刊讯 | SSCI 期刊《语言类型学》2022年第1-2期

Linguistic Typology

Volume 26, June 2022

Linguistic Typology（SSCI一区，2021 IF：3.565）2022年第1-2期共发文15篇，其中研究性论文14篇，书评1篇。研究论文涉及基于语料库的类型学、谓语指示词、南北非洲语转化、欧洲词汇特性等方面。

目录

ARTICLES

■ Towards a typology of predicative demonstratives, by Don Killian, Pages 1–41.

■ Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific, by Anna Bugaeva, Johanna Nichols, Balthasar Bickel, Pages 43–88.

■ The general noun-modifying clause construction beyond Eurasia

, by Tong WU, Pages 89–127.

■ Corpus-based typology: applications, challenges and some solutions, by Natalia Levshina, Pages 129–160.

■ A typology of consonant-inventory gaps, by Dmitry Nikolaev, Pages 161–186.

■ Introduction to special issue on areal typology of lexico-semantics, by Antoinette Schapper, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Pages 199–209.

■ Kinship terminologies reveal ancient contact zone in the Hindu Kush, by ‍Henrik Liljegren, Pages 211–245.

■ Areal patterns and colexifications of colour terms in the languages of Africa, by Guillaume Segerer, Martine Vanhove, Pages 247–281.

■ How a West African language becomes North African, and vice versa, by Lameen Souag, Pages283–312.

■ Baring the bones: the lexico-semantic association of bone with strength in Melanesia and the study of colexification, by Antoinette Schapper, Pages 313–347.

■ Red, black, and white hearts: ‘heart’, ‘liver’, and ‘lungs’ in typological and areal perspective, by Matthias Urban, Pages 349–374.

■ Sitting and talking together: packaging meaning into verbs with the neighbors, by Marianne Mithun, Pages 375–402.

■ Patterns of persistence and diffusibility in the European lexicon, by Volker Gast, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Pages 403–438.

■ Universal and macro-areal patterns in the lexicon, by Thanasis Georgakopoulos, Eitan Grossman, Dmitry Nikolaev, St´ephane Polis, Pages 439–487.

摘要

Towards a typology of predicative demonstratives

Don Killian, Department of Languages, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Abstract Although there has been growing interest in the study of demonstratives,a number of demonstrative categories remain largely unexplored.This article addresses one gap, presenting a preliminary typological overview of predicative demonstratives, a type of demonstrative used primarily in non-verbal predication constructions. The morphosyntax of predicative demonstratives is first briefly examined, followed by a typological characterization based primarily on semantic and morphosyntactic grounds. Predicative demonstratives focus on the immediately surrounding spatial, temporal, or textual environment of the speech act, showing restrictions on occurring in negated clauses or questions. In terms of lexical categorization, predicative demonstratives most commonly find themselves in a small closed word class of non-verbal predicators. Four types of predicative demonstratives are proposed here: Presentatives, identifiers, localizers, and the rare copular demonstratives.

Key words copula; deixis; demonstrative; identifier; non-verbal predication; presentative

Appositive possession in Ainu and around the Pacific

Anna Bugaeva, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo,Japan; and National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan

Johanna Nichols, University of California,Berkeley, USA; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia

Balthasar Bickel, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

Abstract Some languages around the Pacific have multiple possessive classes of alienable constructions using appositive nouns or classifiers. This pattern differs from the most common kind of alienable/inalienable distinction, which involves marking, usually affixal, on the possessum, and has only one class of alienables. The Japanese language isolate Ainu has possessive marking that is reminiscent of the Circum-Pacific pattern. It is distinctive, however, in that the possessor is coded not as a dependent in an NP but as an argument in a finite clause, and the appositive word is a verb. This paper gives a first comprehensive, typologically grounded description of Ainu possession and reconstructs the pattern that must have been standard when Ainu was still the daily language of a large speech community; Ainu then had multiple alienable class constructions. We report a cross-linguistic survey expanding previous coverage of the appositive type and show how Ainu fits in. We split alienable/inalienable into two different phenomena: argument structure (with types based on possessibility: optionally possessible, obligatorily possessed, and non-possessible) and valence (alienable,

inalienable classes). Valence-changing operations are derived alienability and derived inalienability. Our survey classifies the possessive systems of languages in these terms.

Key words Ainu; appositive; Circum-Pacific; classifier; Pacific Rim; possessive

The general noun-modifying clause construction beyond Eurasia

Tong WU,  Central China Normal University (华中师范大学), 152, Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China

Abstract I aim to provide a typological investigation of the General Nounmodifying Clause Construction (NMCC) in languages other than those of Eurasia. I show that the five properties proposed by Matsumoto et al. as potentially correlating with the General NMCC are rather areal features which are falsified by the data of languages from Africa and Europe. The semantic interpretability condition and the syntactic licensing condition of the General Noun-modifying Clause Construction need reconsidering. Semantically, I argue that the interpretability of the General NMCC depends both on the semantics of the head noun and that of the modifying clause because they show close interaction with each other. Syntactically, I propose three general syntactic properties of the languages with the General NMCC, i.e. (1) no relative pronouns or relative pronouns in competition with a general clause marker, (2) complex subordinate locutions composed of the general clause marker(s) (and a head noun), and (3) unified verb forms in subordination.

Key words colloquial French, (general) noun-modifying clause construction, Kambaata, Mungbam, semantic interpretability condition, syntactic licensing condition, Wolaytta

Corpus-based typology: applications, challenges and some solutions

Natalia Levshina, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, 6525 Nijmegen The Netherlands

Abstract Over the last few years, the number of corpora that can be used for language comparison has dramatically increased. The corpora are so diverse in their structure, size and annotation style, that a novice might not know where to start. The present paper charts this new and changing territory, providing a few landmarks, warning signs and safe paths. Although no corpus at present can replace the traditional type of typological data based on language description in reference grammars, corpora can help with diverse tasks, being particularly well suited for investigating probabilistic and gradient properties of languages and for discovering and interpreting cross-linguistic generalizations based on processing and communicative mechanisms. At the same time, the use of corpora for typological

purposes has not only advantages and opportunities, but also numerous challenges. This paper also contains an empirical case study addressing two pertinent problems: the role of text types in language comparison and the problem of the word as a comparative concept.

Key words analyticity; comparable corpora; corpus annotation; language comparison; parallel corpora; universals

A typology of consonant-inventory gaps

Dmitry Nikolaev, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract This article provides a new precise algorithmic definition of the notion “phonological-inventory gap”. On the basis of this definition, I propose a method for identifying gaps, provide descriptive data on several types of consonantinventory gaps in the world’s languages, and investigate the relationships between gaps and inventory size, processes of sound change, and phonological segment

borrowing.

Key words consonant inventory; feature-economy principle; inventory gap;markedness cline; phonological typology; segment borrowing; sound change

Kinship terminologies reveal ancient contact zone in the Hindu Kush

Henrik Liljegren, Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract The Hindu Kush, or the mountain region of northern Pakistan, northeastern Afghanistan and the northern-most part of the Indian-administered Kashmir region, is hometo approximately 50 languages belonging to six different genera: Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Sino-Tibetan, Turkic and the isolate Burushaski. Areality research on this region is only in its early stages, and while its significance as a convergence area has been suggested by several scholars, only a few, primarily phonological and grammatical, features have been studied in a more systematic fashion. Cross-linguistic research in the realms of semantics and lexical organization has been given considerably less attention. However, preliminary findings indicate that features are geographically bundled with one another, across genera, in significant ways, displaying semantic areality onmultiple levels throughout the region or in one or more of its sub-regions. The present study is an areal-typological investigation of kinship terms in the region, in which particular attention is paid to a few notable polysemy patterns and what appears to be a significant geographical clustering of these. Comparisons are made between the geographical distribution of such patterns and those of some other linguistic features as well as with relevant non-linguistic factors related to shared cultural values or identities and a long history of small-scale cross-community interaction in different parts of the region.

Key words diffusion; feature distribution; language contact; marriage patterns; polysemy; semantic typology; substratum

Areal patterns and colexifications of colour terms in the languages of Africa

Guillaume Segerer,Martine Vanhove, 

LLACAN (CNRS, INALCO, EPHE),Villejuif, France

Abstract Of all the semantic domains, colour terms have attracted the largest amount of attention, notably from a typological point of view. However, there is much more to be discovered. A search of the cross-linguistic lexical database of African languages (RefLex) reveals several previously undetected areal colexification patterns and shared lexico-constructional patterns in a genetically balanced sample of 401 languages. In this paper, we illustrate several areal characteristics of colour terms: (i) the spread of an areal feature due to a common extralinguistic setting (locust bean – Parkia biglobosa – as the lexical source of YELLOW); (ii) two convergence phenomena, one based on a shared lexico-constructional pattern including a term for WATER, and one based on shared colexifications (RED and RIPE vs. GREEN and UNRIPE); and (iii) an areal pattern of lexical diffusion of colour ideophones, a category which has thus far been considered difficult to borrow.

Key words African languages; borrowing; colexification; colour terms; convergence phenomena; ideophones; lexico-semantic typology; shared lexico-constructional pattern

How a West African language becomes North African, and vice versa

Lameen Souag,  LACITO (CNRS -Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - INALCO), Villejuif, France

Abstract Updating the methodology of Hayward, Richard J. 1991. A propos patterns of lexicalization in the Ethiopian language area. In Daniela Mendel & Ulrike Claudi (eds.), Ägypten im afroorientalischen Kontext. Special issue of Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere, 139–156. Cologne: Institute of African Studies, using the concept of colexification (François, Alexandre. 2008. Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: Intertwining polysemous networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), Studies in language companion series, vol. 106, 163–215. Amsterdam: John Benjamins), this paper, for the first time, provides quantitative evidence that the languages of the West African Sahel/Savanna form a lexical-typological language area characterised by shared colexifications absent further north. It then uses the linguistic comparative method to determine how languages entering or leaving this area, or coming into increasing contact with it at its edges, have converged with their new neighbours within the past millennium. The results indicate sharp differences in the respective roles and rates of borrowing and calquing, with the latter acting almost exclusively to increase shared colexifications.

Key words areal typology; calquing; colexification; language change; language contact; lexical typology; linguistic area; Sahel; Songhay

Baring the bones: the lexico-semantic association of bone with strength in Melanesia and the study of colexification

Antoinette Schapper, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract In this article I demonstrate that there is a pervasive lexico-semantic association BONES ARE STRENGTH in the languages of Melanesia, but that its linguistic expression is highly varied; languages are scattered along a lexical-to-clausal cline in their expression of the association between bone and strength, with a large number of language-specific idioms based on the association to be observed in Melanesia. I argue that the striking areality of this lexico-semantic association is readily missed in top-down approaches to lexical semantic typology that rely, for instance, on databases of word lists, or on narrow search domains limited to the meanings of simplex lexemes.

Key words colexification; comparability of languages; Melanesian linguistic area

Red, black, and white hearts: ‘heart’, ‘liver’, and ‘lungs’ in typological and areal perspective

Matthias Urban, Center for Advanced Studies ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools’, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

Abstract  On the basis of a sample of 424 languages or dialects, this article provides a typological-comparative investigation of designations for three major internal organs of the torso, the ‘heart’, the ‘liver’, and the ‘lungs’. While colexification patterns are relatively unconstrained, the data show a skewing in morphologically complex terms: ‘heart’ and ‘liver’ often serve as head nouns in complex terms for ‘lungs’, but the reverse is rare. Another recurrent phenomenon is that two of the organs –sometimes ‘heart’ and ‘lungs’, butmore frequently ‘liver’ and ‘lungs’– share their head noun, and are distinguished from one another by modifiers that refer to their most salient characteristics, as in Azerbaijani aɣ ǯiyær ‘white ǯiyær’ = ‘lungs’ and gara-ǯiyær ‘black-ǯiyær’ = ‘liver’. Having thus set the typological stage, I move on to discuss two different regions of the world in which such terms for ‘lungs’ and ‘liver’ have spread through language contact. This has happened in Eurasia, where the abovementioned pattern, which I call “explicitly dyadic”, was brought from Turkish to vernaculars of the Balkans and, most likely through Azerbaijani influence, to languages of the Southern Caucasus. Similar explicitly dyadic terms, but basedona head nounmeaning ‘heart’, also occur in theAndes,where they appear to have spread from Quechuan to Barbacoan languages. The evidence not only shows that ‘liver’ and ‘lungs’ form a “semantic dyad” in which designations make use of “opposed characteristics” in different regions of the world, but also that such designations are salient and therefore prone to spread in language contact situations.

Key words Andes; areal typology; Balkans; calquing; Caucasus; heart; language contact; lexical typology; liver; lungs

Sitting and talking together: packaging meaning into verbs with the neighbors

Marianne Mithun, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Abstract  As observed by Koptjevskaja-Tamm and Liljegren, the impact of language contact on grammatical typology is well recognized, but the field of lexicosemantic areal typology is still young. Here some mechanisms leading to an areal pattern are explored in the domain of certain sets of basic verbs in languages indigenous to the North American West. The patterns involve the apparent evocation, as part of the meanings of the common verbs, of certain features of the most immediately involved participant, particularly number, animacy, shape, and/or consistency. Two mechanisms apparently underlie the areal patterns. First, bilinguals accustomed to distinguishing such features lexically in verbs in one of their languages may simply choose more specific verbs in another language on a regular basis until, over time, original hyponyms come to be basic level terms. Second, shadows of compounding and derivation can be seen in some pairs of verbs in some languages. Patterns elsewhere in the language or in a neighbor can stimulate such formations and accelerate their lexicalization, ultimately blurring their internal structure and hastening their ascent to basic-level status.

Key words  animacy; areal semantics; basic level terms; consistency; hyponyms; language contact; lexical semantics; number; shape

Patterns of persistence and diffusibility in the European lexicon

Volker Gast,  Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena,Germany

Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm,  Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Abstract  This article investigates to what extent the semantics and the phonological forms of lexical items are genealogically inherited or acquired through language contact. We focus on patterns of colexification (the encoding of two concepts with the same word) as an aspect of lexical-semantic organization. We test two pairs of hypotheses. The first pair concerns the genealogical stability (persistence) and susceptibility to contact-induced change (diffusibility) of colexification patterns and phonological matter in the 40 most genealogically stable elements of the 100-items Swadesh list, which we call “nuclear vocabulary”. We hypothesize that colexification patterns are (a) less persistent, and (b) more diffusible, than the phonological form of nuclear vocabulary. The second pair of hypotheses concerns degrees of diffusibility in two different sections of the lexicon – “core vocabulary” (all 100 elements of the Swadesh list) and its complement (“non-core/peripheral vocabulary”). We hypothesize that the colexification patterns associated with core vocabulary are (a) more persistent, and (b) less diffusible, than colexification patterns associated with peripheral vocabulary. The four hypotheses are tested using the lexical-semantic data from the CLICS database and independently determined phonological dissimilarity measures. The hypothesis that colexification patterns are less persistent than the phonological matter of nuclear vocabulary receives clear support. The hypothesis that colexification patterns are more diffusible than phonological matter receives some support, but a significant difference can only be observed for unrelated languages. The hypothesis that colexification patterns involving core vocabulary are more genealogically stable than colexification patterns at the periphery of the lexicon cannot be confirmed, but the data seem to indicate a higher degree of diffusibility for colexification patterns at the periphery of the lexicon. While we regard the results of our study as valid, we emphasize the tentativeness of our conclusions and point out some limitations as well as desiderata for future research to enable a better understanding of the genealogical versus areal distribution of linguistic features.

Key words  areal semantics; colexification; contact-induced language change; core and peripheral vocabulary; lexical typology; semantic change; semantic typology

Universal and macro-areal patterns in the lexicon

Thanasis Georgakopoulos,  Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Eitan Grossman,  National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; and Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thess loniki, Greece

Dmitry Nikolaev,  Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

St´ephane Polis, F.R.S.-FNRS/University of Li`ege, Li`ege, Belgium

Abstract  This paper investigates universal and areal structures in the lexicon as manifested by colexification patterns in the semantic domains of perception and cognition, based on data from both small and large datasets. Using several methods, including weighted semantic maps, formal concept lattices, correlation analysis, and dimensionality reduction, we identify colexification patterns in the domains in question and evaluate the extent to which these patterns are specific to particular areas. This paper contributes to the methodology of investigating areal patterns in the lexicon, and identifies a number of cross-linguistic regularities and of area-specific properties in the structuring of lexicons.

Key words areal semantics; coexpression; colefixication networks; dimensionality reduction techniques; formal concept lattices; lexical typology; linguistic universals; perception and cognition; semantic maps

期刊简介

Linguistic Typology provides a forum for all work of relevance to the study of language typology and cross-linguistic variation. It welcomes work taking a typological perspective on all domains of the structure of spoken and signed languages, including historical change, language processing, and sociolinguistics. Diverse descriptive and theoretical frameworks are welcomed so long as they have a clear bearing on the study of cross-linguistic variation. We welcome cross-disciplinary approaches to the study of linguistic diversity, as well as work dealing with just one or a few languages, as long as it is typologically informed and typologically and theoretically relevant, and contains new empirical evidence.

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