刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《记忆与语言》2022年第124-127卷

Journal of Memory and Language

（SSCI一区，2021 IF：4.521）2022年第124-127卷共刊文32篇

Volume 124, August 2022

Journal of Memory and Language（SSCI一区，2021 IF：4.521）2022年第124卷共发文1篇，论文内容为：通过重新审视省略号的干扰效果，来探讨检索中的特征标记性效应。

目录

ARTICLE

■Ellipsis interference revisited: New evidence for feature markedness effects in retrieval by DanParker 

摘要

Ellipsis interference revisited: New evidence for feature markedness effects in retrieval

DanParker   Linguistics Program, Department of English, College of William & Mary, United States

Abstract An active question in psycholinguistics concerns how we mentally encode and retrieve linguistic information in memory. In particular, it remains unclear what information (“cues”) guide retrieval. Previous work has extensively tested retrieval of noun phrases, but less is known about retrieval of other constituents, including verb phrases (VPs). This study examines retrieval for VP ellipsis to allow for a more comprehensive theory of cues. Four experiments (acceptability, self-paced reading) used an interference paradigm to examine voice information (active, passive) in retrieval. Results revealed a selective profile: passive ellipsis shows interference, but active ellipsis does not. These results are aligned with the markedness asymmetry observed for agreement attraction, where marked features (plural, passive) trigger interference, but unmarked features (singular, active) do not. This analysis motivates a unified account of verbal dependencies where markedness plays a more fundamental role than previously assumed. Lastly, I use ACT-R to demonstrate how markedness effects might arise in a cue-based retrieval architecture and discuss the current findings with respect to the leading theories of interference effects.

Key words Sentence processing；Verb phrase ellipsis；Similarity-based interference；Cue-based retrieval；Bayesian data analysis；Computational modeling

Volume 125, August 2022

Journal of Memory and Language（SSCI一区，2021 IF：4.521）2022年第125卷共发文8篇，论文的内容主要涉及词汇形态学、发音标志、语言处理协议、自由回忆中注意力的顺序和调整、语言互动中的强互动心智模型等相关内容。

目录

ARTICLES

■Contrast coding choices in a decade of mixed models by LaurelBrehm,Phillip M.Alday

■Journal of Memory and Language under the open data policy by  Anna Laurinavichyute , Himanshu Yadav,Shravan Vasishth■Higher order factors of sound symbolism by David M.Sidhu ,Gabriella Vigliocco ,Penny M.Pexman■Processing agreement in Hindi: When agreement feeds attraction by Sakshi Bhatia,Brian Dillon■Morphological segmentation of nonwords in individuals with acquired dyslexia by Elisabeth Beyersmann,Anne Turney,Tara Arrow,Simon Fischer-Baum■The testing effect with free recall: Organization, attention, and order effects by Neil W.Mulligan,Zachary L.Buchin,Angela L.Zhang■ Referencing context in sentence processing: A failure to replicate the strong interactive mental models hypothesis by Jack Dempsey,Kiel Christianson■ Do readers maintain word-level uncertainty during reading? A pre-registered replication study by Michael G.Cutter,Ruth Filik,Kevin B.Paterson

摘要

Contrast coding choices in a decade of mixed models

LaurelBrehm  MPI for Psycholinguistics, Netherlands

Phillip M.Alday

Abstract Contrast coding in regression models, including mixed-effect models, changes what the terms in the model mean. In particular, it determines whether or not model terms should be interpreted as main effects. This paper highlights how opaque descriptions of contrast coding have affected the field of psycholinguistics. We begin with a reproducible example in R using simulated data to demonstrate how incorrect conclusions can be made from mixed models; this also serves as a primer on contrast coding for statistical novices. We then present an analysis of 3384 papers from the field of psycholinguistics that we coded based upon whether a clear description of contrast coding was present. This analysis demonstrates that the majority of the psycholinguistic literature does not transparently describe contrast coding choices, posing an important challenge to reproducibility and replicability in our field.

Key words Contrasts；Meta-science；Mixed effect models；Replication crisis

Share the code, not just the data: A case study of the reproducibility of articles published in the Journal of Memory and Language under the open data policy

Anna Laurinavichyute  Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Himanshu Yadav 

Shravan Vasishth

Abstract In 2019 the Journal of Memory and Language instituted an open data and code policy; this policy requires that, as a rule, code and data be released at the latest upon publication. How effective is this policy? We compared 59 papers published before, and 59 papers published after, the policy took effect. After the policy was in place, the rate of data sharing increased by more than 50%. We further looked at whether papers published under the open data policy were reproducible, in the sense that the published results should be possible to regenerate given the data, and given the code, when code was provided. For 8 out of the 59 papers, data sets were inaccessible. The reproducibility rate ranged from 34% to 56%, depending on the reproducibility criteria. The strongest predictor of whether an attempt to reproduce would be successful is the presence of the analysis code: it increases the probability of reproducing reported results by almost 40%. We propose two simple steps that can increase the reproducibility of published papers: share the analysis code, and attempt to reproduce one’s own analysis using only the shared materials.

Key words Open data；Reproducible statistical analyses；Reproducibility；Open science；Meta-research；Journal policy

Higher order factors of sound symbolis

David M.Sidhu  University of Calgary, Canada

Gabriella Vigliocco  University College London, UK

Penny M.Pexman  University of Calgary, Canada

Abstract Sound symbolism refers to associations between certain language sounds (i.e., phonemes) and perceptual and/or semantic properties. Crucially, the different associations of a phoneme do not appear to be wholly independent. For instance, the phoneme /i/ is associated with sharpness, smallness and brightness. Previous work has shown that these properties are all related to one another (Walker et al., 2012). This suggests that higher order factors may underlie sound symbolic associations. In Experiment 1 we measured 25 different associations of phonemes and found that these associations clustered according to the higher order factors of: activity, valence, potency and novelty. In addition, certain phonemes were found to go along with different higher order factors. Then, in Experiments 2a and 2b, we demonstrated that higher order factors can play a role in associations between phonemes and abstract shape stimuli. Together these results characterize the role of higher order semantic properties in sound symbolism and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sound symbolism.

Processing agreement in Hindi: When agreement feeds attraction

Sakshi Bhatia Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India

Brian Dillon University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated agreement attraction effects in subject-verb agreement languages. It is an open question whether such attraction effects extend to languages whose agreement systems differ from this agreement pattern. To address this question, we conducted four forced-choice completion experiments investigating agreement processing in Hindi. Hindi has a mixed-agreement system, where subject-verb agreement and object-verb agreement occur in complementary structural contexts. We observed clear attraction effects in both subject agreement and object agreement contexts. But we found little evidence that the distractor NP’s role, case or syntactic prominence modulated attraction. Rather, attraction occurred when the distractor was itself an agreement controller. We propose a Controller Coding account where Hindi speakers actively identify whether an NP is an agreement controller and encode this information in memory, with agreement interference arising primarily when multiple NPs are encoded as agreement controllers.

Key words Verbal agreement；Hindi；agreement attraction ；Working memory；Cue-based retrieval

Morphological segmentation of nonwords in individuals with acquired dyslexia

Elisabeth Beyersmann Macquarie University, School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie Centre for Reading, Sydney, Australia

Anne Turney Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, United States

Tara Arrow Macquarie University, School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie Centre for Reading, Sydney, Australia 

Simon Fischer-Baum Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, United States

Abstract The current study investigated the influence of morphological structure in nonword reading in a case series of individuals with acquired dyslexia following brain damage. The aim of the study was to test the separate influence of embedded stems and suffixes on reading skills by comparing four different types of complex nonwords: stem + suffix (e.g., nightness), stem + non-suffix (e.g., nightlude), non-stem + suffix (e.g., nishtness), and non-stem + non-suffix (e.g., nishtlude); and two types of words: suffixed (e.g., baker) and non-suffixed (e.g., diamond). We report five individuals with excellent word reading skills, including no difficulties in reading morphologically complex words, but who had difficulty in reading nonwords. Nonword reading skills drastically improved when the nonwords were composed of a real stem compared to a non-stem, or a real suffix compared to a non-suffix. In one of the individuals (RF), a significant stem-by-suffix interaction was observed, suggesting that they additionally benefited when letter-strings were decomposable into two morphemes. Another individual’s reading (SH) was facilitated by the presence of suffixes, but not by the presence stems. The impact of morphological structure on nonword reading, clearly observed in all five individuals, points to a pre-lexical activation of morphemes during reading. The results suggest that complex word reading involves three dissociable mechanisms: whole word processing, phonological decoding, and pre-lexical morpheme activation.

Key words Morphology；Acquired dyslexia；Reading impairment；Reading aloud

The testing effect with free recall: Organization, attention, and order effects

Neil W.Mulligan University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States

Zachary L.Buchin University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States

Angela L.Zhang University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States

Abstract Memory retrieval not only reveals but can also change memory, as shown by direct and indirect (e.g., forward) testing effects. Three experiments examined the testing effect with free recall, with respect to attention, organization and forward testing effects. In Experiment 1, participants learned two categorized word lists, one followed by retrieval practice and the other by restudy; memory for both lists was assessed on a final free recall test two days later. Retrieval practice and restudy were conducted under full attention (FA) or divided attention (DA). Final recall was significantly diminished by DA in the restudy but not retrieval condition, indicating that the encoding consequences of retrieval are relatively resistant to distraction. However, a negative testing effect was found on final recall (in the FA condition). Experiments 2 and 3 implemented a between-subjects version of the experiment (FA condition only) in which both learning blocks were in the retrieval or restudy condition. Final recall now exhibited a positive testing effect. Analyses of the order of learning blocks revealed strong forward-testing effects in which the study list following the retrieval block produced superior final recall, a benefit accruing to the restudy condition in the within-subject design (Experiment 1) and to the retrieval condition in the between-subjects design (Experiments 2 and 3). In contrast, no direct testing effects were found on the first list, a result analyzed in terms of prior research that often conflated forward and direct testing effects. Finally, retrieval practice generally did not impact organization (as measured by category clustering on the final recall test), indicating that the organization effect found in earlier research may not be readily replicated.

Key words The testing effect；Forward testing effects；Free recall；Attention and memory；Organization and memory

Referencing context in sentence processing: A failure to replicate the strong interactive mental models hypothesis

Jack Dempsey University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, United States

Kiel Christianson

Abstract The role of contextual influences on sentence processing remains underdeveloped and is often assumed to play some vaguely defined role in sentence processing. In 2005, Grodner, Gibson, and Watson (GGW) used self-paced reading to test the extent to which preceding discourse structure and complexity influence the interpretation of restrictive relative clauses. Their findings suggest that discourse can influence unambiguous syntactic selection processes and does so rapidly, such that discourse can project syntactic structures onto subsequent text during reading. Although being moderately cited since its publication, there has been no replication attempt to this date, all the while the field has developed more sophisticated methods for crossed designs and has highlighted the need for robust replication attempts to mitigate an ever-growing replication crisis. Bayesian modeling yielded considerable evidence against the interaction effect that supports GGW’s Strong Interactive Mental Models Hypothesis, suggesting discourse information does not proactively facilitate or project syntactic structures.

Key words discourse processing；sentence processing；replication psycholinguistics

Do readers maintain word-level uncertainty during reading? A pre-registered replication study

Michael G.Cutter University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Ruth Filik University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Kevin B.Paterson University of Leicester, United Kingdom

Abstract We present a replication of Levy, Bicknell, Slattery, and Rayner (2009). In this prior study participants read sentences in which a perceptually confusable preposition (at; confusable with as) or non-confusable preposition (toward) was followed by a verb more likely to appear in the syntactic structure formed by replacing at with as (e.g. tossed) or a verb that was not more likely to appear in this structure (e.g. thrown). Readers experienced processing difficulty upon fixating verbs like tossed following at, but not toward. Levy et al. argued that this suggests readers maintained uncertainty about previously fixated words’ identities. We argue that this finding has wide-ranging implications for language processing theories, and that a replication is required. On the basis of a Bayes Factor Design Analysis we conducted a replication study with 56 items and 72 participants in order to determine whether Levy et al.’s effects are replicable. Using Bayesian statistical techniques we show that in our dataset there is evidence against the existence of the interaction Levy et al. found, and thus conclude that this study is non-replicable.

Key words Noisy-channel processing；Word-level uncertainty；Eye-movements ；Reading ；Sentence processing

Volume 126, October 2022

Journal of Memory and Language（SSCI一区，2021 IF：4.521）2022年第126卷共发文7篇，论文的内容主要涉及规则性研究、语言控制、语言转换、美国手语中的形容词符号类型、编码注意力分散的影响等相关内容。

目录

ARTICLES

■Examining the roles of regularity and lexical class in 18–26-month-olds’ representations of how words sound by Charlotte Moore,Elika Bergelson

■Language control after phrasal planning: Playing Whack-a-mole with language switch costs by Chuchu LiVictor ,U.Ferreira,T.Tamar,Gollan

■Effects of divided attention at encoding on specific and gist representations in working and long-term memory by Nathaniel R.Greene,Moshe Naveh-Benjamin

■Adjective position and referential efficiency in American Sign Language: Effects of adjective semantics, sign type and age of sign exposure by Paula Rubio-Fernandez,Anne Wienholz,Carey M.Ballard,Simon Kirby,Amy M.Lieberman 

■Producing filler-gap dependencies: Structural priming evidence for two distinct combinatorial processes in production by Shota Momma

Towards a processing model for argument-verb computations in online sentence comprehension by Chia-Hsuan Liao ,Ellen Lau,Wing-Yee Chow

■Replication of Cutler, A., & Fodor, J. A. (1979). Semantic focus and sentence comprehension. Cognition, 7(1), 49–59 by Eleonora J.Beier,Fernanda Ferreira

■Does high variability training improve the learning of non-native phoneme contrasts over low variability training? A replication by Gwen Brekelmans,Nadine Lavan ,Haruka Saito,Meghan Clayards,Elizabeth Wonnacott

摘要

Examining the roles of regularity and lexical class in 18–26-month-olds’ representations of how words sound

Charlotte Moore Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Canada；Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States

Elika Bergelson Psychology & Neuroscience, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, United States

Abstract By around 12 months, infants have well-specified phonetic representations for the nouns they understand, for instance looking less at a car upon hearing ‘cur’ than ‘car’ (Swingley and Aslin, 2002). Here we test whether such high-fidelity representations extend to irregular nouns, and regular and irregular verbs. A corpus analysis confirms the intuition that irregular verbs are far more common than irregular nouns in speech to young children. Two eyetracking experiments then test whether toddlers are sensitive to mispronunciation in regular and irregular nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2). For nouns, we find a mispronunciation effect and no regularity effect in 18-month-olds. For verbs, in Experiment 2a, we find only a regularity effect and no mispronunciation effect in 18-month-olds, though toddlers’ poor comprehension overall limits interpretation. Finally, in Experiment 2b we find a mispronunciation effect and no regularity effect in 26-month-olds. The interlocking roles of lexical class and regularity for wordform representations and early word learning are discussed.

Key words Lexical class；Irregular words；Verb learning；Spoken word comprehension；Language acquisition

Language control after phrasal planning: Playing Whack-a-mole with language switch costs

Chuchu LiVictor University of California, San Diego, USA 

S.Ferreira 

T.Tamar H.Gollan

Abstract Spanish-English (Experiments 1–2) or Chinese-English (Experiment 3) bilinguals described arrays of moving pictures in English that began with a complex or a simple phrase (e.g., “[The shoe and the mesa/桌子] moved above the cloud” vs. “[The shoe] moved above the mesa/桌子 and the cloud”). Bilinguals were trained to name the second picture in English for half the objects (e.g., “table”) and Spanish/Chinese (e.g., “mesa”/“桌子”) the other half. In complex-initial sentences, production durations of “shoe” and “and” were longer on switch than nonswitch trials; in simple-initial sentences, in Experiments 1–2, speech rate was not affected by switching until “mesa” was produced, and in Experiment 3 not until “above” was produced. Thus, bilinguals paid language switch costs just before or just as they started to produce a phrase with a language switch in it, suggesting that bilinguals complete phrasal planning in the default language before switching to the nondefault language.

Key words Bilingual language switching； Default language selection ；Phrasal planning

Effects of divided attention at encoding on specific and gist representations in working and long-term memory

Nathaniel R.Greene  Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, United States

Moshe Naveh-Benjamin

Abstract Divided attention (DA) at encoding disrupts specific and gist representations for complex associations in episodic long-term memory. Competing mechanisms may account for these deficits, including impairments in forming specific or gist representations during initial encoding, or in consolidating these representations over time into long-term memory. Using a continuous associative recognition procedure, coupled with multinomial-processing-tree model analyses, we compared the effects of DA versus full attention at encoding on specific and gist representations in both working and long-term memory in 107 young adults. Early effects of DA on specific memory representations emerged in working memory, whereas effects on gist memory manifested only in long-term memory. Thus, DA differentially impacts initial and late stages of processing at distinct levels of representation. Additionally, regarding the rate at which specific and gist information is forgotten over time, under DA at encoding, both types of information are forgotten at comparable rates, whereas gist memory is forgotten at a slower rate under full attention.

Key words  Long-term memory；Working memory；Divided attention；Fuzzy-trace theory

Adjective position and referential efficiency in American Sign Language: Effects of adjective semantics, sign type and age of sign exposure

Paula Rubio-Fernandez University of Oslo, Norway

Anne Wienholz University of Hamburg, Germany

Carey M.Ballard Boston University, United States

Simon Kirby University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Amy M.Lieberman Boston University, United States

Abstract Previous research has pointed at communicative efficiency as a possible constraint on language structure. Here we investigated adjective position in American Sign Language (ASL), a language with relatively flexible word order, to test the incremental efficiency hypothesis, according to which both speakers and signers try to produce efficient referential expressions that are sensitive to the word order of their languages. The results of three experiments using a standard referential communication task confirmed that deaf ASL signers tend to produce absolute adjectives, such as color or material, in prenominal position, while scalar adjectives tend to be produced in prenominal position when expressed as lexical signs, but in postnominal position when expressed as classifiers. Age of ASL exposure also had an effect on referential choice, with early-exposed signers producing more classifiers than late-exposed signers, in some cases. Overall, our results suggest that linguistic, pragmatic and developmental factors affect referential choice in ASL, supporting the hypothesis that communicative efficiency is an important factor in shaping language structure and use.

Key words American Sign Language ;Referential communication ;Adjectives ; Prenominal vs postnominal position Efficiency

Producing filler-gap dependencies: Structural priming evidence for two distinct combinatorial processes in production

Shota Momma  University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States

Abstract A previous model of long-distance dependency production claims that speakers use two distinct pieces of structures containing clause-taking verbs like believe and the complementizer that or the null complementizer when planning sentences with cross-clausal filler-gap dependencies (e.g., Who did the breeder believe (that) the dog bit?) vs. when planning sentences without (e.g., The breeder believed (that) the dog bit them.). Under a certain assumption about the lexical boost effect, this model predicts that the lexical boost effect for that-priming occurs only when prime and target sentences both contain a cross-clausal filler-gap dependency or when neither does. In the current study, a computational model of structural priming implementing the core claims of the previous filler-gap dependency production model was built to show that this prediction coherently follows from the model. The prediction of the model was then tested in five recall-based structural priming experiments. Speakers showed a larger complementizer priming effect when prime and target sentences share a clause-taking verb (i.e., the lexical boost effect). But the lexical boost effect was selective to when both prime and target sentences contained cross-clausal filler-gap dependencies (Experiment 3) and when neither did (Experiment 1). Critically, the lexical boost effect was absent when only either prime or target sentences contained filler-gap dependencies crossing the complementizer structure (Experiments 2, 4, and 5), confirming the prediction of the model.

Key words Sentence production；Syntactic priming；Lexical access in production；Syntax

Towards a processing model for argument-verb computations in online sentence comprehension

Chia-Hsuan Liao Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

Ellen Lau Department of Linguistics, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA

Wing-Yee Chow Research Department of Linguistics, University College London, London, UK

Abstract The current study investigated the processing stages by which the parser incorporates different pieces of information, from clausehood to argument roles, to update predictions about the main verb. Using Mandarin to match word position across relevant conditions, we extend classic ERP findings on the impact of argument role reversals ([The millionaireSUBJECT the servantOBJECT fired] vs. #[The servantSUBJECT the millionaireOBJECT fired]), by investigating cases where one of the nouns is not an argument of the verb ([The millionaireSUBJECT the servantOBJECT fired] vs. #[The millionaire thought [the servantSUBJECT fired…]]). The pattern of N400 responses suggest a three-stage model of argument-verb computation: An initial stage demonstrates sensitivity at the verb to semantic association only. Soon after, responses show partial structure-sensitivity, differentiating whether the noun phrases are arguments of the upcoming verb or not. Only at the last stage do the arguments’ roles (e.g. agent/patient) become available to impact computations at the verb.

Key words Sentence processing;Argument information;Thematic relations;N400 

Replication of Cutler, A., & Fodor, J. A. (1979). Semantic focus and sentence comprehension. Cognition, 7(1), 49–59

Eleonora J.Beier  Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Fernanda Ferreira  Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA

Abstract We report the results of a replication attempt of a foundational study by Cutler and Fodor (1979). This study sparked several lines of research into the role of information structure in language comprehension, based on the proposal that discourse characteristics, prosodic focus, and syntactic focusing constructions may all guide the comprehender’s attention to new important information. Using a phoneme monitoring task, Cutler and Fodor reported that word-initial phonemes in acoustically identical sentences were identified faster when the word had been focused, as opposed to de-focused, by a preceding question. This influential finding has not been replicated using current experimental and statistical standards. Additionally, later research on this topic has deviated considerably from Cutler and Fodor’s original proposal and has led to contradictory results. We attempted to replicate the original study following current standards for performing statistical analyses and assessed whether the results of these analyses differ from those obtained from analyses more similar to those conducted originally. We found that in our data, the critical interaction between focus and target position reported by Cutler and Fodor replicates using both the original and the updated analyses, while the two (less important) main effects of focus and target position were only replicated using the updated analyses. This replication provides a stronger foundation to these diverging lines of research, and it is likely to spark new investigations into information structure.

Key words Focus ;Information structure;Phoneme monitoring;Reaction times;Discourse;Replication

Does high variability training improve the learning of non-native phoneme contrasts over low variability training? A replication

Gwen Brekelmans Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

Nadine Lavan Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, Fogg Building, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK

Haruka Saito Département de Linguistique, Université du Québec à Montréal, 320, rue Sainte-Catherine Est, Montréal, QC H2X 1L7, Canada

Meghan Clayards Department of Linguistics, 1085 Ave Dr. Penfield, Montréal, QC H3A 1A7, Canada；School of Communication Sciences & Disorders, 2001 McGill College, 8th floor, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada

Elizabeth Wonnacott Department of Education, University of Oxford, 15 Norham Gardens, Oxford OX2 6PY, UK

Abstract Acquiring non-native speech contrasts can be difficult. A seminal study by Logan, Lively and Pisoni (1991) established the effectiveness of phonetic training for improving non-native speech perception: Japanese learners of English were trained to perceive /r/-/l/ using minimal pairs over 15 training sessions. A pre/post-test design established learning and generalisation. In a follow-up study, Lively, Logan and Pisoni (1993) presented further evidence which suggested that talker variability in training stimuli was crucial in leading to greater generalisation.

These findings have been very influential and “high variability phonetic training” is now a standard methodology in the field. However, while the general benefit of phonetic training is well replicated, the evidence for an advantage of high over lower variability training remains mixed. In a large-scale replication of the original studies using updated statistical analyses we test whether learners generalise more after phonetic training using multiple talkers over a single talker. We find that listeners learn in both multiple and single talker conditions. However, in training, we find no difference in how well listeners learn for high vs low variability training. When comparing generalisation to novel talkers after training in relation to pre-training accuracy, we find ambiguous evidence for a high-variability benefit over low-variability training: This means that if a high-variability benefit exists, the effect is much smaller than originally thought, such that it cannot be detected in our sample of 166 listeners.

Key words phonetic training；HVPT；talker variability；replication；second language speech perception

Volume 127, December 2022

Journal of Memory and Language（SSCI一区，2021 IF：4.521）2022年第127卷共发文16篇，论文的内容主要涉及事件认知的界限、语言感知的表征、自传式记忆、识别记忆、一致关系吸引操作、工作记忆、受众群体句法设计、抽象概念的语义加工、颜色的理解与信息预期、正字法、二语习得、性和客体概念的关系、生物性与结构启动的关系等相关内容。

目录

ARTICLES

■ Boundedness in event cognition: Viewers spontaneously represent the temporal texture of events by Yue Ji, Anna Papafragou

■Language concatenates perceptual features into representations during comprehension by Bruno R. Bocanegra, Fenna H. Poletiek, Rolf A. Zwaan

■Autobiographical memory specificity and mnemonic discrimination by Noboru Matsumoto, Masanori Kobayashi, Keisuke Takano, Michael D. Lee

■Recognition-memory models and ranking tasks: The importance of auxiliary assumptions for tests of the two-high-threshold model by Simone Malejka, Daniel W. Heck, Edgar Erdfelder

■Number attraction in verb and anaphor production by Margaret Kandel, Colin Phillips

■Forgetting distractors in working memory: Removal or decay? by Laura L.S. Werner, Colleen M. Parks

■Still no evidence for audience design in syntax: Resumptive pronouns are not the exception by Adam M. Morgan, Victor S. Ferreira

■What can size tell us about abstract conceptual processing? by Bo Yao, Jack E. Taylor, Sara C. Sereno

■Color interpretation is guided by informativity expectations, not by world knowledge about colors by Hannah Rohde, Paula Rubio-Fernandez

■Orthographic priming from unrelated primes: Heterogeneous feedforward inhibition predicted by associative learning by

James S. Adelman, Iliyana V. Trifonova

■Where is mirror invariance? Masked priming effects by mirrored and rotated transformations of reversible and nonreversible letters by Tânia Fernandes, Eduardo Xavier, Miguel Domingues, Susana Araújo

■Implicit learning of structure across time: A longitudinal investigation of syntactic priming in young English-acquiring children by Shanthi Kumarage, Seamus Donnelly, Evan Kidd

■Agents’ goals affect construal of event endpoints by Ariel Mathis, Anna Papafragou

■The semantic relatedness effect in serial recall: Deconfounding encoding and recall order by Benjamin Kowialiewski, Julia Krasnoff, Eda Mizrak, Klaus Oberauer

■ Does grammatical gender affect object concepts? Registered replication of Phillips and Boroditsky (2003) by Nan Elpers, Greg Jensen, Kevin J. Holmes

■ The effect of animacy on structural Priming: A replication of Bock, Loebell and Morey (1992) by Xuemei Chen, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Merel Muylle, Mieke Sarah Slim, Chi Zhang

摘要

Boundedness in event cognition: Viewers spontaneously represent the temporal texture of events

Yue Ji, Anna Papafragou

Abstract A long philosophical and linguistic literature on events going back to Aristotle distinguishes between events that are internally structured in terms of distinct temporal stages leading to culmination (bounded events; e.g., a girl folded up a handkerchief) and events that are internally unstructured and lack an inherent endpoint (unbounded events; e.g., a girl waved a handkerchief). Here we show that event cognition spontaneously computes this foundational dimension of the temporal texture of events. People watched videos of either bounded or unbounded events that included a visual interruption lasting either 0.13 s (Experiment 1) or 0.03 s (Experiments 2 and 3). The interruption was placed at either the midpoint or close to the endpoint of the event stimulus. People had to indicate whether they saw an interruption after watching each video (Experiments 1 and 2) or respond as soon as they detected an interruption while watching each video (Experiment 3). When people responded after the video, they were more likely to ignore interruptions placed close to event endpoints compared to event midpoints (Experiment 1); similarly, when they responded during the video, they reacted more slowly to endpoint compared to midpoint interruptions (Experiment 3). Crucially, across the three experiments, there was an interaction between event type and interruption timing: the endpoint-midpoint difference depended on whether participants were watching an event that was bounded or unbounded. These results suggest that, as people perceive dynamic events, they spontaneously track boundedness, or the temporal texture of events. This finding has implications for current models of event cognition and the language-cognition interface.

Key words Events; Event segmentation; Boundedness; Aspect

Language concatenates perceptual features into representations during comprehension

Bruno R. Bocanegra, Fenna H. Poletiek, Rolf A. Zwaan

Abstract Although many studies have investigated the activation of perceptual representations during language comprehension, to our knowledge only one previous study has directly tested how perceptual features are combined into representations during comprehension. In their classic study, Potter and Faulconer [(1979). Understanding noun phrases. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 509–521.] investigated the perceptual representation of adjective-noun combinations. However, their non-orthogonal design did not allow the differentiation between conjunctive vs. disjunctive representations. Using randomized orthogonal designs, we observe evidence for disjunctive perceptual representations when participants represent feature combinations simultaneously (in several experiments; N = 469), and we observe evidence for conjunctive perceptual representations when participants represent feature combinations sequentially (In several experiments; N = 628). Our findings show that the generation of conjunctive representations during comprehension depends on the concatenation of linguistic cues, and thus suggest the construction of elaborate perceptual representations may critically depend on language.

Key words Language；Comprehension; Perception; Conjuction; Simulation

Autobiographical memory specificity and mnemonic discrimination

Noboru Matsumoto, Masanori Kobayashi, Keisuke Takano, Michael D. Lee

Abstract Autobiographical memory specificity (AMS) refers to the tendency to recall events that occurred at a particular time and place. We examined the hypothesis that AMS is associated with pattern separation, which is an essential component of episodic memory that may allow us to encode and retain the unique aspects of events. In Study 1 (N = 94) and Study 2 (preregistered; N = 99), participants completed the Autobiographical Memory Test, which measures AMS, and the Mnemonic Similarity Task measuring pattern separation. We coded Autobiographical Memory Test responses conventionally and then further classified the categoric memory responses (i) that contained words indicating repetitions or regularity (e.g., always, often) and (ii) did not contain these words. The pattern separation ability correlated positively with specific memories and correlated negatively with categoric memories lacking those words. We propose to distinguish these two types of categoric memory and discuss the integrative model of autobiographical memory structure. 

Key words Mnemonic similarity task; Autobiographical memory specificity; Overgeneral memory; Hippocampus; Pattern separation

Recognition-memory models and ranking tasks: The importance of auxiliary assumptions for tests of the two-high-threshold model

Simone Malejka, Daniel W. Heck, Edgar Erdfelder

Abstract The question of whether recognition memory should be measured assuming continuous memory strength (signal detection theory) or discrete memory states (threshold theory) has become a prominent point of discussion. In light of limitations associated with receiver operating characteristics, comparisons of the rival models based on simple qualitative predictions derived from their core properties were proposed. In particular, K-alternative ranking tasks (KARTs) yield a conditional probability of targets being assigned Rank 2, given that they were not assigned Rank 1, which is higher for strong than for weak targets. This finding has been argued to be incompatible with the two-high-threshold (2HT) model (Kellen & Klauer, 2014). However, we show that the incompatibility only holds under the auxiliary assumption that the probability of detecting lures is invariant under target-strength manipulations. We tested this assumption in two different ways: by developing new model versions of 2HT theory tailored to KARTs and by employing novel forced-choice-then-ranking tasks. Our results show that 2HT models can explain increases in the conditional probability of targets being assigned Rank 2 with target strength. This effect is due to larger 2HT lure-detection probabilities in test displays in which lures are ranked jointly with strong (as compared to weak) targets. We conclude that lure-detection probabilities vary with target strength and recommend that 2HT models should allow for this variation. As such models are compatible with KART performance, our work highlights the importance of carefully adapting measurement models to new paradigms.

Key words Recognition memory; Two-high-threshold model; Multinomial processing tree models; Ranking judgments; Model specification

Number attraction in verb and anaphor production

Margaret Kandel, Colin Phillips

Abstract Prior production research using the preamble-completion paradigm has elicited similar number attraction effects for both verbs and anaphora. However, this paradigm relies on comprehension and memory processes in addition to language production, making it difficult to assess the extent to which the observed attraction effects are caused by factors active during more natural production. In four production experiments, we compared number attraction effects on subject–verb and reflexive–antecedent agreement using a novel scene-description task in addition to a more traditional preamble elicitation paradigm. While the results from the preamble task align with prior findings, the more naturalistic scene-description task produced a contrast between the two dependency types, with robust verb attraction but very low rates of anaphor attraction. In addition to analyzing agreement error distributions, we also analyzed the production time-course of participant responses, finding timing effects that pattern with error distributions, even when no error is present. We discuss potential sources of variable susceptibility to number attraction, suggesting that differences may arise from the time-course of information processing across tasks and linguistic dependencies.

Key words Agreement attraction; Verb agreement; Reflexive pronouns; Anaphora; Language production

Forgetting distractors in working memory: Removal or decay?

Laura L.S. Werner, Colleen M. Parks

Abstract Research on forgetting irrelevant information in working memory has supported two competing models, SOB-CS (removal) and TBRS (decay). This may be due to the fact that different methods have been used to test each model. To rectify this, we developed a modified complex span task that allows for a better comparison of the models. Participants processed a series of words that were to be remembered (targets) or were to be forgotten (distractors). The primary manipulation was the free time available after viewing a distractor, either a short (.2 s) or long amount of time (1.5 s), with total time held constant across conditions. According to the SOB-CS model, distractors are not completely removed in the short condition, thereby increasing the number of intrusions at test relative to the long condition. In contrast, the TBRS model proposes that distractors decay at the same rate in both conditions, thus predicting no free time differences. We found support for removal with a reconstruction test (Experiment 1) and found inconclusive evidence of decay with a serial recall test (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3 and 4, we incorporated methods from recall and reconstruction tests into a modified reconstruction test and found evidence in favor of removal. Overall, the removal account was better supported than the decay account.

Key words Decay; Removal; Working memory; Forgetting distractors

Still no evidence for audience design in syntax: Resumptive pronouns are not the exception

Adam M. Morgan, Victor S. Ferreira

Abstract Speakers often tailor their speech to the needs of their interlocutors to facilitate comprehension. While such audience design can be observed in the words speakers choose (e.g., using simpler words when talking to children) or the volume of their voice (louder in noisier environments), it has rarely been observed in what syntactic structures speakers use. Consequently, many researchers have concluded that syntactic audience design is impossible. However, there exists a parallel literature in which syntactic audience design is assumed to play a central role. Specifically, English resumptive pronouns (e.g., …pronouns that nobody knows why people say them) are puzzling in that, despite being ungrammatical, they are regularly and reliably produced. To account for this, some theories hold that speakers produce resumptive pronouns to improve the acceptability of their utterances. If so, this would be an exceptional case of syntactic audience design. In three experiments, we test this hypothesis by eliciting sentences from speakers while manipulating acceptability. We consistently show no effect of acceptability on rates of resumptive pronoun production, despite successfully manipulating production rates with a comparably sized control manipulation. We conclude that resumptive pronouns are not in fact the result of audience design, and therefore do not constitute a challenge to the idea that syntactic audience design is impossible.

Key words Language production; Audience design; Resumptive pronouns

What can size tell us about abstract conceptual processing?

Bo Yao, Jack E. Taylor, Sara C. Sereno

Abstract Embodied cognition theories propose that abstract concepts are grounded in a variety of exogenous and endogenous experiences which may be flexibly activated across contexts and tasks. In three experiments, we explored how semantic size (i.e., the magnitude, dimension or extent of an object or a concept) of abstract (vs concrete) concepts is mentally represented. We show that abstract size is metaphorically associated with the physical size of concrete objects (Experiment 1) and can produce a semantic-font size congruency effect comparable to that demonstrated in concrete words during online lexical processing (Experiment 2). Critically, this size congruency effect is large when a word is judged by its semantic size but significantly smaller when it is judged by its emotionality (Experiment 3), regardless of concreteness. Our results suggest that semantic size of abstract concepts can be grounded in visual size, which is activated adaptively under different task demands. The present findings advocate flexible embodiment of semantic representations, with an emphasis on the role of task effects on conceptual processing.

Key words Size; Emotion; Embodied cognition; Semantic processing; Abstract concepts

Color interpretation is guided by informativity expectations, not by world knowledge about colors

Hannah Rohde, Paula Rubio-Fernandez

Abstract When people hear words for objects with prototypical colors (e.g., ‘banana’), they look at objects of the same color (e.g., lemon), suggesting a link in comprehension between objects and their prototypical colors. However, that link does not carry over to production: The experimental record also shows that when people speak, they tend to omit prototypical colors, using color adjectives when it is informative (e.g., when referring to clothes, which have no prototypical color). These findings yield an interesting prediction, which we tested here: while prior work shows that people look at yellow objects when hearing ‘banana’, they should look away from bananas when hearing ‘yellow’. The results of an offline sentence-completion task (N = 100) and an online eye-tracking task (N = 41) confirmed that when presented with truncated color descriptions (e.g., ‘Click on the yellow…’), people anticipate clothing items rather than stereotypical fruits. A corpus analysis ruled out the possibility that this association between color and clothing arises from simple context-free co-occurrence statistics. We conclude that comprehenders make linguistic predictions based not only on what they know about the world (e.g., which objects are yellow) but also on what speakers tend to say about the world (i.e., what content would be informative).

Key words Language comprehension; Overspecification; Color typicality; Bayes RuleEye tracking

Orthographic priming from unrelated primes: Heterogeneous feedforward inhibition predicted by associative learning

James S. Adelman, Iliyana V. Trifonova

Abstract A common assumption among models of orthographic processing is that letter-word inhibitory relationships all share the same strength: activity in the letter B has the same impact on a word like RACE as does equivalent activity in the letter F. However, basic associative learning mechanisms imply that the existence of the neighbor word FACE gives more opportunity to learn a negative weight from the neighbor letter F than from the non-neighbor letter B, leading to stronger negative letter-word weights for neighbor than non-neighbor letters. In masked primed lexical decision, therefore, fity, a neighborly prime formed using neighbor letters, should be a more inhibitory prime for RACE than bund (vice versa for LARK). We present simulations of weight learning using Rescorla and Wagner’s (1972) equations and three experiments consistent with this prediction. Further simulations show heterogeneous feedforward connections from letters to words could contribute to phenomena previously attributed to lexical competition.

Key words Orthographic processing; Lexical decision; Masked priming; Associative learning

Where is mirror invariance? Masked priming effects by mirrored and rotated transformations of reversible and nonreversible letters

Tânia Fernandes, Eduardo Xavier, Miguel Domingues, Susana Araújo

Abstract The cognitive mechanism underpinning mirror priming effects for letters (e.g., IDEA primed by ibea) is still unclear: it could be about mirror invariance (perceptual equivalence of mirror images - d and b - which does not extend to other orientation contrasts like plane rotations - d and p) or about visual similarity (b, d, and p share the same visual features and shape). To enlighten it and investigate the modulatory role of task and orthographic context (words vs single letters), we manipulated letter (nonreversible; reversible) and prime condition (identity, mirrored, rotated, control) in four masked priming experiments: lexical decision with conventional and sandwich paradigms (Experiments 1 and 2), same-different task on words and single letters (Experiments 3 and 4). All experiments replicated the differential mirror priming effect: inhibitory for reversible letters, facilitatory for nonreversible letters. Notably, similar priming effects were found for plane rotations. Regardless of task or orthographic context, a reliably larger orientation cost was found for reversible than nonreversible letters for both mirror images and plane rotations. These results suggest that the underlying mechanism is not mirror invariance, but rather visual similarity allied with prelexical dynamics.

Key words Masked priming; Mirror invariance; Reversible letter; Orientation contrast; Orthographic processing; Visual word recognition

Implicit learning of structure across time: A longitudinal investigation of syntactic priming in young English-acquiring children

Shanthi Kumarage, Seamus Donnelly, Evan Kidd

Abstract Theories of language acquisition vary significantly in their assumptions regarding the content of children’s early syntactic representations and how they subsequently develop towards the adult state. An important methodological tool in tapping syntactic knowledge is priming. In the current paper, we report the first longitudinal investigation of syntactic priming in children, to test the competing predictions of three different theoretical accounts. A sample of 106 children completed a syntactic priming task testing the English active/passive alternation every six months from 36 months to 54 months of age. We tracked both the emergence and development of the abstract priming effect and lexical boost effect. The lexical boost effect emerged late and increased in magnitude over development, whilst the abstract priming effect emerged early and, in a subsample of participants who produced at least one passive at 36 months, decreased in magnitude over time. In addition, there was substantial variation in the emergence of abstract priming amongst our sample, which was significantly predicted by language proficiency measured six months prior. We conclude that children’s representation of the passive is abstracted early, with lexically dependent priming coming online only later in development. The results are best explained by an implicit learning account of acquisition (Chang, F., Dell, G., S., & Bock, K. 2006. Becoming Syntactic. Psychological Review, 113, 234–272), which induces dynamic syntactic representations from the input that continue to change across developmental time.

Key words Syntactic priming; Language acquisition; Syntax acquisition

Agents’ goals affect construal of event endpoints

Ariel Mathis, Anna Papafragou

Abstract Theories of event cognition have hypothesized that the boundaries of events are characterized by change, including a change in the agent’s goal, but the role of higher-order goal information in how people conceptualize events is currently not well-understood. In a series of experiments, we used a novel method to test whether goals can affect how viewers determine when an event ends. Participants read a context sentence stating an agent’s goal (e.g., “Jesse wants to eat the orange for her breakfast”, “Jesse wants to use the orange as a garnish”). Participants then saw an image of a partly complete visual outcome (e.g., a partly peeled orange) and were asked to identify whether an event had occurred (“Did she peel the orange?”). Participants were more likely to accept a partly complete outcome if the outcome satisfied the agent’s goal (Experiments 1 and 2). This goal effect was present even when participants saw an image that corresponded to a mostly complete visual outcome (e.g., a mostly peeled orange; Experiment 3). Our results offer the first direct evidence in support of the conclusion that higher-order goal information affects the way even simple physical events are conceptualized. They further suggest that theories of event cognition need to account for the rich and varied informational sources used by the human mind to represent events.

Key words Events; Goals; Intentionality; Context; Endpoint

The semantic relatedness effect in serial recall: Deconfounding encoding and recall order

Benjamin Kowialiewski, Julia Krasnoff, Eda Mizrak, Klaus Oberauer

Abstract The ability to store information in verbal working memory (WM) closely interacts with our linguistic knowledge. For instance, we can hold semantically related words (e.g., “cat, dog, bird”) better in our WM than unrelated ones (e.g., “desk, pillow, mouse”). This study investigates boundary conditions of the beneficial effect of semantic relatedness of words on immediate memory for lists. Independently varying the encoding and recall order for lists of related words, we unraveled several mechanistic explanations of the semantic relatedness effect. We first tested a semantic cueing mechanism, according to which the recall of an item facilitates the recall of other semantically related items. We next disentangled an interactive activation versus feature overlap account of semantic relatedness. Whereas the former predicts that the semantic relatedness effect emerges from the temporal co-activation of related items, the latter predicts that it emerges from the superposition of semantic features bound to similar contexts. Our results demonstrate that semantic relatedness affects WM performance at the encoding stage of WM processing, which rules out semantic cueing as a plausible mechanism. Further, the temporal order in which words are presented was the most important determinant of the semantic relatedness effect, in agreement with the interactive activation account. This study supports a model in which semantic relatedness supports WM through interactive activation occurring in semantic long-term memory.

Key words Working Memory; Serial Recall; Semantics; Semantic Relatedness

Does grammatical gender affect object concepts? Registered replication of Phillips and Boroditsky (2003)

Nan Elpers, Greg Jensen, Kevin J. Holmes

Abstract Many languages assign nouns to grammatical gender categories (e.g., masculine and feminine), and inanimate objects often have different genders in different languages. In a seminal study, Phillips and Boroditsky (2003) provided evidence that such “quirks of grammar” influence how people conceptualize objects. Spanish and German speakers judged person-object picture pairs as more similar when their biological and grammatical genders matched than when they did not, and English speakers showed the same pattern of similarity judgments after learning gender-like categories. These widely cited findings were instrumental in vindicating the Whorfian hypothesis that language shapes thought, yet neither the original study nor any direct replications have appeared in a peer-reviewed journal. To examine the reliability of Phillips and Boroditsky’s findings, we conducted a high-powered replication of two of their key experiments (total N = 375). Our results only partially replicated the original findings: Spanish and German speakers’ similarity judgments exhibited no effect of grammatical gender when accounting for key sources of error variance, but English speakers trained on gender-like categories rated same-gender pairs more similar than different-gender pairs. These results provide insight into the contexts in which grammatical gender effects occur and the mechanisms driving them.

Key words Grammatical gender; Linguistic relativity; Object concepts; Replication

The effect of animacy on structural Priming: A replication of Bock, Loebell and Morey (1992)

Xuemei Chen, Robert J. Hartsuiker, Merel Muylle, Mieke Sarah Slim, Chi Zhang

Abstract Bock et al. (1992) found that the binding of animacy features onto grammatical roles is susceptible to priming in sentence production. Moreover, this effect did not interact with structural priming. This finding supports an account according to which syntactic representations are insensitive to the consistency of animacy-to-structure mapping. This account has contributed greatly to the development of syntactic processing theories in language production. However, this study has never been directly replicated and the few related studies showed mixed results. A meta-analysis of these studies failed to replicate the findings of Bock et al. (1992). Therefore, we conducted a well-powered replication (n = 496) that followed the original study as closely as possible. We found an effect of structural priming and an animacy priming effect, replicating Bock et al.’s findings. In addition, we replicated Bock et al.’s (1992) observed null interaction between structural priming and animacy binding, which suggests that syntactic representations are indeed independent of semantic information about animacy.

Key words Animacy mapping; Structural priming; Syntactic processing

期刊简介

Articles in the Journal of Memory and Language contribute to the formulation of scientific issues and theories in the broad areas of memory and language (learning, comprehension and production). The journal's focus is on describing the mental processes that underpin these capacities. Special emphasis is given to research articles that provide new theoretical insights based on a carefully laid empirical foundation. The journal generally favors articles that provide multiple experiments. In addition, significant theoretical or computational papers without new experimental findings may be published.

《记忆与语言》期刊上的文章有助于在记忆和语言（学习，理解和生产）的广泛领域制定科学问题和理论。该杂志的重点是描述支撑这些能力的心理过程。特别重视在精准设计的实证基础上提供新理论见解的研究文章。该杂志通常偏向于提供多个实验的文章。此外，没有新的实验发现的重要理论或计算论文在本期刊中也有可能会被发表。

The Journal of Memory and Language is a valuable tool for cognitive scientists, including psychologists, linguists, and others interested in memory and learning, language, reading, and speech.

《记忆与语言》是认知科学家的宝贵工具，比如心理学家、语言学家和其他对记忆和学习、语言、阅读和言语感兴趣的人。

Research Areas include:
• Topics that illuminate aspects of memory or language processing  记忆或者语言发展

• Linguistics  语言
• Neuropsychology  神经心理学

本文来源：Journal of Memory and Language  官网

点击文末“阅读原文”可跳转下载

课程推荐

欢迎加入

“语言学心得交流分享群”“语言学考博/考研/保研交流群”请添加“心得君”入群请务必备注“学校+研究方向/专业”

今日小编：Cooky & young

审    核：心得小蔓

转载&合作请联系

"心得君"

微信：xindejun_yyxxd

点击文末“阅读原文”可跳转下载