《Annual Review of Resource Economics》2022年第14卷第1期目录及摘要

全文链接：

https://www.annualreviews.org/toc/resource/14/1

Autobiographical

Agriculture for Development: Analytics and Action

Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet

Agricultural and Food Economics

Meat Consumption and Sustainability

Martin C. Parlasca and Matin Qaim

The Economic Impacts of Walmart Supercenters

Richard Volpe and Michael A. Boland

Methodological Advances in Food Choice Experiments and Modeling: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Research Directions

Vincenzina Caputo and Riccardo Scarpa

Developments in Agricultural Crop Innovations

Richard E. Howitt and Gordon Rausser

Changing Farm Size Distributions and Agricultural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa

T.S. Jayne, Ayala Wineman, Jordan Chamberlin, Milu Muyanga and Felix Kwame Yeboah

The Economics of Agricultural Productivity in South Africa

Nick Vink, Beatrice Conradie and Nicolette Matthews

Development Economics

COVID-19 and Global Poverty and Food Security

Rob Vos, John McDermott, Johan Swinnen

Early Parenting Interventions to Foster Human Capital in Developing Countries

Dorien Emmers, Juan Carlos Caro, Scott Rozelle and Sean Sylvia

Empirical Industrial Organization Economics to Analyze Developing Country Food Value Chains

Rocco Macchiavello, Thomas Reardon and Timothy J. Richards

Structural Transformation of the Agricultural Sector In Low- and Middle-Income Economies

Klaus Deininger, Songqing Jin and Meilin Ma

The Economics of Postharvest Loss and Loss-Preventing Technologies in Developing Countries

Jacob Ricker-Gilbert, Oluwatoba Omotilewa and Didier Kadjo

Rural Employment in Africa: Trends and Challenges

Luc Christiaensen and Miet Maertens

Is Agricultural Insurance Fulfilling Its Promise for the Developing World? A Review of Recent Evidence

Berber Kramer, Peter Hazell, Harold Alderman, Francisco Ceballos, Neha Kumar and Anne G. Timu

War, Conflict, and Food Insecurity

Olga Shemyakina

Environmental Economics

Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases

Nicole Nova, Tejas S. Athni, Marissa L. Childs, Lisa Mandle and Erin A. Mordecai

The Economics of Wildlife Trade and Consumption

Rohan Prasad, Gordon Rausser and David Zilberman

The Economics of Wildfire in the United States

Jude Bayham, Jonathan K. Yoder, Patricia A. Champ and David E. Calkin

This Is Air: The “Nonhealth” Effects of Air Pollution

Sandra Aguilar-Gomez, Holt Dwyer, Joshua Graff Zivin and Matthew Neidell

Environmental Policies Benefit Economic Development: Implications of Economic Geography

Seth Morgan, Alexander Pfaff and Julien Wolfersberger

When and How to Use Economy-Wide Models for Environmental Policy Analysis

Jared C. Carbone, Linda T.M. Bui, Don Fullerton, Sergey Paltsev and Ian Sue Wing

The Future, Now: A Review of Social Discounting

Ben Groom, Moritz A. Drupp, Mark C. Freeman and Frikk Nesje

Introducing the Circular Economy to Economists

Don Fullerton, Callie W. Babbitt, Melissa M. Bilec, Shan He, Cindy Isenhour, Vikas Khanna, Eunsang Lee and Thomas L. Theis

Climate Impacts on Natural Capital: Consequences for the Social Cost of Carbon

Bernardo A. Bastien-Olvera and Frances C. Moore

Resource Economics

Economics of Marine Protected Areas: Assessing the Literature for Marine Protected Area Network Expansions

Heidi J. Albers and Madison F. Ashworth

The Economics of Aquatic Plants: The Case of Algae and Duckweed

Gal Hochman and Ruslana Rachel Palatnik

Economics of the US National Park System: Values, Funding, and Resource Management Challenges

Margaret Walls

Group Incentives for Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management

Kathleen Segerson

Sovereign Wealth Funds in Theory and Practice

Alexander James, Timothy Retting, Jason F. Shogren, Brett Watson and Samuel Wills

Energy Economics

Energy Justice, Decarbonization, and the Clean Energy Transformation

Lori Snyder Bennear

Evaluating Electric Vehicle Policy Effectiveness and Equity

Tamara L. Sheldon

A Systematic Review of Energy Efficiency Home Retrofit Evaluation Studies

Lauren Giandomenico, Maya Papineau and Nicholas Rivers

Agriculture for Development: Analytics and Action

Alain de Janvry    Elisabeth Sadoulet

Abstract: For many poor countries and for a majority of poor people in the world, agriculture broadly defined can be one of the most effective instruments for development. Yet using agriculture for development, while widely advocated in the development profession and effectively practiced by a number of countries, remains too often well below potential. At the invitation of the editors of the Annual Review of Resource Economics, we retrace how we have used our academic and activist careers to promote agriculture as an instrument for development. We show how access to assets, the design of agrarian institutions, the creation of income opportunities for rural households, and understanding their behavioral responses can lead to successful modernization of agriculture and its transformation toward farming systems, value chains, and local rural nonfarm economies instrumental for development. We encourage younger colleagues to pursue and fulfill this mission by combining analytical rigor, attention to behavior, commitment to activism, and a long-term vision of the development process.

Meat Consumption and Sustainability

Martin C. Parlasca     Matin Qaim

Abstract: Meat has become a controversial topic in public debates, as it involves multiple sustainability dimensions. Here, we review global meat consumption trends and the various sustainability dimensions involved, including economic, social, environmental, health, and animal welfare issues. Meat has much larger environmental and climate footprints than plant-based foods and can also be associated with negative health effects. Technological options can help to increase the sustainability of meat production, but changes in consumption are required as well. At least in high-income countries, where people consume a lot of meat on average, notable reductions will be important. However, vegetarian lifestyles for all would not necessarily be the best option. Especially in low-income countries, nutritious plant-based foods are not available or affordable year-round. Also, livestock production is an important source of income for many poor households. More research is needed on how to promote technological and behavioral changes while managing sustainability trade-offs.

The Economic Impacts of Walmart Supercenters

Richard Volpe     Michael A. Boland

Abstract: Our purpose is to review the economic impacts of Walmart's disruption of the food retailing industry. This review synthesizes the extant knowledge and research findings related to the economic impacts of Walmart's entry into, and subsequent domination of, food retailing in the United States and more broadly globally. The findings suggest five broad generalizations: (a) Walmart's physical growth in the United States has slowed considerably, but the company is growing rapidly in terms of total assets, digital capabilities, international presence, and sales per square foot; (b) Walmart's entry and presence are associated with lower food prices for households; (c) Walmart has considerable negative impacts on large competitors, particularly supermarkets, but the evidence for Walmart's deleterious impacts on small businesses is limited; (d) there is no consensus on the impact of Walmart on local employment, but most studies on the topic point to a modest increase in retail employment; and (e) Walmart likely increases food access but does not improve dietary quality.

Methodological Advances in Food Choice Experiments and Modeling: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Research Directions

Vincenzina Caputo     Riccardo Scarpa

Abstract: In recent decades, discrete choice experiment research applied to food choices has grown rapidly. Empirical applications include investigations of consumer preferences and demand for various food attributes, labeling programs, novel products and applications, and new food technologies. Methodological contributions include advances in the form of new theories, elicitation methods, and modeling. This study focuses on the latter and (a) reviews recent methodological contributions in the food choice experiment literature, (b) examines existing knowledge gaps, and (c) discusses possible future research directions.

Developments in Agricultural Crop Innovations

Richard E. Howitt     Gordon Rausser

Abstract: This review focuses on two emerging areas of agricultural product development, namely vertical farming and alternative animal products. We note that the drivers of this type of food innovation are a combination of factors that are resource based or supply chain based or reflect shifts in tastes, preferences, and food ethics. We conclude that leafy greens produced in vertical farms are now established in a rapidly growing market and that the plant-based meat alternatives in the form of burgers and nuggets are well established. For the nascent cultured meat sector, it is still too early to predict how widely it will penetrate into the conventional meat and fish markets based on current production methods, cost, and consumer acceptance, but investments in technological improvements are progressing.

Changing Farm Size Distributions and Agricultural Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa

T.S. Jayne    Ayala Wineman    Jordan Chamberlin    Milu Muyanga     Felix Kwame Yeboah

Abstract: We review the literature on the distribution of farm sizes in sub-Saharan Africa, trends over time, drivers of change in farm structure, and effects on agricultural transformation and present new evidence for seven countries. While it is widely viewed that African agriculture is dominated by small-scale farms, we show that medium-scale farms of 5 to 100 hectares are a nontrivial—and rapidly expanding—force that is influencing the nature and pace of food systems transformation in Africa. The increased prevalence of medium-scale holdings is associated with farm labor productivity growth and underappreciated benefits to smallholder farmers. However, the rise of African investor farmers is also contributing to the commodification of land, escalating land prices, and restricted land access for most local people. A better understanding of these trends and linkages, which requires new data collection activities, could help resolve long-standing policy debates and support strategies that accelerate agricultural transformation.

The Economics of Agricultural Productivity in South Africa

Nick Vink    Beatrice Conradie     Nicolette Matthews

Abstract: Accurate measures of productivity growth are an important policy tool but are difficult to obtain in South African circumstances. In this article, we review work on the measurement of farm-level productivity in South Africa since the earliest attempts at multifactor indices in the early 1990s. The focus is on total factor productivity, but single input measures such as labor and land productivity (yields) are also discussed. Measurements using time-series and cross-sectional data are discussed separately, along with measures to explain the effect of climate change. Data deficiencies are also pointed out. The article concludes that international collaboration should be maintained if important issues such as the COVID-19 impact, food security, climate change, and labor market shocks are to be successfully addressed.

COVID-19 and Global Poverty and Food Security

Rob Vos    John McDermott    Johan Swinnen

Abstract: The impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on food systems, poverty, and nutrition have been caused by generalized economic recession and disruptions in agrifood supply chains. This article reviews a growing empirical literature assessing those impacts. The review confirms that income shocks and supply disruptions have affected food security and livelihoods more where supply chains were poorly integrated and poverty where market informality had a greater presence before COVID-19. Yet, as the pandemic persists, outcomes remain uncertain and reliable data are still sparsely available. This review also reveals how methodological approaches have evolved during the pandemic, ranging from model-based scenario analyses, telephone survey evidence, case-study analyses, and data collection on policy responses and their effects. This review concludes that while we have good insight into the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts on food security, there is still much that we do not know, requiring much more rigorous hypothesis testing based on reliable and observed data.

Early Parenting Interventions to Foster Human Capital in Developing Countries

Dorien Emmers    Juan Carlos Caro    Scott Rozelle     Sean Sylvia

Abstract: One out of every three children under age 5 in developing countries lives in conditions that impede human capital development. In this study, we survey the literature on parenting training programs implemented before age 5, with the aim to increase parental investment in human capital accumulation in developing countries. Our review focuses on the implementation and effectiveness of parenting training programs (i.e., training in child psychosocial stimulation and/or training about nutrition). We emphasize the mechanisms that drive treatment-induced change in human capital outcomes and identify the demand- and supply-side behaviors that affect efficacy and effectiveness. Although the literature includes evidence on program features that are associated with successful interventions, further evidence on the dynamics of human capital formation, documentation of medium- to long-term persistence of treatment impacts, and research on the implementation and evaluation of programs at scale are needed to delineate a scalable and inclusive program that provides long-term treatment impacts.

Empirical Industrial Organization Economics to Analyze Developing Country Food Value Chains

Rocco Macchiavello    Thomas Reardon     Timothy J. Richards

Abstract: Food value chains (FVCs) in developing countries are transforming rapidly, with some regions in the modern stage (led by supermarkets and large processors) and other regions in a transitional stage (led by midstream small and medium enterprises). With transformation, however, come market-performance issues related to monopoly and monopsony power, vertical bargaining, contracting, and other issues addressed by empirical industrial organization (EIO) researchers. Although the concepts and methods of EIO are evolving rapidly, the two bodies of literature on EIO and FVC transformation as part of the food markets and food industries branches of development economics have not sufficiently cross-pollinated. Applying tools of modern EIO to FVCs in developing countries is now relevant because of the transformation that has occurred and possibly due to the increasing availability of data from surveys of farms, processors, and wholesalers, and for some retailers, from scanner data. We review the transformation trends, the EIO themes and tools relevant to them, and the emerging data sources.

Structural Transformation of the Agricultural Sector In Low- and Middle-Income Economies

Klaus Deininger   Songqing Jin     Meilin Ma

Abstract: Movement of labor from agriculture to nonagriculture and the associated increase in farm size through structural transformation are at the core of economic development. We conduct a comprehensive review of the literature exploring the causes and consequences of the transformation. We discuss (a) the size and determinants for the persisting wage gap between agriculture and nonagriculture, (b) policy-induced barriers to structural changes, (c) the role of trade costs and technical change in shaping the nature of structural transformation and comparative advantage of regions, and (d) how the overall development of an economy affects the relationship between farm size and farm productivity and hence changes competitiveness of different scales of farms. We also identify questions for policy and research and the ways in which new sources and interoperability of data can help answer these questions.

The Economics of Postharvest Loss and Loss-Preventing Technologies in Developing Countries

Jacob Ricker-Gilbert    Oluwatoba Omotilewa     Didier Kadjo

Abstract: This article reviews the recent literature that has evaluated the effectiveness of postharvest loss (PHL)-reducing technologies for grains among smallholder farmers and small-scale traders in sub-Saharan Africa. We also develop a conceptual framework for identifying and quantifying different types of PHL that include physical quantity losses along with quality losses that are both observable (e.g., discoloration, insect damage, mold growth, and odor) and unobservable (e.g., aflatoxin contamination, chemical residues, and nutrient content losses). The framework considers how PHL affects producers, consumers, and society as a whole. We find that although reducing postharvest quantity losses often receives more attention from researchers, it is the loss of quality, particularly unobservable quality issues, that has a large effect on food safety and nutrition. A review of the literature suggests that cost-effective technologies to reduce PHL exist, but facilitating their adoption requires action from both the public and private sectors.

Rural Employment in Africa: Trends and Challenges

Luc Christiaensen     Miet Maertens

Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly, and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural-off farm activities remains low. This review uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects, and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services that rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digital technologies, the imperative of greening, and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges.

Is Agricultural Insurance Fulfilling Its Promise for the Developing World? A Review of Recent Evidence

Berber Kramer    Peter Hazell    Harold Alderman    Francisco Ceballos    Neha Kumar     Anne G. Timu

Abstract: Innovations in agricultural index insurance have raised expectations that the private sector can overcome shortcomings associated with more traditional indemnity-based products like multiperil crop insurance and strengthen agricultural risk management at scale across developing countries. This article updates previous reviews on agricultural insurance but differs in that it goes beyond the prognosis that recent innovations can help make insurance more commercially viable. As such, it addresses two important challenges that have received limited attention. First, it distinguishes different types of farm households and recognizes that many are excluded from the insurance market, describing additional innovations that can help make insurance more accessible to these excluded groups. Second, it acknowledges that insurance for catastrophic risks is unaffordable for most farmers and summarizes new developments in disaster assistance and safety net programs that can provide broader protection against these risks. The review concludes that cost-benefit analyses of subsidized insurance programs will be crucial for guiding public spending decisions.

War, Conflict, and Food Insecurity

Olga Shemyakina

Abstract: This article reviews the literature at the intersection of war, armed conflict, and food security, focusing on intergroup violent conflicts such as interstate conflict, civil war, insurgencies, state violence toward civilians, riots, and nonstate conflict. We briefly discuss recent trends in conflict and food security and note the channels through which conflict may impact food security in developing countries. Next, we review the quantitative literature, studying the pathways between conflict and food security and their effects on child health and household coping strategies, displacement, changes in factors of production, market and travel restrictions, and insurgent predation. The effect of food insecurity on conflict, related to limited access to land and shocks to commodity prices, is discussed. We briefly survey the effects of aid and assistance programs and then discuss the connection between climate change, conflict, and food security. The review concludes by identifying topics in this field that are ripe for future research.

Global Change and Emerging Infectious Diseases

Nicole Nova   Tejas S. Athni    Marissa L. Childs    Lisa Mandle     Erin A. Mordecai

Abstract: Our world is undergoing rapid planetary changes driven by human activities, often mediated by economic incentives and resource management, affecting all life on Earth. Concurrently, many infectious diseases have recently emerged or spread into new populations. Mounting evidence suggests that global change—including climate change, land-use change, urbanization, and global movement of individuals, species, and goods—may be accelerating disease emergence by reshaping ecological systems in concert with socioeconomic factors. Here, we review insights, approaches, and mechanisms by which global change drives disease emergence from a disease ecology perspective. We aim to spur more interdisciplinary collaboration with economists and identification of more effective and sustainable interventions to prevent disease emergence. While almost all infectious diseases change in response to global change, the mechanisms and directions of these effects are system specific, requiring new, integrated approaches to disease control that recognize linkages between environmental and economic sustainability and human and planetary health.

The Economics of Wildlife Trade and Consumption

Rohan Prasad    Gordon Rausser     David Zilberman

Abstract: The global wildlife trade dates to antiquity. Recently, its harms to endangered species, animal welfare, and public health have become critical to address. The complexities of the wildlife trade are numerous, including the fact that much of the economic activity is illegal and unobserved. We find that wildlife products are used for sustenance, signaling status, medicine, and entertainment. There is vast heterogeneity in products and species traded. Supply chains extend from biodiverse, low-income regions to richer countries or urban centers. Empirically, we use data findings from the literature to rank countries in terms of intensity of the wildlife trade and identify factors that contribute to wildlife trade. We also identify supply-side and demand-side interventions that can control abuse in wildlife trade. Innovative techniques for observation, econometric analysis, and enforcement are sorely needed to support effective policies to preserve the world's wildlife.

The Economics of Wildfire in the United States

Jude Bayham    Jonathan K. Yoder    Patricia A. Champ     David E. Calkin

Abstract: Wildfire is a natural phenomenon with substantial economic consequences, and its management is complex, dynamic, and rife with incentive problems. This article reviews the contribution of economics to our understanding of wildfire and highlights remaining knowledge gaps. We first summarize economic impacts to illustrate scale and trends. We then focus on wildfire management in three phases: mitigation before fires occur, response during fires, and response after fires. The literature highlights economic interdependencies and spillover effects across fire-prone landscapes as the source of economic inefficiencies and motivation for public institutional response. The literature illustrates the complexity of this problem with its myriad threads, including the trade-offs of living in fire-prone environments, the prospects for using controlled fire and mechanical fuel removal for reducing wildfire severity, the decision-making environment that firefighters face, and the economic consequences of wildfire smoke on health. Economics provides valuable insights, but fundamental questions remain unanswered.

This Is Air: The “Nonhealth” Effects of Air Pollution

Sandra Aguilar-Gomez    Holt Dwyer    Joshua Graff Zivin     Matthew Neidell

Abstract: A robust body of evidence shows that air pollution exposure is detrimental to health outcomes, often measured as deaths and hospitalizations. This literature has focused less on subclinical channels that nonetheless impact behavior, performance, and skills. This article reviews the economic research investigating the causal effects of pollution on nonhealth end points, including labor productivity, cognitive performance, and multiple forms of decision-making. Subclinical effects of pollution can be more challenging to observe than formal health care encounters but may be more pervasive if they affect otherwise healthy people. The wide variety of possible impacts of pollution should be informed by plausible mechanisms and require appropriate hypothesis testing to limit false discovery. Finally, any detected effects of pollution, in both the short and long run, may be dampened by costly efforts to avoid exposure ex ante and remediate its impacts ex post; these costs must be considered for a full welfare analysis.

Environmental Policies Benefit Economic Development: Implications of Economic Geography

Seth Morgan    Alexander Pfaff     Julien Wolfersberger

Abstract: For over a century, starting with the work of Alfred Marshall (and also in resource economics), economic geography has emphasized the productivity of dense urban agglomerations. Yet little attention is paid to one key policy implication of economic geography's core mechanisms: Environmental policies can aid economic development, per se—not hurting the economy to help the environment but advancing both objectives. We review mechanisms from economic geography that imply that environmental policies can deliver such win-wins: influences upon agglomeration of long-standing natural conditions, like usable bays, which long were perceived as fixed yet now are being shifted by global environmental quality; agglomeration's effects on other influential conditions, like urban environmental quality; and the effects of rural environmental quality on the flows to cities of people and environmental quality. Finally, we consider a geographic policy typology in asking why society leaves money on the table by failing to promote environmental policies despite the potential win-wins that we highlight.

When and How to Use Economy-Wide Models for Environmental Policy Analysis

Jared C. Carbone    Linda T.M. Bui    Don Fullerton    Sergey Paltsev     Ian Sue Wing

Abstract: We describe the factors researchers should consider in deciding when and how to use computational general equilibrium (CGE) models for environmental policy analysis instead of partial equilibrium or engineering models. Special attention is given to modeling the social costs and benefits of regulations and the role played by labor markets. CGE models excel at quantifying interactions across different sectors of the economy, factor-market outcomes, and the distributional consequences of policy, all using a comprehensive set of the resource constraints faced by agents. The ceteris paribus nature of these experiments allows a skilled modeler to develop a systematic understanding of the connection between model assumptions and policy outcomes. Using CGE models to address environmental policy questions involves challenges, including the representation of narrow and technology-specific regulatory designs, data and aggregation issues, and the development of methods to improve model transparency and validity.

The Future, Now: A Review of Social Discounting

Ben Groom    Moritz A. Drupp    Mark C. Freeman     Frikk Nesje

Abstract: Governments across the world are coming under increasing pressure to invest heavily in projects that have maturities of decades or even centuries. Key areas of concern include climate change mitigation, environmental and biodiversity protection, nuclear decommissioning, enhancing infrastructure and coastal defenses, and long-term health care management. Whether such projects are evaluated as being economically justifiable depends on the social discount rate (SDR) that the government deploys. This variable converts the future costs and benefits of public policy into their value today, thereby facilitating the comparison of social investments with different maturities. Critically, the result of such analysis is extremely sensitive to small changes in the choice of the SDR, yet policy guidelines differ widely across countries and international institutions. In this article, we provide a review of the academic literature on long-term SDRs, with particular emphasis on how these insights have been integrated into governmental guidance.

Introducing the Circular Economy to Economists

Don Fullerton    Callie W. Babbitt    Melissa M. Bilec    Shan He    Cindy Isenhour    Vikas Khanna    Eunsang Lee     Thomas L. Theis

Abstract: A circular economy (CE) would reduce both extraction and disposal by encouraging green design and circular business models, as well as repair, reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. The CE started among architects and engineers, with little interest among economists. This article introduces CE concepts to economists, introduces key insights about the CE from other disciplines, and describes how economists can use these insights for a more complete economic analysis of policies that can better improve human welfare. An economic model of CE behavior can benefit from understanding the environmental gains from green designs based on engineering,transaction-cost savings from information based on blockchain technology, life cycle assessments based on industrial ecology, and behavioral science concepts of cultural barriers and social decision making that affect how producers and consumers respond to incentives. With various disciplines brought to bear on the subject, the combined analysis can exceed the sum of its parts.

Climate Impacts on Natural Capital: Consequences for the Social Cost of Carbon

Bernardo A. Bastien-Olvera     Frances C. Moore

Abstract: The effects of climate change on natural systems will be substantial, widespread, and likely irreversible. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns have already contributed to forest dieback and pushed some species toward extinction. Natural systems contribute to human welfare both as an input to the production of consumption goods and through the provision of nonuse values (i.e., existence and bequest values). But because they are often unpriced, it can be difficult to constrain these benefits. Understanding how climate change effects on the natural capital stock affect human well-being, and therefore the social cost of carbon (SCC), requires understanding not just the biophysical effects of climate change but also the particular role they play in supporting human welfare. This article reviews a range of topics from natural capital accounting through climate change economics important for quantifying the ecological costs of climate change and integrating these costs into SCC calculations.

Economics of Marine Protected Areas: Assessing the Literature for Marine Protected Area Network Expansions

Heidi J. Albers      Madison F. Ashworth

Abstract: Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide both conservation and economic benefits. Recent international conservation actors have called for a dramatic increase in the area of MPAs from almost 8% to 30% of marine area by 2030 in a policy called 30X30. Both the economics and conservation science literatures consider MPA decisions and MPA impact, although the economics literature focuses on fishery economic outcomes. This review uses an optimization framework for MPA decisions as a lens through which to evaluate the economics literature on MPAs in the context of the 30X30 expansion decisions. We argue for more economic analysis of MPA policy questions, including those around siting, design, restrictions, and management choices; impact evaluation; responses of people; low-income country settings and incomplete enforcement; spatial settings without metapopulations; and conservation rather than harvest objectives.

The Economics of Aquatic Plants: The Case of Algae and Duckweed

Gal Hochman     Ruslana Rachel Palatnik

Abstract: This review examines global microalgae, seaweeds, and duckweed (MSD) production status and trends. It focuses on cultivation, recognizing the sector's existing and potential contributions and benefits, highlighting a variety of constraints and barriers over the sector's sustainable development. It also discusses lessons learned and ways forward to unlock the sector's full potential. In contrast to conventional agriculture crops, MSD can rapidly generate large amounts of biomass and carbon sequestration yet does not compete for arable land and potable water, ensuring minimal environmental impacts. Moreover, MSD's applications are ubiquitous and reach almost every industrial sector, including ones essential to meeting the increasing needs of human society, such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. To this end, the growing public awareness regarding climate change, sustainable food, and animal welfare yields a significant shift in consumer preference and propels the demand for MSD. In addition, once governments usher in durable and stable carbon policies, the markets for MSD are likely to increase severalfold.

Economics of the US National Park System: Values, Funding, and Resource Management Challenges

Margaret Walls

Abstract: The US national park system includes 423 sites covering more than 85 million acres of land and some of the most iconic landscapes in the country. The parks host approximately 320 million visitors a year. In this review, I survey the economics literature on national parks, focusing on four main topics: values and economic impacts of the parks, funding challenges, congestion and overcrowding, and resource management issues related mainly to climate change. In each area, I discuss gaps in the literature, new data and methods that could be applied to national parks, and important topics for future research. The most pressing needs are for more empirical research on use values, using new data sources and modern econometric methods, and relatedly, studies of the responsiveness of demand to pricing, which would be helpful for addressing both congestion and funding challenges.

Group Incentives for Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management

Kathleen Segerson

Abstract: Group incentives can and have been used to address a range of environmental and resource problems. These schemes base individual penalties and/or rewards on the performance of a group of individuals or firms who contribute to the environmental or resource problem. The economics literature on team incentives and public goods, as well as the literature specifically on environmental and natural resource management, provides insights into the design of group incentives. This article reviews the literature on group incentives in the context of environmental protection and natural resource policy. This literature suggests that group incentives can be effective and even efficient as environmental policy tools. However, the outcomes under group incentives will likely depend on a combination of the policy design and the nature of the internal group interactions. Within-group interactions are likely to be particularly important when policies involve thresholds so that coordination is needed to reach a cooperative equilibrium.

Sovereign Wealth Funds in Theory and Practice

Alexander James     Timothy Retting    Jason F. Shogren    Brett Watson     Samuel Wills

Abstract: Are natural resources a curse or a blessing? The answer may depend on how natural wealth is managed. By transforming a temporary windfall into a permanent stock in the form of a sovereign wealth fund, resource-rich economies can avoid volatility and Dutch disease effects, save for future generations, and invest locally. We review the theory behind these resource funds and explore the empirical evidence for their success. Our review is complemented by case studies that highlight some of the more nuanced features, behavior, and effects of resource funds. While the theoretical research highlights the situational success of funds, empirical examinations are minimal. We discuss possible reasons for this gap in the literature and, in doing so, highlight some of the challenges associated with empirical research in this area and discuss possible paths forward.

Energy Justice, Decarbonization, and the Clean Energy Transformation

Lori Snyder Bennear

Abstract: Addressing climate change will require significant reductions in carbon emissions. Decarbonization will likely lead to increases in energy prices, which are regressive. Poorer households spend a higher percentage of income on energy and also have less access to energy efficient options in housing, transportation (including electric vehicles), and household durables. This review summarizes the state of knowledge on the energy justice implications of the clean energy transformation along four dimensions—production of energy, energy insecurity/energy poverty, access to clean energy technologies, and impacts of policy instrument choices for achieving decarbonization. Along each dimension there is evidence of greater negative impacts on lower-income households and on Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) households, even controlling for income. But there is also evidence that these impacts can be mitigated through policy choices. Together these findings highlight that centering justice concerns in policy debates is critical for a just and clean energy transformation.

Evaluating Electric Vehicle Policy Effectiveness and Equity

Tamara L. Sheldon

Abstract: In this article, I review the academic literature on the economics of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), with a focus on PEV policy, benefits, and equity. PEVs are one of the most promising technologies for decarbonizing the transportation sector. As such, many government policies exist to promote their adoption. Understanding the effectiveness and equity of existing policies, what the realized environmental benefits are, and how these benefits compare to costs is crucial to improving future PEV policy. This review suggests that consumer PEV subsidies are not cost-effective and are often expensive relative to estimated environmental benefits. Furthermore, higher-income households who make up a larger share of the PEV market receive both a disproportionate amount of government subsidies as well as PEV benefits. There is considerable room for policy improvement.

A Systematic Review of Energy Efficiency Home Retrofit Evaluation Studies

Lauren Giandomenico    Maya Papineau    Nicholas Rivers

Abstract: We systematically review studies evaluating the energy savings and cost-effectiveness of residential energy efficiency retrofit programs. We review 39 evaluations of 23 residential retrofit programs that were evaluated between 1984 and 2021. Our sample is restricted to program evaluations that used postretrofit household energy billing or consumption data from 140,977 retrofitted households. We report four primary findings. First, none of the studies in our sample reported deep energy savings (e.g., 50% or greater) from retrofit programs. The mean reduction in measured electricity and/or fuel consumption due to energy efficiency retrofits for all programs included in our sample was roughly 7.2%. However, because many households use both fuel and electricity, total household energy savings from the retrofit programs evaluated in our sample are probably smaller. Second, reported program savings decreased as the internal validity of study design increased. Third, as measured by realized savings and cost-effectiveness, the most promising retrofits were insulation and programmable thermostats, whereas the least promising retrofits were storm windows and doors. Fourth, programs with high reported savings and low costs of conserved energy served low-income, fuel-heated households exclusively.

——END

相关阅读：

编辑：秦运兰

审核：龙文进