怎么回应“性别焦虑是跟风” │ 文献导读
症状网络文献导读
已经不是一个新梗了,许多家长问:孩子以前没有另一个性别的气质,这阵子突然学习成绩下降、和家里产生矛盾,急着要变性,还要自杀怎么办,就怕孩子被网上的人影响了,跟风,吃激素伤身,怕以后后悔。2017年一篇发在PlosOne的网络调研集结了网络上发声的这些家长,看看他们的孩子是不是跟风,并且将这种现象称为“急性起病的性别焦虑(rapid onset of gender dysphoria)”(第三部分)。文章出来之后,骂的很多。本文涉及Littman主要的研究内容,以及回应她观点的专家(第一部分,第二部分)。
导读文献:
Brandelli Costa A (2019) Formal comment on:Parent reports of adolescents and young adults perceived to show signs of arapid onset of gender dysphoria. PLoS ONE 14(3): e0212578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212578(第一部分:回应一)
Zucker, Kenneth J. (2019). Adolescents withGender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and ResearchIssues. Archives of Sexual Behavior, (), –. doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8 (第二部分:回应二)
Littman, Lisa; Romer, Daniel (2018). Rapid-onset gender dysphoria in adolescents and young adults: A study of parental reports. PLOS ONE, 13(8), e0202330–. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202330(第三部分:跟风)
#1
回应一
#2
回应二
1.很少有证据表明心理干预可以解决性别烦躁
2.青春期阻断剂的使用减少了性别特征的发展,减少了当事人的性别不一致感
3.性别不一致的减少能够使青少年压力较小,为青少年得到了更多机会反思其性别认同的选择。
1.儿童期存在性别烦躁
2.青春期初期症状加重
3.无精神障碍共病诊断
4.治疗过程中有充分的心理和社会支持
5.对性别重置过程有充分了解。
#3
Littman对于急性性别烦躁的论证
这些孩子主要是出生时性别为女性(82.8%) 平均年龄16.4岁 宣布其跨性别身份时平均年龄为15.2岁 在性别烦躁“发病”前,41%表达出其非异性恋的性取向,62.5%在此前曾被诊断过至少一种精神障碍或是神经发育障碍,一半的人以前经历过霸凌、性侵、父母离异或死亡等应激事件。
根据既往的临床报告,青春期发病的性别烦躁较儿童期发病的复杂,更多共病重性的精神障碍,青少年时突然急性起病的性别烦躁可能是其它重性精神障碍的早期表现(一体两面相反的观点是,是否性别烦躁未被解决,所以压力过大,根据压力应激模型,导致更高的精神障碍发病率),社会功能较差,共病问题难以解决,需要与重性精神障碍鉴别[1][2]。 以往的数据显示,性别烦躁者在“男孩多于女孩”,即在过去大多是出现在出生性别为男性,较少出现在出生性别为女性,但是近十年来,出生性别为女性的跨性别者大量增加,并且在数量上出现了逆转,但是如果是由于既往出生性别为女性的孩子意见较不能表达自己的意见,但是这样的话在中老年群体的调查中,应该整体在人口数上数量不变[3]。 将性别烦躁与其它“受社会传染”的心理健康问题并列,如抑郁症状、进食障碍、霸凌、物质滥用、冲动攻击行为等[4][5],尤其是将这些“女孩的性别烦躁”对标进食障碍和体像障碍,举例在进食障碍门诊治疗出现同伴加重的信念以及反对治疗的亚文化,在这个文化中瘦是受到钦佩的,而要从进食障碍恢复的人会被嘲笑和边缘化。 随着社交媒体对性别烦躁内容的增加,一部分“弱势群体、边缘群体”将其模糊的痛苦和不安被解释为源自于性别烦躁,并且认为性别肯定是解决其问题的唯一方案,将其边缘群体的脆弱和不适感归结于顺性别的特权,并且攻击顺性别者的歧视,将这个过程视为开悟。 作者认为应该更加聚焦于这些个体应对消极、强烈情绪的方式,作者认为这些个体较同龄人,普遍有着更加不佳的处理情绪方式,例如回避、容易被情绪淹没、容易发脾气,或是容易将自己情绪激化让自己一直待在强烈的情绪里面的特质。 家长和作者均认为许多孩子似乎不愿意提升控制自己情绪的能力、处理创伤、阿斯伯格或是提升社交能力,而是将问题归因于性别上,家长认为孩子最重要的这些问题不解决,改变性别无法解决问题。
个体通过网络和信息传播的影响,将非特定的烦躁(例如创伤有关的烦躁不安、精神障碍的症状以及青春期的身份认同焦虑)在自己的框架中解释为因为性别的烦躁不安,因此进一步相信性别肯定治疗是通往幸福的唯一途径,并且将任何不同意其意见的概念都视为恐惧的、侮辱性的、剥夺其生命的,并且在参与性别肯定的过程得到了友谊以及同伴支持以及被肯定。
从家庭治疗的角度来看,因性别问题与父母产生的冲突可能是家庭冲突的投射,一半的“急性性别烦躁”者与家庭决裂,拒绝与父母沟通或是离家出走,在家庭动力的角度,尽管大部分父母否认观察到儿童期的性别烦躁,但是可能是父母忽略了,成长过程中其它人可能观察到了这些现象。
“自我共鸣但是适应不良的应对方式”这个概念用于进食障碍已久,被认为是敏感个体选择了一种适应不良的应对方式,能够短暂缓解情绪的痛苦,但是不能从根源解决问题,同类类比还包括饮酒、毒品或是自伤,都是缓解个体痛苦、处理强烈情绪的方式,在患者来说是自我共鸣的,但是四周人觉得是不正常的,放外部人员试图干预他们的适应方式的时候,当事人会感到痛苦且抵制。这个假设包括许多“急性性别烦躁”者在“发病”前后均存在极差的对自己情绪的应对方式。并且作者将当代的性别烦躁类比为进食障碍,均出现在敏感、情绪不稳往往还优秀有天赋的青少年,体像障碍以不同形式展现,认为两个群体是不同时代出现在同一类青少年人群的“社会性疾病”。
作者/编辑:Circle
本科复旦大学临床医学,辅修宗教学,2012年开始学精神分析,打酱油的人类学爱好者,一直读到精神病与精神卫生学博士。研究抑郁和焦虑的治疗。在学人本主义心理咨询。
排版:胡轩睿
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