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• SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

• What Is the Polar Vortex?

• February 03, 2019

• NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument captures a polar vortex moving from Central Canada into the U.S. Midwest from January 20 through January 29, 2019. (NASA/JPL-Caltech AIRS Project)

• Record cold weather in the United States is forcing schools and businesses to close. The “polar vortex,” as it is called, has also canceled flights and suspended mail delivery.
  

• The temperature in Fargo, North Dakota, dropped to -35 degrees Celsius. In Chicago, Illinois, it was -28 degrees Celsius, but strong winds made the air feel like -50 degrees.

• The U.S. National Weather Service warns that a wind chill of -32 degrees Celsius could freeze a person’s skin within 15 minutes. Officials turned city buses into mobilewarming shelters to help keep homeless people safe.

• The cold weather was linked to at least 20 deaths, including a man who froze to death in Wisconsin.

• Ice forms along the shore of Lake Michigan before sunrise, Thursday, Jan. 31, 2019, in Chicago. (AP Photo/Kiichiro Sato)

• It all started with misplaced heat from Morocco, says winter storm expert Judah Cohen. He works for Atmospheric and Environmental Research in Massachusetts.

• Last month, Cohen explains, the usually cold air some 30 kilometers above the North Pole quickly warmed by about 70 degrees Celsius. The area of air is known as a polar vortex. There is also a polar vortex above the South Pole.

• The quick temperature change was the result of hot air flowing in from the south. The warmer air split the polar vortex, leaving smaller pieces of it to move around. By Tuesday night, one of those vortex pieces reached the middle of the United States.

• The unusually cold air could stay around for several weeks. “I think at a minimum, we’re looking at mid-February, possibly through mid-March,” Cohen said.

• Americans first began hearing the words “polar vortex” five years ago. In early 2014, the temperatures dropped to -27 degrees Celsius in places like Chicago. Weather experts, who had been using the term for many years, began using it on social media.

• But the National Weather Service says there is nothing new about it. It says the years 1977, 1982, 1985 and 1989 also brought unusually cold temperatures caused by a polar vortex.

• A young boy tosses a chunck of snow into Lake Michigan Wednesday, Jan. 30, 2019 in Milwaukee. Temperatures were sub-zero and wind chills were -50 degrees. (AP Photo/Jeffrey Phelps)

• What about global warming?

• As Americans dealt with the extreme cold, President Donald Trump called for the return of global warming. He wrote on Twitter: “In the beautiful Midwest, windchill temperatures are reaching minus 60 degrees, the coldest ever recorded. In coming days, expected to get even colder. People can’t last outside even for minutes. What the hell is going on with Global Warming? Please come back fast, we need you!”

• --t1-

• John Cook is a professor of climate change at George Mason University in Virginia. He said Trump’s comment about the cold weather ignores the larger picture of a warming planet. He compared the president’s comment to someone saying that “nighttime proves the sun doesn’t exist.”

• Climate scientist Victor Gensini said, “This is simply an extreme weather event and not representative of global scale temperature trends.”

• Gensini, who works at Northern Illinois University, told the Associated Press, “The exact opposite is happening in Australia right now.”

• Last week, the city of Adelaide, Australia reached 46.6 degrees Celsius, the highest temperature ever recorded in a major Australian city. But it was even hotter in nearby Port Augusta, where temperatures reached 49.5 degrees Celsius.

• Australian state government on Tuesday, Jan. 15, 2019 announced plans to mechanically pump oxygen into lakes and rivers after hundreds of thousands of fish have died in heatwave conditions. (Australian Broadcasting Corporation via AP)

• Another climate scientist, Zeke Hausfather of Berkeley Earth, said it was important to remember the difference between climate and weather.

• “In a warming world, you’re still going to have unusually hot and unusually cold events happening in a particular part of the world,” Hausfather said. “Weather is not going away.”

• I'm Ashley Thompson.

• Hai Do adapted this story for Learning English based on Associated Press and National Weather Service reports. Ashley Thompson was the editor.

• Write to us in the Comments Section or on our Facebook page.

• ________

• Words in This Story

• mobile - adj. able to move from one place to another

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