TS期刊新文|国家不仅是想象共同体!从material谈现代国家
Joyce, Patrick, and Chandra Mukerji. 2017. “The State of Things: State History and Theory Reconfigured.” Theory and Society 46 (1): 1–19.
1. 国家是什么?国家是可见的吗??
安德森的《想象的共同体》给出的答案,是文化,是认同,是想象,是虚拟??
那么,为什么当我们看到写着“为人民服务”的政府办公大楼时,会觉得那就是国家呢?(写着“人民”的地方,其实“人民”都不给进~)为什么高铁网络、邮局网络这些物理运作系统,会让我们觉得就是中国在切切实实的存在呢?
如何从基础设施、后勤保障、从things的角度,理解国家的建构呢?
国家是可见的吗?
2. 国家是物质过程与实践,是 logistical powers
来自曼彻斯特学的历史学家Patrick Joyce 和来自于加州大学圣地亚哥分校的社会学家Chandra Mukerji如是理解:
国家从物质过程与实践的角度,认为国家基础设施的权力,和多地点的重组,具体非人格的、弥散的性质,从而将之与human又连接起来。
the relationship between logistical power and the assemblages of sites that constitute modern states --- in terms of the material processes and practices --- a form of material practice that extends across its multiple sites --- the distinguishing feature of the state is its impersonal and diffuse character that results from the turn to logistical power in its different domains.
如果从物质的角度进入的话,一个核心的问题:
物质是有空间限定性的,但我们想象中的国家是whole, system, network,那么如何把这些分散在全国各地的邮局、高铁站、政府大楼连接起来,让我们觉得那就一个个就是国家呢?
换句话说,社会物质权力的是不衔接的,但国家实践是这些物质的脉络。
The inarticulacy of its sociomaterial power makes state practices serve as a context or a landscape in which political action takes place...
3. 四个要点
在衔接的过程中,有四个要点。国家的物质性,最基本的是territory 。从领土出发,如何将领土上的物体(如政府大楼)建立一种communications。在沟通过程中产生了assemblages效应。在重组之中,使得公民形成了国家是个system的观念
从这个角度来讲,国家不是一般所谓的a unitary actor,
从领土进入国家,再从领土进入沟通,通过沟通形成系统观念,受到福柯的治理术研究的启发
The birth of the modern state—a state that is separable from the personal
power of a king, emperor, religious potentate, and so on—was made possible by the
investiture of sovereignty in territory. The territories assigned to states gave them
legitimate logistical powers as well as spheres of operation. ..We can see how the desire to exercise different types of logistical power helped to produce the distributed character of states described by Joyce as assemblages. ..transition from territory to communications...the systematic origins of state power in logistical terms..
4. 案例:英国和法国
19世纪的英国太庞大(中国学者讲中国一样,“规模之累”、“治理成本”),尤其当帝国殖民功业基本完成之后,领土固定下来了,那么下一步是如何在领土上,在跨越各大洋各大洲的区域上,建立一种“这全都是大英帝国”的国家想象。
其中有一个经验就是文书沟通的作用(files/paper communication)
不是关注文件的语义学,而是它的物质性。因为文件在大英帝国内流通,并由此创造出国家的network和system
now considered in their materialities not just their semantics...In the process, to use Latour’s term, Bimmutable mobiles^ like bureaucratic files helped to bring into political relations mutable immobiles like land...The result was the creation of networks and systems
作者还介绍了17世纪的法国,当时通过开发森林、建立供水厂,使得了在宗教战争之后,国家得以转向了领土的开发。
5. The state is realized in use
Patrick Joyce 和Chandra Mukerji认为,国家不仅是想象的共同体,更是如同real的、可见的日常生活。
国家的可见性,决定了政治认同要由政府大楼、基础设施来加持
not only the imagined communities of Benedict Anderson, but also imagined histories and destinies that seem real because they are visible in the design of things and lived out in and through the them in everyday life
Political identities are forged with government buildings, infrastructures like roads, canals, and urban amenities, and public spaces and objects
总结:The state is realized in use, 但由于物质性,也可能是脆弱性的——如果停电了、停水了,国家在哪里?还在运作吗?
(Sociological理论大缸第126期)
链接:
迈向行动者的国家理论!抗争政治、有限国家与二重性(刘拥华2017)
汉学/历史学家眼中赵鼎新的《儒法国家》—Yuri Pines2016书评