语言教学 | 普渡大学写作教学系列Research&Citation71-APA Style(12) abbr. & num.

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1、APA Style -- APA Abbreviations

Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here.

In APA, abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader’s understanding and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation.

There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using APA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. When abbreviating a term, use the full term the first time you use it, followed immediately by the abbreviation in parentheses.

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), abbreviations are best used only when they allow for clear communication with the audience.

Exceptions: Standard abbreviations like units of measurement and states do not need to be written out. APA also allows abbreviations that appear as words in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary to be used without explanation (IQ, AIDS, DNA, FBI).

Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations of all capital letters, unless it is a proper name or refers to participants using identity-concealing labels: 

P. D. James, J. R. R. Tolkien, E. B. White F.I.M., S.W.F.

MA, CD, HTML, APA

Exceptions: Use a period when abbreviating the United States as an adjective (U.S. Marines or U.S. Senator)

Use a period if the abbreviation is a Latin abbreviation or a reference abbreviation:

etc., e.g., a.m. or Vol. 7, p. 12, 4th ed.

Do not use periods when abbreviating measurements:

cm ft, lb, mi, min

Exceptions: Use a period when abbreviating inch (in.) to avoid confusion.

Units of measurement and statistical abbreviations should only be abbreviated when accompanied by numerical values:

7 mg, 12 mi, M = 7.5

measured in milligrams, several miles after the exit, the means were determined

Only certain units of time should be abbreviated.

Do not abbreviate:

day, week, month, year

Do abbreviate:

hr, min, ms, ns, s

To form the plural of abbreviations, add s alone without apostrophe or italicization.

vols., IQs, Eds.

Exception: Do not add s to pluralize units of measurement (12 m not 12 ms).

Abbreviations in Citations

Citations should be as condensed as possible, so you should know the basic rules of abbreviation endorsed by the APA to provide your readers with reference information.

Always abbreviate the first and middle names of authors, editors, etc.

Shakespeare, W., Chomsky, N.

Use the following abbreviations within citations (take note of capitalization):

APA Citation Abbreviations
Book Part	Abbreviation
edition	ed.
revised edition	Rev. ed.
Second Edition	2nd ed.
Editor(s)	Ed. or Eds.
Translator(s)	Trans.
No date	n.d.
Page(s)	p. or pp.
Volume(s)	Vol. or Vols.
Number	No.
Part	Pt.
Technical Report	Tech. Rep.
Supplement	Suppl.

2、APA Style -- Numbers in APA

Note: This page reflects the 6th edition of the APA manual, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. There is currently no equivalent 7th edition page, but we're working on one. Thank you for your patience. Here is a link to our APA 7 "General Format" page.

In general, APA style recommends using words to express numbers below 10, and using numerals when expressing numbers 10 and above. See below for a more extensive list.

Numbers expressed as numerals

In addition to expressing numbers 10 and above, the following are other instances when you would use numerals rather than words:

Numbers mentioned in the abstract, a table, or a figure in the paper (this allows for brevity) 

This study consisted of 8 tests.

Numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement

2.54 cm, 1.5 gal

Numbers that represent statistical or mathematical functions, fractional or decimal quantities, percentages, ratios, percentiles, and quartiles

Divided by 10

0.5

50% of the participants

a ratio of 10:1

the 10th percentile

numbers that represent time, dates, ages, scores and point values on a scale, exact sums of money, and numerals

2 hr 30 min

10:00 am

50-year-olds

A 10-point scale

$100

Exception: Use words for approximations of numbers of days, weeks, months, or years

Roughly six months ago

Numbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers

Illustration 1

Numbers expressed as words

In addition to using words to express numbers below 10, use words to also express:

Numbers beginning a sentence, title, or text heading

Fifteen participants were in the control group.

Common fractions

Three fourths of the population

Common phrases or groups

Seven Wonders of the World

The Three Musketeers

Other Rules Concerning Numbers

Here are a few more rules concerning numbers to adhere to as you follow APA style:

If you are using two modifiers against a noun, use a combination of both numerals and words

Three 5-point scales

If you’re unsure which modifier to write and which to express numerically, try it both ways. Be sure the way you express the numbers is in the clearest way possible.

Place a zero before a decimal fraction less than 1 if the statistic can exceed 1.

0.54 in

If the statistic cannot exceed 1, you do not need a zero.

p = .85

For more specific guidelines, talk to your instructor or refer to the Style Manual.

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