重磅!世界首个发作性动作诱发性运动障碍诊断和治疗专家共识发布
*仅供医学专业人士阅读参考
感谢曹立等神经遗传专家团队
一、概述
二、临床表现
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流行病学特点:
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诱发因素:
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发作预感:
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发作形式:
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发作持续时间及频率:
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临床分型:
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三、病因及发病机制
四、诊断以及鉴别诊断
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鉴别诊断:
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(2)原发性发作性非动作诱发性运动障碍(Paroxysmal NonkinesigenicDyskinesia,PNKD):多于幼儿期起病,临床发作多由摄入茶、咖啡、酒精、精神压力、疲劳等非运动因素所诱发。临床症状表现为多由单侧肢体逐渐累及其他部位的肌张力障碍、舞蹈样动作或手足徐动。发作持续时间较PKD发作更长,多为10分钟至1小时[2,52],少数患者持续时间更长。PNKD发作频率较PKD少,通常为每周发作1次至数次。约半数患者发作前可有预感,表现为肢体僵硬感、笨拙感或乏力感。
(3)发作性过度运动诱发性运动障碍(Paroxysmal Exercise-Induced Dyskinesia,PED):原发性PED的发病年龄多在2~30岁之间。PED临床发作由长时间或持续性运动(5~30 min)诱发,且不被寒冷、酒精、咖啡等非运动因素诱发[53]。发作持续时间5~45min,一般不超过2h。
(4)心因性疾病及假性发作:心因性运动障碍和PKD均会出现运动障碍发作且发作间期神经查体阴性。此外,多数PKD患者合并存在有焦虑或抑郁情绪[54],因而在临床中一部分患者易被认为是心因性疾病或假性发作。易分散性、临床表现的变异性和具有暗示性是精神病性疾病的特征[55]。其他提示心因性疾患而非PKD的因素包括心因性疾病多在成年起病,合并其他精神病性体征,存在医学上无法解释的躯体症状以及对药物的非典型反应等[55,56]。高抬腿诱发试验也可帮助医生观察到临床发作从而准确诊断。
(5)抽动症:抽动是短暂的肌肉抽搐或肌张力异常,其持续时间通常比PKD发作短。
(6)过度惊跳症:过度惊跳症表现为突然的噪音或触摸所诱发的复杂异常运动障碍发作,似与PKD相同[55,57]。过度惊跳症多在出生后甚至在孕期末三月起病,通常一些患者未预期的刺激(多数是声音)可以诱发临床症状出现,典型表现为眨眼以及躯干肌痉挛[58],而无意识状态改变。PKD发作通常发生在青少年中。此外,与生理性的惊吓反应不同,过度惊跳症在新生儿和幼儿中引起的肢体僵硬时间更长[59,60]。
(7)Sandifer综合征:胃食管反流后进食后出现阵发性头倾斜的幼儿应怀疑有Sandifer综合征[55,61]。
(8)良性阵发性斜颈(Benign paroxysmal torticollis,BPT)[62]:BPT表现为反复发作的异常头部姿势,从一侧到另一侧交替出现,症状可持续几分钟到几天。该疾病通常发生在婴儿3月龄左右,且后期可合并出现偏头痛,这一现象提示BPT可被认为是年龄依赖性偏头痛[63]。该疾病通常不需要治疗,除非出现易怒、不适或呕吐的情况下则进行相应对症处理。
(9)婴儿短暂性肌张力障碍[62]:婴儿短暂性肌张力障碍包括阵发性上肢姿势异常,偶尔伴有躯干和一侧下肢受累[64]。发作间期体格检查及神经影像检查正常。发病年龄一般在5至10个月之间,病情在3个月至5年之间可逐渐缓解,无发育或神经异常。婴儿短暂性肌张力障碍的病因和病理生理机制尚不清楚。
(10)婴儿早期良性肌阵挛(Benign myoclonus of early infancy,BMEI)[62]:BMEI最初被描述为一种非痫性阵发性运动障碍,其特征是头部和/或上肢出现肌阵挛性抽搐,通常成串出现,类似婴儿痉挛症。发作时患儿意识清晰,且通常在清醒期出现,在睡眠或困倦时鲜有发生。发作时脑电图,神经查体和发育均正常。该疾病的发作往往密集出现,经常每日发作数次,每次发作持续几秒钟。情绪兴奋或低落、姿势变化或感觉刺激均可能诱发发作[63]。发病多出现在1岁以内(主要在4到7个月之间),通常在2岁时停止发作,部分可能持续到儿童时期。其病理生理机制尚不清楚,不需要特殊治疗。
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临床诊断标准:
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(2)支持依据可辅助临床诊断;
(3)须排除继发性因素,如血管性、脱髓鞘性、代谢性等病因。特别是当出现警示标志中的任意一项时,应进行全面评估以排除继发性PKD可能。具体评估项目包括:
a.甲状腺功能评估:血清T3/FT3、T4/FT4、促甲状腺素(TSH)水平测定,结合患者实验室结果必要时完善甲状腺超声及摄碘率检查;
b.钙磷代谢评估:血清钙、磷测定、甲状旁腺素及降钙素测定,完善头颅CT排查有无颅内钙化;
c.血糖测定;
d.胆红素测定,尤其在新生儿中需注意非结合胆红素水平,以排查胆红素脑病可能;
e.血清铜蓝蛋白;
f.头颅MRI;
g.脑电图:部分原发性PKD患者在发作期和发作间期可出现异常脑电表现,因此脑电图异常并不能排除原发性PKD的诊断。但对于存在脑电异常的患者,临床医师应进行全面评估以排除继发性因素;
h.神经心理评估。
(4)原地高抬腿试验[9]:鉴于发作性运动障碍疾病的特点,若能观察到临床发作能明显提高诊断的准确性。因此建议临床医师在患者就诊时可通过高抬腿运动诱发临床发作,以观察具体的发作特点。
具体操作[9]:患者进行原地高抬腿运动,嘱患者在出现发作预感时立刻停止运动,观察患者临床发作情况(包括发作形式、持续时间、有无合并面部受累等),上述情况视为阳性结果。若持续进行30秒仍无发作,则为阴性。需注意患者若处于临床自愈期或服用药物控制症状后可无发作诱发。此外,若患者进行该试验前刚经历发作,其试验结果亦可能为阴性。
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基因诊断:
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五、治疗
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药物治疗
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非药物治疗
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特殊人群治疗:
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良性家族性小儿癫痫(BFIE)是一种婴儿型丛集性癫痫,通常可以完全康复[67]。多数BFIE由PRRT2基因突变导致,除此以外SCN2A、SCN8A、KCNQ2基因突变亦可引起。对于良性家族性婴儿惊厥症患者,基因筛查对于后一步的诊疗方案制定具有指导意义。
然而,需要强调的是,目前尚无已知的干预措施可以降低BFIE患者后续发展为PKD的风险,即使是具有PRRT2基因突变的患者[7]。对于具有PRRT2基因突变的BFIE患者,尽管对卡马西平/奥卡西平的治疗效果尚未得到很好的研究,但鉴于其在PKD治疗中的良好效果,可以作为首选的抗癫痫药物[7]。而在癫痫持续状态发生时,可以使用苯二氮䓬类药物,包括劳拉西泮,地西泮或咪达唑仑[7]。然而,PRRT2基因突变相关的癫痫发作对苯二氮䓬类药物的反应相对较差[7]。
(2)孕期管理:
部分女性患者在怀孕期间发作频率有所减轻,这一现象的机制尚不明确。但是,产前暴露于抗癫痫药物可能会增加胎儿畸形的风险(取决于所用药物,剂量和服用药物的妊娠阶段)。因此,应在怀孕之前与患者充分沟通在怀孕期间使用抗癫痫药物的风险和益处[7]。对于发作频率较低、发作程度较轻的女性患者,可以考虑在妊娠前或期间中止抗癫痫药物的使用[7]。
六、总结
曹立教授
医学博士、主任医师、博士生导师
•上海交通大学附属第六人民医院神经科主任医师;
•第三届“中国杰出神经内科青年医师”;
•美国加州大学旧金山分校神经内科访问学者;
•中华医学会神经病学分会神经遗传专业组委员;
•中国医师协会神经内科分会神经遗传学组委员;
•上海医学会神经内科专科分会神经免疫遗传生化学组委员/副组长;
•上海医师协会神经内科分会委员;
•中国神经科学学会神经退行性疾病分会委员;
•中国研究型医院学会罕见病分会理事;
•中国医疗保健国际交流促进会神经病学分会委员;
•风信子亨廷顿舞蹈症关爱中心理事;
•长期致力于运动障碍、脑白质病、神经遗传和神经肌肉疾病的临床和转化研究工作,先后主持国家自然科学基金5项,在国内外杂志发表包括Brain、Neurology等在内的国内外论文80余篇。
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本文来源:医学界神经病学频道
本文作者:曹立教授等神经遗传专家团队
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