Noise-SDR:来自非特权软件的电磁噪声的任意调制及其对放射安全的影响
摘 要
Part.1
背 景
图1 SDR与传统无线电比较
图2 RF-PWM逼近通用带通信号示例
图3 带通信号举例
Part.2
Noise-SDR 方法
图4 Noise-SDR实现任意调制方法
Part.3
基于Fldigi工具的Noise-SDR实现
Fldigi是一款流行的SDR工具,支持多种非专业无线电协议,每种协议都针对不同的应用进行了优化。作者将Fldigi与RF-PWM等集成在一起,形成了一款可以在ARMv7-A、ARMv8-A、x86-64和MIPS32上运行的独立工具。该工具基于对DRAM的密集内存访问来调节DRAM时钟的发射,并且不需要Linux、Windows和Android上的特权。使用这种模块化架构,添加其他的调制或协议非常简单。
支持的协议:Fldigi-Noise-SDR支持的可应用于Android的协议有CW、RTTY、MFSK、PSK、THOR、Olivia等。还添加了一个简单的类似LoRa的CSS协议和一个真实的LoRa实现。可以使用几种不同的调制方案,包括开关键控(OOK)、二进制频移键控(BFSK)、M进制频移键控(MFSK)、偏移增量频移键控(IFK+)、相移键控(PSK)、正交频分复用(OFDM)等。
界面:为了简单起见,使用命令行界面与工具进行交互。
RF-PWM:产生RF-PWM方波的算法如图5所示。第一步是以传统方式产生调制中频正弦载波;第二步通过查看零点来识别正弦波的所有周期,它和RF-PWM方波的周期相对应,也可以识别每个周期的幅度;第三步计算每个周期的脉冲宽度,只需对幅度值进行预失真即可。
泄露:作者等人使用内存访问的方式来调制DRAM时钟(及其谐波)的辐射。为了产生RF-PWM方波,在一个脉冲Thigh,i期间重复进行密集的存储器访问,然后保持静止,直到周期结束(时间以ns为单位测量)。在x86-64/AMD上,访问DRAM是一种行之有效的方法,即使在存在SSC的情况下也会产生强烈的泄露。由此,可以使用相似但不同的技术将这种方法扩展到使用ARMv7-A和ARMv8-A处理器架构的智能手机上。
图5 产生RF-PWM方波算法
Part.4
实验评估
Part.5
安全应用
图6 Noise-SDR的安全应用
参考链接:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9833767。
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