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双语学堂丨《敦煌》中的重点词汇英译品读
敦煌，是中国甘肃省河西走廊最西端的一个城市，东接陇原、三秦，西邻新疆，地理位置十分重要，自汉武帝时期（前140—前87）以来，就一直是中原通往西域的交通要道和军事重镇。今天，随着“一带一路”倡议得到世界各国越来越广泛的响应与实施，位于古代丝绸之路“咽喉之地”的敦煌，正以焕发青春活力的“丝路明珠”新面貌崛起。
2018年6月，中国外文局所属朝华出版社出版《敦煌》中英文版，讲述敦煌历史溯源及其文化艺术发展，全书配有91幅珍贵历史照片及高清精美壁画彩塑图片，全面展现敦煌1650余年的历史。我们从书中选取了一批中英文重点词汇及例句，和大家分享。1.吐火罗民族
Tocharian People2.吐火罗民族的迁徙之路
Migration of the Tocharian People3.三危山
Mount Sanwei4.西王母
Queen of the West5.三危山、西王母的神话传说
Legends of Mount Sanwei and Queen of the West6.河西走廊
Hexi Corridor
例句：从敦煌出发向东，通过河西走廊就可到达古都长安、洛阳。译文：Eastward through the Hexi Corridor, there were the two ancient capitals — Chang’an and Luoyang.
7.中国历史文化名城
China's Historical and Cultural City
例句：敦煌于1979年被国务院列入全国第一批对外开放的城市，1986年被国家命名为“中国历史文化名城”。译文：In 1979, Dunhuang was listed by the State Council among the first group of open cities of China. It was named “China’s Historical and Cultural City” in 1986.
8.《天马之歌》
Ode to Celestial Steed
例句：当时，汉武帝正致力于开拓西域，宣扬汉威，需要天命、人事的辅助，还专为此写了一首《天马之歌》：“天马来兮从西极，经万里兮归有德。承灵威兮降外国，涉流沙兮四夷服。”译文：At that time, Emperor Wu was engaged in opening up the Western Regions and displaying the power of the Han Dynasty, and he needed the assistance from both the mortal and the divine; therefore, he composed Ode to Celestial Steed: Galloping ten thousand miles from the far west, A celestial steed comes to Him who has virtue. It carries divine power that dominates other nations,
Braving the drifting sand, it brings the allegiance of barbarians.
9.《咏敦煌》
Ode to Dunhuang
例句：莫高窟藏经洞所出P.5007号写卷《咏敦煌》诗这样描述唐时期敦煌的景象：
"万顷平田四畔沙，汉朝城垒属蕃家。歌谣再复归唐国，道舞春风杨柳花。仕女尚梳天宝髻，水流依旧种桑麻。雄军往往施鼙鼓，斗将徒劳猃狁誇。"译文：Dunhuang Manuscript P.5007 is an Ode to Dunhuang in the Tang dynasty: Bordering desert is a vast stretch of flat lands, With the Han town fallen into alien hands. Ballads are heard of the Tang keys,Poplars and willows dance in vernal breeze.
Fair maids still wear Tang-style topknots,
Water keeps flowing into the fields of crops.
Solders are home beating triumphant drums,
In vain is the general greeted with barbarian thumbs.10.莫高窟 Mogao Caves
藏经洞 Library Cave
佛教经、律、疏 Buddhist sutras, vinayas and commentaries
例句：堪称“佛教图书馆”的莫高窟藏经洞，不但保存了大量的佛教经、律、疏和寺院文书，也入藏了丰富的儒家典籍与其他宗教的文献。译文：The Library Cave at Mogao is so called because it not only preserved a large quantity of Buddhist sutras, vinayas, and commentaries in addition to monastery documents, but also had a rich collection of Confucian classics and other religious literature.
译文：Owing to the geographical location of Dunhuang, a few eminent monks in history going to and coming from the west not only left their footprints but also engaged in the translation of Buddhist scriptures here, e.g. Dhamaraksa (known as Dunhuang Bodhisattva) with his disciple Zhu Facheng, Kumarajiva, the great translator, who also lectured on the Buddhist sutras and whose horse was commemorated with the White Horse Pagoda being built, and Dharmaksema the translator of Mahaparinirvana Sutra. The Chinese eminent monks Faxian and Xuanzang passed here in their westbound pilgrimage.
12. 西千佛洞
West Thousand-Buddha Caves
例句：从4世纪开始，在敦煌地区兴建了许多石窟，包括敦煌市的莫高窟、西千佛洞，安西县的榆林窟、东千佛洞，肃北县的五个庙石窟等。译文：Since the 4th century AD, many caves were built in Dunhuang, including the Mogao Caves and the West Thousand-Buddha Caves in Dunhuang City, the Yulin Caves and the East Thousand-Buddha Caves in Anxi County and the Five-Temple Caves in Subei County.
13. 木构窟檐建筑
Wooden eaves for caves
例句：莫高窟分为南北两区，其中南区的492个洞窟是以礼佛活动为主的场所，现存彩塑2000多身，壁画4.5万多平方米，唐宋时代的木构窟檐建筑5座。译文：The Mogao Caves is divided into two sections from south to north. The 492 caves in the Southern Section were built for Buddhist rituals and other activities of worship. There are over 2,000 painted statues, more than 45,000 square-meter murals, and 5 wooden eaves for the caves of the Tang and Song dynasties.
译文：The 243 caves in the Northern Section, according to excavation and research in recent years by the Dunhuang Academy specialists, were chiefly for monks to live in, practice their faith, and be buried after death. They are found with pits for routine purposes, ovens, chimneys, niches, and lamp sockets.
15. 乐僔法师
Venerable Le Zun
例句：乐僔法师在鸣沙山崖开窟后不久，又去各地云游了。译文：Not long after the first cave was opened on the Mingsha cliff, Venerable Le Zun started on another journey.
16. 斋会
diet assemblies
例句：莫高窟的斋会一般是在洞窟营造的开工仪式或完工庆典时举办，由窟主主办，这一点在有关莫高窟营造的文书中几乎都有记载，名曰“福会”，备有各类饼、粥之类斋食。译文：The diet assemblies at the Mogao Caves, known as fuhui, were generally held by cave owners at the opening or completion ceremony, offering various diets like cakes and porridges, as is recorded in relevant manuscripts.
17. 写经
Sutra-copying
例句：还有写经活动，通常也是在莫高窟的殿堂内进行的。在寺窟里写经，既是僧侣与普通信众做功德的行为，也是一种在特殊氛围中传习文化的实践活动。译文：Sutra-copying was also done in the halls of the Mogao Caves. Sutra-copying in monasteries was regarded as a merit for monks and common devotees as well as a cultural activity in a special atmosphere.
译文：The caves at Mogao are the product of the integration of traditional Chinese architecture with the grottos and monasteries of India and the Western Regions. There are three major shapes or structures: caves with a central stupa-formed pillar, caves with cells for meditation, and caves with a hall and an altar.
19. 敦煌飞天
apsaras of Dunhuang
例句：在敦煌莫高窟的壁画中，最灵动多彩的要数飞天了，有人称之为“敦煌壁画的灵魂”。飞天梵名乾闼婆，又名香音神，属于天龙八部之一，常出现在乐鼓齐鸣、满天花瓣的佛说法图中。敦煌飞天图像始于十六国，终于元代，现存6000多身。到了唐代，敦煌飞天进入鼎盛期，艺术形象达到了最成熟、最完美的阶段。译文：In the murals of Dunhuang, the most colorful and dynamic figures are apsaras (or gandharvas) in Sanskrit, celestial nymphs of fragrance and music, one of the eight classes of supernatural beings in pictures of sermons accompanied by celestial symphony and dancing flowers. The paintings of apsaras started in the Sixteen States Period and did not stop until the Yuan dynasty. A number of over 6,000 apsaras paintings have been preserved now. The Tang dynasty witnessed the climax of apsaras of Dunhuang whose artistic image reached maturation and perfection.
20. 梵文
Sanskrit
例句：毗诃罗是梵文vihara的音译，意为僧房、精舍。译文：In Sanskrit vihara means a house or a room for monks to live in and practice meditation.
21. 驱傩
Devil driving
例句：驱傩，这无疑是敦煌民俗中最突出的一个活动。译文：Devil driving is undoubtedly a unique and most prominent folk custom in Dunhuang.
22. 石碑拓本
stele rubbings
例句：1903年初，“长于金石、版本、校勘之学”的甘肃学台叶昌炽，收到了汪宗瀚寄来的莫高窟石碑拓本、写经和一幅水月观音画像，了解到藏经洞文物非同一般，于是建议将这些文物运到兰州保管，但因为缺少5000两银子的运费，此事作罢。译文：In the beginning of 1903, Ye Changzhi (1849-1917), who was Provincial Education Commissioner in Gansu and good at epigraphy, bibliology, and textual criticism, received some stele rubbings, Buddha image paintings and sutra copies from the Mogao Caves from Wang Zonghan and knew that the relics in the Library Cave were extraordinary, so he suggested that they be sent to Lanzhou for conservation; however, as he failed to collect the 5,000 taels of silver to cover the transportation expenses, he abandoned the effort in the end.
23. 奥莱尔·斯坦因
Marc Aurel Stein
例句：自1900年敦煌宝藏被发现之后，英、法、俄、日等国打着“考察队”、“探险”旗号的盗宝者蜂拥而至。他们骗得王道士的信任，劫取藏经洞文物，致使大批敦煌文物流散于海外。最早来到藏经洞的外国探险家是英籍匈牙利人奥莱尔·斯坦因（Marc Aurel Stein）。译文：Since the discovery of the Library Cave in 1900, the British, French, Russian, Japanese and other foreign "explorers" rushed in on their "expeditions". They cheated Wang into selling them the treasures in the Library Cave so that a large quantity of the relics was scattered overseas. The first foreigner coming to the Library Cave was the Hungary-born English Marc Aurel Stein (1862-1943).
24. 保罗·伯希和
Paul Pelliot
例句：斯坦因捷足先登后，接踵其后的是法国汉学家保罗·伯希和（Paul Pelliot）。1908年，伯希和带领考察团来到中国新疆考察，听说王道士在清理洞窟时发现了塞满古写本的小室，于是放弃了在新疆的考察计划，直奔敦煌。译文：Following Stein’s footsteps was Paul Pelliot (1878-1945). In 1908, Pelliot let his expedition team to Xinjiang, China. When he was told that Wang had discovered a small chamber when cleaning the caves and found it filled with manuscripts, he abandoned his scheme in Xinjiang and hurried to Dunhuang.
25. 兰登·华尔纳
Langdon Warner
例句：1923年底，在哈佛大学福格艺术博物馆的支持下，美国人兰登·华尔纳（Langdon Warner）带领考察队赴中国西北地区考察，主要目的地就是敦煌。译文：By the end of 1923, Langdon Warner (1881-1955) came on an expedition with his team to China’s northwest with the support of the Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University. His chief destination was Dunhuang.
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编辑：袁帆
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