprising in Chile revealed the widespread discontent the citizens of this country experience. In particular, rural areas were part of this social mobilization during which discontent around environmental issues were particularly salient. However, we still know little about the daily experiences of environmental suffering outside urban areas, and the different ways individuals and collectives confront it. To tackle these issues and contribute to the broader discussion about environmental citizenship and non-traditional forms of mobilization and activism, we build on the experience of the “School for Female Leaders on Socio-environmental and Territorial Issues”, a research-action joint-venture project that brought together women from different non-urban districts of the Metropolitan Region with a team of social and social scientists and practitioners. Sharing experiences about environmental suffering and the particular ways female leaders respond led us to propose the concept of lived environmental citizenship, which accounts for the incompleteness these women felt in relation to the promises of formal citizenship, and their personal, community and political work to address it. This concept and the findings of our research contribute to enhancing discussions on gendered rural and environmental politics. Evaluating the social added value of LEADER: Evidence from a marginalised rural regionGeorgios Chatzichristos Anastasios PerimenisAbstract：One of the most significant challenges in rebuilding Europe after COVID-19 is stimulating the marginalised, rural areas of the European Union (EU). Amid a social distancing environment, it is quite important to re-evaluate policy instruments that have recorded successes in rural development with an emphasis on the infrastructure of local dialogue; the Liaisons Entre Actions de Developpement de l'Economie Rurale (LEADER) has been such a programme. The current article introduces a qualitatively-integrated Social Return on Investment tool to evaluate the social added value of LEADER. The evaluation method was applied on the rural island of Lesvos in Greece. The evaluation results indicated that LEADER becomes a worthwhile investment when a wide range of its social outflows are taken into account. Additionally, in order to enhance its social value, a level of maturity and a solid economic basis must be first achieved. In this context, continuous monitoring and evaluation become crucial. Market proximity and irrigation infrastructure determine farmland rentals in Sichuan Province, ChinaKristin Leimer Christian Levers Zhanli Sun Daniel MüllerAbstract：A dynamic market for farmland transactions can contribute to an increase in average farm size and to realising economies of scale in farming. China, with more than 200 million small and fragmented farms, has launched a new wave of land tenure reforms that foster land transfers to increase farm size and to improve agricultural efficiency. However, the factors that influence farmland transactions are far from clear. We aim to understand farmland rental determinants in response to a pilot land reform project in China's south-west Sichuan Province. We collected survey data from 410 farm households and used boosted regression trees to quantify the determinants of the land rentals. Our analyses provide three key findings. First, households with more plots equipped with irrigation infrastructure and closer distances to the nearest town were more likely to rent out land. Second, households rented out a larger share of their land when they had more irrigation infrastructure and lived close to Chengdu, the province capital. Third, the land reform pilot provided a modest but positive stimulus for land rentals. In sum, our results suggest that the supply and demand for land crucially hinges upon plot location and plot infrastructure. Debates on the construction of an alternative food system in periurban spaces. The experience of a national consultation table in ArgentinaClara CraviottiAbstract：This contribution analyses a consultation table instituted in Argentina at the national level, in which actors from different levels of government and areas of concern participated, along with technicians and researchers specialized in the problems of periurban areas affected by the use of agrochemicals linked to an intensive model of agricultural production. It examines the main points in common and the controversies raised, the paradigms in tension and the circumstances of the context, based on the review of secondary information and interviews with key informants. The results indicate the identification, by the participating actors, of the heterogeneity of situations at the territorial level, although with a common point present in all of them, the difficulties of coexistence between different ways of producing; the achievement of a consensus in the vision of proximity agriculture as a response to multiple social demands, which requires comprehensive actions and policies, although “situated”. However, the analysis also highlights the limits of this instance of consultation to address the tensions emerging from export-oriented agriculture in countries adopting this model of development. Tea farmers’ intention to participate in Livestream sales in Vietnam: The combination of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and barrier factorsNguyen Khanh Doanh Long Do Dinh Nguyen Ngoc QuynhAbstract：In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Livestream sales are becoming an emerging trend in developing countries. However, there is very little research on tea farmers' intention to participate in Livestream sales. This paper combines the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and barrier factors to examine the tea farmers' intention to participate in Livestream sales in four Northern midlands and mountainous provinces of Vietnam. Our interview data are from 398 tea farm households whose heads have been in business for at least three years and are between the ages of 26 and 53. Using general structural equation modeling (GSEM), we found that farmers' perceived ease of use and usefulness of Livestream sales motivate their intention to participate in this selling channel. However, regarding barrier factors, the lack of knowledge and experience, information, and professionals’ support, and normative barriers reduce tea farmers’ perception of ease of use and usefulness of Livestream sales. Based on the research findings, we propose several solutions to encourage tea farmers to participate in Livestream sales. We emphasize that solutions must be associated with the cultural and traditional standards of the local people, especially for ethnic minority farmers. New insights on the use of the Fairtrade social premium and its implications for child educationJorge SellareAbstract：Fairtrade differentiates itself from other sustainability standards such as Rainforest Alliance and UTZ by demanding that buyers pay farmers at least a minimum price and a Fairtrade social premium. The social premium is a sum paid to cooperatives in addition to the agreed price to be used for projects that strengthen the cooperative or benefit the community in the villages more broadly and it is often mentioned in the literature as one of the key mechanisms through which Fairtrade engenders changes in the small farm sector. However, previous studies have not explicitly analyzed what the social premium is used for, what factors influence how it is used, and whether farmers, workers, and the local communities benefit from these projects. In this article, we use data from several cocoa cooperatives in Côte d’Ivoire to do a descriptive analysis of how the premium is used and how its allocation into different projects is related to the organizational characteristics of the cooperatives. Then, using instrumental variable regressions, we explore potential benefits of the social premium for child education. We analyze whether (i) participating in a certified value chain and (ii) living in a village with a premium-financed education project have an effect on household education expenditure. We show that organizational characteristics of cooperatives are only weakly correlated with the use of the social premium and that most of it does not go into projects that promote broad community development. Furthermore, our findings suggest that living in a village with a premium-financed education project has a positive effect on education expenditure among farmers, but does not affect expenditure among cooperative and farm workers. Determinants of returnees’ entrepreneurship in rural marginal ChinaYi Wang Yangyang Jiang Baojiang Geng Bin Wu Lu LiaoAbstract：Returnee entrepreneurship represents a new direction in entrepreneurial migration and a distinct mode of geographical mobility among entrepreneurs. This study focuses on the Tibetan region of Sichuan, China, in researching young adults who have returned to rural marginal areas from cities to engage in tourism entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial ecosystem is taken as a theoretical basis to evaluate critical determinants of returnee entrepreneurs' business development from two perspectives: macro (the entrepreneurial environment) and micro (entrepreneurs themselves). The authors conducted four narrative interviews with local bed and breakfast entrepreneurs in the Ganzi prefecture. Findings reveal that local embeddedness and non-local connections are vital to returnee entrepreneurs’ business development. Numerous determinants related to local embeddedness and non-local connections are also tied to entrepreneurial ecosystem elements, such as infrastructure, institutions, market conditions, and capital. Making place in a place that doesn't recognise you: Racialised labour and intergenerational belonging in an Australian horticultural regionDr Victoria Stead Lorayma Taula Mellisa SilagaAbstract：This paper examines the labour experiences of Pacific Islander people living in the Greater Shepparton Region in south-eastern Australia, and the forms of both intergenerational belonging and exclusion that are produced at the intersection of racialised labour and place-making in the settler-colonial state. Shepparton's Pacific Islander community, which has been resident in the area for over thirty years, is heavily involved in seasonal horticultural labour, forming part of an industry workforce that also includes workers from other settled migrant-background communities, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as large number of temporary migrant workers. Nevertheless, Pacific Islanders in the region often feel themselves, and their labour, unrecognised within the context of established narratives that discursively construct localness as white. Here, we pay particular attention to the experiences of Pasifika youth who, in reflecting on the labour of their parents, offer potent perspectives on the kinds of precarious belonging this labour produces. These contrast sharply with the celebrated forms of intergenerational belonging and claims to place that adhere to the labour of white farmers, and that have their origins in the colonial dispossessions on which the region's industry is founded. Still, Pasifika people in the region do make place for themselves and for their youth, both through the waged labour they perform as well as through diverse forms of community labour that also situate them in relation to, and with, Indigenous community. Attention to these diverse forms of labour expands the terms through which the work and labour experiences of migrant and other non-white people are usually figured, and highlights the complex, intergenerational entwining of colonialism and racialisation in white-majority rural places. Differing perceptions and tensions among tourists and locals concerning a national park region in NorwayVegard Gundersen Stine RybråtenAbstract：In the context of national park management, landscape conservation, and tourism development in a mountain region in Norway, the aim of the research is to analyse how tourists, residents, and local stakeholders experience and practise their participation in the landscapes. A mixed methods approach was used, which included focus group meetings, semi-structured interviews, an on-site survey, and two Internet surveys to gain in-depth knowledge of tourists' and locals' relations to and evaluations of the landscape in the studied national park region, which comprised the park itself and eight protected landscape areas. The results revealed that many of the tourists visiting the national park considered the area it covered was a wilderness, while locals considered the area's authenticity was closely connected to cultural traditions and a long-lasting interconnectedness between people and landscape. As both locals and tourists shared a desire to maintain the wildlife and landscape characteristics of the national park, authenticity may serve as a common denominator for emphasizing local development, outdoor activities, and meeting points outside the boundary of the park. The authors conclude that involving tourists in a knowledge process that provides insights into the past and present livelihoods of communities and the use of the natural resources could help to enhance tourists' experiences, but without compromising local understandings of authenticity. Striking roots: Place attachment of international migrants, internal migrants and local natives in three Norwegian rural municipalitiesBrit Lynnebakke Aadne AaslandAbstract：Based on responses to a survey of international migrants and Norway-born residents in three rural municipalities, this article analyses place attachment at various levels of scale. It compares international migrants to Norwegian-born internal migrants and local natives. Three questions are addressed: 1) Are there differences in the three resident categories’ levels of place attachment at different levels of scale?; 2) What are the predictors of place attachment, and is being a migrant a predictor in its own right? and 3) Are the predictors of place attachment the same for international migrants, internal migrants and local natives, and for different levels of scale? After controlling for other factors, the study found that all three categories have similar place attachment levels to the local scales. However, place attachment predictors differ, and predictors of place attachment have different relevance on different scales for the three categories. Institutional trust, usually not addressed in the research tradition, predicts place attachment for all categories. ‘What we'd like is a CSA in every town.’ Scaling community supported agriculture across the UKBernd BonfertAbstract：As the Covid-19 pandemic exposes the vulnerabilities of our globalised agri-food system, local sustainable food alternatives, such as community-supported agriculture (CSA), are on the rise. In CSA local farmers and households co-produce food sustainably and independently of the market. CSA's benefits and shortcomings are well-understood but we know little about how larger CSA networks can expand and consolidate the practice at scale. This paper investigates the UK CSA network, showing its ability to upscale, outscale and downscale CSA through institutionalisation, replication and politicization, before discussing the network's strategic limitations and dependencies. ——END 相关阅读：