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文化传播视角看汉英翻译第一期:石窟与佛像之美

北京策马翻译 北京策马翻译 2022-10-02



源远流长的中华文化,历经数千载风风雨雨,为人类文明留下了瑰丽的艺术与人文遗产。那些我们耳熟能详的中国元素——书法、园林、京剧、瓷器……共同塑造了一代代中国人的精神图景,从如同一个个活的历史与文化载体,承载着由古至今国人智慧和生命的重量。

而文明的孕育和生长离不开沟通与交流,就好比诞生于古印度的佛教,汉朝时传入中国,在风土人情、信仰气质迥然不同的大地上生根发芽、获得新生,至今深刻影响着中国人的文化图景,在中国的建筑、绘画等等艺术作品发展史上留下了浓墨重彩的一笔。

各个文明之间不能停止交流的步伐,而翻译正是那沟通的桥梁。语言和文化的壁垒造成的误解,须得以有效的沟通“解铃”。

于是乎,从本期开始,小编将和大家一起开启“以文化传播视角看汉英翻译”的系列专题每一期为大家介绍一个中华文化的代表元素,同时附上相关内容的汉译英范例,总结出相应的汉译英技巧与表达。


往期文化专题详见:

CATTI备考 | 苏州园林又双叒叕获奖了?还是联合国教科文组织颁发的!


本文为北京策马翻译微信公众号整理首发

转载请联系本公众号!


本期推送为大家带来了石窟文化和佛像的相关介绍和翻译案例。


全文阅读大约需要20-25分钟


PART 1

石窟文化


 


公元1世纪左右,佛教从天竺传到西域,经河西走廊传到中原。当时“通一线于广漠,控五郡之咽喉”的凉州(如今的甘肃武威),处于中国与西域交流的必经之道,成为当时除长安外,西北地区的另一个政治、经济、文化中心和军事重镇,也成了佛教东进的一个重要的落脚点和扩张点。




有一种说法是“中国佛教石窟的源头在甘肃武威的天梯山”,时值东晋十六国北凉沮渠蒙逊时期(公元412年),当时迁都到凉州的北凉国王沮渠蒙逊,笃信佛教,致力于宣扬佛教的“六道轮回”说,召集天下能工巧匠云集凉州,开窟造像以示虔诚。


天梯山石窟就是在那时建造完成,并成为了当时中国佛教文化艺术的代表,极大地影响了后世石窟的开凿。


一般学者认为中国石窟的发展进程应当是:天梯山石窟—云冈石窟—龙门石窟—敦煌石窟。



多图预警分割线!


现存于世的中国四大石窟分别是:莫高窟、云冈石窟、龙门石窟和麦积山石窟



莫高窟(甘肃敦煌):中国规模最大、内容最丰富的石窟群,其影响力和重要性不言自明。



云冈石窟(山西大同):公元5世纪中国石刻艺术之冠,被誉为中国古代雕刻艺术的宝库("昙曜五窟"——北魏时期“华丽精细”——"瘦骨清像")。



龙门石窟(河南洛阳):代表了中国石刻艺术的最高峰,有“古碑林”之称(中国书法艺术史上浓墨重彩的一笔),是历代皇亲国戚造像最集中的地方。

麦积山石窟(甘肃天水):因其形似麦垛而得名,有“东方雕塑馆”之称。




其中,敦煌莫高窟于1987年12月正式被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。坐落于河西走廊西端的敦煌莫高窟,现存洞窟735个,壁画4.5万平方米,泥质彩塑2415尊,故而有着“千佛洞”之称。


从工艺方式来看,传统的石窟造像乃以石雕为主,而敦煌莫高窟因其岩质不适合雕刻,故造像以泥塑壁画为主。莫高窟艺术的特点表现为建筑、塑像和壁画三者的有机结合,是世界现存规模最宏大、保存最完整的佛教艺术宝库。


(莫高窟壁画)


无独有偶,由于麦积山石窟是粗制的砂砾岩,其中的佛像也无法直接精雕细琢。古代匠人因地制宜先用崖面岩石雕凿出佛像,而后再上面附着粗泥、细泥最后完成佛像,就是我们所说的石胎泥塑造像。由于地处深山老林中,麦积山石窟也是目前中国石窟文化里,少有的保护较好的北朝石窟造像群。


P.S. 莫高窟、麦积山石窟和云冈石窟的官网(如下所示)上都提供了“数字化展示”的服务可供参考;小编认为这几个官网的设计也是不错的~






资料来源:
天梯山石窟,中国石窟文化源头鼻祖的前世今生 中国石窟文化——麦积山石窟造像手法与特色四大石窟:中国历史文化艺术瑰宝


PART 2

汉译英案例


 



“留下灿烂的佛教艺术作品”怎么翻比较好呢?

“是一个重要方面”只能翻成“is an important/significant...”吗?


看看下面这个例子吧!


佛教于公元1世纪左右传入中国,对中国文化产生了极为深远的影响,中国艺术的发展,也深深打上了佛教的烙印,留下了灿烂的佛教艺术作品,佛像就是其中一个重要方面在中国的青山绿水间,有很多佛教造像,如山西大同的云冈石窟造像、甘肃敦煌的莫高窟造像、河南洛阳的龙门石窟造像和重庆的大足石刻佛像等等。在各地的寺院中,也有各种各样的佛像。佛教造像记载着中国文明发展的历程,显示出中国雕塑艺术的成就,还包含着人们的心灵寄托。
 Buddhism found its way to China around the first century and has since exerted a significant, far-reaching influence on Chinese culture. It has left an indelible mark on Chinese art, with splendid Buddhist artistic works surviving the vicissitudes of time. Among them, statues of the Buddha constitute an important component, and are found in many places around the country, including the Yungang Grottoes in Shanxi Province, the Mogao Grottoes in Gansu Province, the Longmen Grottoes in Henan Province, the Dazu Stone Sculptures in Chongqing Municipality, as well as in numerous temples. The Buddha statues, in a sense, record the development of Chinese civilization, displaying the achievements of sculptural arts and expressing the aspirations of the people.


exert:to use power or influence to affect sb/sth 运用;行使;施加。


常用搭配包括:

exert an influence on 施加影响

exerted one's authority to do 动用权力做

exerts a force on  施加引力/作用力

exert oneself  尽某人的力


留下了灿烂的佛教艺术作品:with splendid Buddhist artistic works surviving the vicissitudes of time. 这样的处理可以说是具象化了这些艺术品流传过程中会经历的“兴衰变迁”,vicissitudes也是值得学习的一个词。


vicissitudes: (formal) one of the many changes and problems in a situation or in your life, that you have to deal with 变迁;人生的沉浮;兴衰枯荣。可以延伸为“r人间的悲欢离合”(vicissitudes of life)。


另外constitute sth也是一个很不错的表达。


constitute:to be considered to be sth (被认为或看做)是;被算作;

 to be the parts that together form sth 组成;构成。


constitute an important component就是指“构成一个重要部分”。




一提到“最有名/著名的”就是“the most well-known/famous”?

“在此经营”怎么理解?

“雕塑和彩绘以佛像为主”怎么处理?

“眉毛弯弯”怎么说?

什么叫做“一脚虚,一脚实”?


敦煌莫高窟,是中国最著名的石窟艺术胜地。敦煌本是丝绸之路上的一个重镇,在甘肃省省会兰州的东侧。莫高窟建在敦煌的鸣沙山的断崖上,从公元4世纪开始到14世纪,在近千年的历史中,无数人在此经营,使它成为一个融建筑、彩塑、壁画为一体的综合艺术宝库。雕塑和彩绘以佛像为主,所以人们又称这里为“千佛洞”。 The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang are considered the foremost representative of grotto arts. Dunhuang, once a town of strategic importance on the Silk Road, is located east of present-day Lanzhou, the capital city of Gansu Province in northwest China. Over a span of nearly 1000 years from the fourth century to the 14th century, a great number of people came here to build grottoes on the precipitous cliffs of Mingsha Mountain, ultimately turning this place into an artistic treasure-house combining architecture, painted sculptures and murals. As the statues and paintings mostly depict the Budhha, people also call this place “The Cave of One Thousand Buddha Statues.”


(敦煌45窟菩萨塑像)


第45窟两身观音菩萨像,是唐代的彩塑作品。两个观音菩萨很相似,都是头梳高髻,上身裸体,斜披天衣,眉毛弯弯,眼神温柔,略含笑意,面容慈祥鲜朗。颈戴饰物,长臂浑圆,下系长裙,裙下的花纹隐然而见。两像都呈S形站立,一脚实,一脚虚,身体侧倾,动作优雅。塑像表现了人们对这位大慈大悲菩萨的崇拜之情,也将人们对母爱、对女性美的赞叹之情融于其中。


In Grotto 45 are two painted statues of Guanyin, completed in the Tang Dynasty (618-907). The two statues are alike in appearance, with a chignon on the head, a celestial robe covering half the upper body, crescent eyebrows, gentle eyes faintly smiling, and a bright and benevolent expression, Both wear necklaces, with their arms plump and their robes long with a lotus design showing underneath. They stand in an elegant S-shape posture, one foot on the ground, the other slightly off the ground, and their bodies gracefully tilting to one side. These sculptures demonstrate people’s devotion toward the benevolent Guanyin and eulogize maternal love and feminine beauty.


翻译朝代信息的时候,需要在其后附上具体年份,如:Tang Dynasty (618-907)。


从上面两个例子可以看出,译者在翻译过程中有意识地整合了信息,调整了顺序。


比如:“莫高窟建在敦煌的鸣沙山的断崖上,从公元4世纪开始到14世纪,在近千年的历史中,无数人在此经营”这句,经调整,英译文中的表达回译过来大致是“在公元4世纪到14世纪的近千年的历史中,无数人来此(鸣沙山的断崖上)打造石窟”(Over a span of nearly 1000 years from the fourth century to the 14th century, a great number of people came here to build grottoes on the precipitous cliffs of Mingsha Mountain)


“在此经营”中的“经营”具象化成了“build grottoes”


“最著名的石窟艺术胜地”处理成了be the foremost representative of grotto arts (作为……最著名的代表)


“雕塑和彩绘以佛像为主”其实就是说“雕塑和彩绘主要刻画的对象是佛像”,这里译文用了“depict”这个词,还是比较妙的。


To depict someone or something means to show or represent them in a work of art such as a drawing or painting. 这个词本意就是“描绘、描画;刻画”的意思。


彩塑 painted sculptures

壁画 murals

发髻 chignon

天衣 celestial robe

长臂浑圆 plump arms

眉毛弯弯 cresent eyebrows

cresent是指“新月”,就是月牙弯弯的那种形状,用在这里倒也很形象。


“一脚虚,一脚实”其实就是说佛像的动作是一只脚踏在地上,另一只微微浮空(没踩实),这里处理成了“one foot on the ground, the other slightly off the ground”


eulogize: to praise sb/sth very highly 称赞;颂扬;赞颂



“佛教造像主要以泥塑为主”怎么处理?

“体现出强烈的世俗化特点”怎么表达?

“造成之时”有什么别的表达方式?


作为中国四大石窟之一的麦积山石窟,佛教造像主要以泥塑为主。麦积山位于中国西北甘肃天水东南,这座山峰,形似麦垛,所以人们称其为麦积山——像堆积起来的麦堆。


As one of the four famous grottoes in China, the Maijishan (Haystack Mountain) Grottoes are appreciated for the quality and quantity of the clay sculptures enshrined there. Located southeast of Tianshui City in Gansu Province, Maijishan got its name from its haystack-like shape.


麦积山石窟雕像,除了受到印度风格影响之外,还体现出强烈的世俗化特点。虽然雕塑的主体是佛及其弟子的群像,但在形态上尽量取真人特点,有些雕塑的大小与真人无异。佛像的面容并不是通常所见的高远和渺不可及,而是突出其亲切地一面。佛像大都颔首微笑,姿态轻松,衣服的纹理流畅飘动。


The sculpture in the Maijishan Grottoes evoke a strong secular flavoralongside the obvious influence of Indian sculpture. The statues, though representing the Buddha and his disciples, are wrought with as many human features as possible. The countenance of the statues expresses calm compassion, rather than the more usual far and distant facial expression. The majority of the statues nod and smile in a natural manner, and the contours of their robes are smooth as if flying.


(麦积山44窟塑像)


第44窟雕塑、是是西魏时代的作品,窟中的雕像是麦积山佛教造像的杰出代表。中间主佛的造像,高160厘米,体形如一个真实的女子,柔美非常。头上是水涡纹的发髻,发际是连绵的云纹。胸前系着一个小结,外披袈裟,结跏趺坐袈裟长长地垂下,皱褶清晰可见、线条圆转流动,极富美感。衣裙和发髻等处还残留彩绘的痕迹。想当初造成之时,一定更加光艳照人。其面容最为人们所称道,长眉如柳叶,微微颔首,面露淡淡的微笑,神秘而又亲切。


The group of sculptures in Grotto 44 built during the Western Wei Dynasty (535-556) is exemplary of the Buddha statues in the Maijishan Grottoes. The main Buddha statue, sitting in the center of the group of sculptures, is 160 centimeters tall with a woman’s figure, who wears his hair in a chignon with a whirlpool pattern, his hairline executed in a cloud shape. An ornamental knot decorates his chest, and a kasaya wraps his shoulders and cascades down, with the draping curves of the robe smoothly, clearly and beautifully outlined. Traces of color can be seen on his clothing and hairline. He has long and thin eyebrows, a slightly inclined head, smiling mysteriously and kindly. One can only imagine how beautiful the statue must have been when it made its debut in this world.



"佛教造像主要以泥塑为主",这一句译者没有直接译,而是增加了一点补充信息,再把这句的信息包含在整个句子里面:are appreciated for the quality and quantity of the clay sculptures enshrined there.


get one's name from 得名于


alongside:together with or at the same time as sth/sb 与…一起;与…同时


countenance: a person's face or their expression 面容;脸色;面部表情


“体现出强烈的世俗化特点”:evoke a strong secular flavor杰出代表 exemplary水涡纹的 whirlpool pattern袈裟 kasaya


“造成之时”:  when it made its debut



“开光”怎么翻?

什么是“化身佛”?


唐代武则天,是中国历史上有名的女皇帝,龙门石窟中最大的一个石窟奉先寺,就是在她的主持下开凿的。寺中有一座卢舍那大佛,大佛凿了三年时间,凿成之时,她还率领大臣们来参加开光仪式,成为唐代重要的文化事件之一。


In the Tang Dynasty, Empress Wu (r. 690-704), sponsored the construction of the largest of the Longmen Grottoes – the Temple of Ancestral Worship. Inside the temple is a huge statue of Sambhoga-kaya Buddha, or the Buddha of Brightness, which told three years to finish. On the day of its completion, Express Wu led her ministers to the consecration ceremony, one of the most important cultural events of the Tang Dynasty.


(龙门奉先寺卢舍那佛像)


卢舍那佛像高十七米多,体量巨大,气势磅礴,是整个龙门石窟中最大的一尊佛像。在佛经中,卢舍那是释迦牟尼的化身佛,有光明遍照的意思。他以永恒的光明,破除世间的黑暗,使众生产生信心。


The statue of the Buddha of Brightness sits at an imposing height of more than 17 meters. It is the largest of all the statues found in the Longmen Grottoes. Buddhist scriptures describe the Buddha of Brightness as the ideal reincarnation of Skyamuni. With his power of eternal brightness, he is able to eradicate darkness in the human world and bestow enlightenment on the common people.


对著名中国历史人物的介绍,类同于对时间的处理,即需要加上具体时间。


奉先寺 the Temple of Ancestral Worship

卢舍那大佛 Sambhoga-kaya Buddha,译者还补充了一句the Buddha of Brightness,“光明佛”(卢舍那大佛的别称)


开光:指新佛像、佛画完成想置于佛殿、佛室时,所举行替佛开眼的仪式;在佛教中,经过开光中的佛像就具有了宗教意义上的神圣性,能够受到佛教徒的顶礼膜拜。


从这一层面来说,译者翻成“consecration”(to state officially in a religious ceremony that sth is holy and can be used for religious purposes),也就是基督教中的“祝圣;圣化;奉献”,某种程度上是与“开光”意思相近的,但毕竟二者有不同的文化渊源和connotation,严格上说不能完全等同;但文化信息丰富时,基于多重考虑势必会遮盖掉一部分隐含信息,译者这般处理也能理解。


释迦牟尼的化身佛:ideal reincarnation of Skyamuni


化身佛是指“佛陀为了度脱世间众生,随缘教化、随应三界六道等情况显现的变化之身。


reincarnation指的是“灵魂转世、化身”,但本身也有指印度教、佛教的化身的用法:


Reincarnation: the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions




句子前后矛盾怎么处理?

“体态轻盈”怎么译?

“作合十之状”怎么处理?


其中有一尊佛的坐像,一脚垂于座下,一脚盘于座上,一手已残破,但还可以看到左手抚于右脚上、盘腿而坐的样子,天真活泼,非常可爱。 One particular statue presents an innocent and lovable image of the Buddha with his left foot on a lotus footing and his right foot on his left knee. Although his left arm is missing, the audience may still visualize with their mind’s eye that his left hand caresses his right foot.



“还可以看到左手抚于右脚上、盘腿而坐的样子”,因为前文提到这尊佛像是“一脚垂于座下,一脚盘于座上”,显然是和“盘腿而坐”是矛盾的,从下图也能看出,真实情况应该是前者,所以译者在英文中也删去了“盘腿而坐”这个矛盾信息。


可见翻译过程中考证的重要性。


此外由于这尊佛像已经损坏了一部分(没有左手),那么人们“还可以看到左手抚于右脚的样子”指的自然就不是肉眼看到的画面,而是指人们“仿佛能看到”(是想象中的样子)。


此处译者也处理得较好:


the audience may still visualize with their mind’s eye that his left hand caresses his right foot


(思维菩萨像 北齐 青州)


 还有一尊坐佛像,体态轻盈,衣服上没有皱褶,显现出肌肤的轮廓。面部纤秀,上身细而长,一手已损,一手托于项前,当是作合十之状。 Another statue in the sitting posture looks light and lithe, and brims with a graceful bearing, his creaseless clothes setting off the contours of his body. He has fine and delicate features and a slim figure. One hand has been damaged, and the other hand is raised before his chest; so he must have been holding his palms together in greeting.  



“体态轻盈”既包括“体”也包括“态”,身体轻盈还能理解,“态”轻盈又怎么说呢?


这里的“态”指“神态”“姿态”都说得通,译文处理成了graceful bearing(优雅得体的举止)也能达意;身体轻盈则直接处理成“looks light and lithe”


creaseless就是crease(皱褶)的变体,指的是“无皱褶的”


set off一般是指“出发;动身;启程”,但也有“衬托;(通常指通过对比)使显得更漂亮”的意思,比方说:

“sets off the colour of your hair”,就是指“衬托出你的发色”。译文这里就是指“无皱褶的衣服衬托出佛像身体的轮廓”(set off the contour of his body)。


“作合十之状”其实就是“双手合在一起/双手合十”,译文还进一步翻出了做“双手合十”这个动作的含义:holding his palms together in greeting


资料来源:

《中国文化读本》中文版&英文版(Insights into Chinese Culture)叶朗、朱良志著。



资料整理、文案撰写:叶芷瑜

排版编辑:叶芷瑜、郭婷婷


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