【顶级期刊创业研究速递】ETP 2019年1月文献中英文摘要

Network Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs Density, Hierarchy, and Success in China and the West

网络弱势创业者：中西方的强度、层级和成功

作者：

Ronald S. Burt,1

1University of Chicago, Booth School of Business, Chicago, IL, USA

摘要：

本文有关于应用于创业的网络理论，样本涉及700位中国创业者，并且使用2193位美国和欧洲的管理者作为基准对照组。本文解决了某些创业者是如何处于网络弱势的问题，以及中国和西方创业者网络弱势形成过程的对照，中国网络中家庭的角色，网络理论应用在文化、结构和内容差异中的稳定性。

This article is about the network theory of advantage applied to entrepreneurship and an area- probability sample of 700 Chinese entrepreneurs, using 2,193 American and European managers as a baseline comparison group. The article deals with how certain entrepreneurs are disadvantaged by their networks, the contrasting forms that disadvantage takes in China and the West, the role of family in the Chinese networks, and ultimately the robustness of network theory to the cultural, structural, and content variations discussed.

Institutions and Entrepreneurship Quality

制度与创业质量

作者：

Farzana Chowdhury,1 , David B. Audretsch,2,and Maksim Belitski,3

1 University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States

2 School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States

3 Henley Business School, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom

摘要：

创业对于经济发展十分重要。但是，在不同发展中和发达经济体中创业的质量和数量存在差异。本文使用了2005年-2015年期间70个国家的样本来研究正式和非正式制度维度（债务与风险资本可获得性、监管商业环境、创业认知和人力资本、腐败、政府规模和政府支持）如何影响发达国家和发展中国家的创业质量和数量。本文研究结果表明制度对创业的质量和数量都非常重要。但是，并不是所有制度都需要扮演相似的角色；制度和经济发展呈现动态关系。

Entrepreneurship contributes importantly to the economy. However, differences in the quality and quantity of entrepreneurship vary significantly across developing and developed countries. We use a sample of 70 countries over the period of 2005–2015 to examine how formal and informal institutional dimensions (availability of debt and venture capital, regulatory business environment, entrepreneurial cognition and human capital, corruption, government size, government support) affect the quality and quantity of entrepreneurship between developed and developing countries. Our results demonstrate that institutions are important for both the quality and quantity of entrepreneurship. However, not all institutions play a similar role; rather, there is a dynamic relationship between institutions and economic development.

Social Impact Measurement Current Approaches and Future Directions for Social Entrepreneurship Research

社会影响力测量：社会创业研究的当前方法和未来方向

作者：

Hans Rawhouser,1, Michael Cummings,2,and Scott L. Newbert,3

1 University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA

2 Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, US

3 Zicklin School of Business, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

摘要：

社会影响力对社会创业研究重要，但是无论是理论还是实证上测量组织的社会影响力的标准还未待开发。本文识别了顶尖商业杂志（FT50）中71篇相关文献，这些文献从理论或者实证研究了社会影响力的测量。本文首先描述了定义的宽度、数据来源和社会影响力的运作。基于该分析，本文生成了一种用于概念化社会影响的四种方法的类型，本文用它来组织有关改进衡量创业企业社会影响的见解和建议。

Despite the importance of social impact to social entrepreneurship research, standards for measuring an organization’s social impact are underdeveloped on both theoretical and empirical grounds. We identify a sample of 71 relevant papers from leading (FT50) business journals that examine, conceptually or empirically, the measurement of social impact. We first describe the breadth of definitions, data sources, and operationalizations of social impact. Based on this analysis, we generate a typology of four approaches to conceptualizing social impact, which we use to organize insights and recommendations regarding improved measurement of the social impact of entrepreneurial ventures.

Don’t Pitch Like a Girl! How Gender Stereotypes Influence Investor Decisions

不要像女孩一样投球！性别刻板印象如何影响投资者决策

作者：

Lakshmi Balachandra,1, Tony Briggs,2,Kim Eddleston,3, and Candida Brush,4

1 Babson College, Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship, Babson Park, MA, USA

2 University of Alberta School of Business, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

3 Northeastern University, D’Amore-McKim School of Business, Boston, MA, USA

4 Franklin W. Olin Chair- Entrepreneurship Division, Babson College, Arthur M. Blank Center for Entrepreneurship, Babson Park, MA, USA

摘要：

本文考虑了性别刻板行为在投资者评估男性与女性所有权的企业中扮演的角色。与投资者展示出对女性创业者的偏见的相关研究不同，本文发现，女性创业者并没有降低投资的兴趣。相反，本文研究结果表明，投资者对创业者的女性刻板行为的表现存在偏见，无论男性还是女性。研究发现，投资者决策部分是由于对性别刻板行为的观察以及与创业者商业能力的隐性关联，而不是创业者的性别。

We consider the role that gender-stereotyped behaviors play in investors’ evaluations of men- and women-owned ventures. Contrary to research suggesting that investors exhibit bias against women, we find that being a woman entrepreneur does not diminish interest by investors. Rather, our findings reveal that investors are biased against the display of feminine-stereotyped behaviors by entrepreneurs, men and women alike. Our study finds that investor decisions are driven in part by observations of gender-stereotyped behaviors and the implicit associations with the entrepreneur’s business competency, rather than the entrepreneur’s sex.

Images of Entrepreneurship Exploring Root Metaphors and Expanding Upon Them

创业的形象：探索根隐喻及其扩展

作者：

Erik Lundmark,1, Anna Krzeminska,2, and Dean A. Shepherd,3

1 Department of Marketing and Management, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia

2 UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia

3 Department of Management and Organization, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

摘要：

尽管学者们越来越认识到隐喻对理论发展的重要性，但隐喻对创业理论的影响在很大程度上尚未得到探索。这是有问题的，因为一个领域的隐喻塑造了它的基本假设。本研究通过分析高度引用的创业学文献的语料库，通过其隐喻来评估创业领域。本文确定并解释了创业学的八个根隐喻—父母身份、诱导、知识渠道、方法、思维方式、网络、探索和政治—支撑着该领域的主流。然后，本文扩展并结合隐喻以发展研究议程，其建立在隐喻之上并超越隐喻本身。

Despite increasing recognition of the importance of metaphors to theory development, metaphors’ influence on entrepreneurship theorizing has been largely unexplored. This is problematic because a field’s metaphors shape its underlying assumptions. This study takes stock of the entrepreneurship field through its metaphors by analyzing a corpus of highly cited entrepreneurship articles. We identify and explain eight root metaphors for entrepreneurship—parenthood, mutagen, conduit of knowledge, method, mindset, networking, exploration, and politics—underpinning the mainstream of the field. We then extend and combine the metaphors to develop a research agenda for building on the metaphors and moving beyond them.

Opening the Black Box of Effectuation Processes Characteristics and Dominant Types

打开效果推理过程特征和决定类型的特征的黑箱

作者：

Yi Jiang,1 ,Charles-Clemens Ru¨ ling,2,3

1 ESCP Europe, France

2 Grenoble Ecole de Management, Grenoble, Cedex, France

3 IREGE, Universite´ Savoie Mont Blanc, Annecy-le-Vieux Cedex, France

摘要：

本文通过识别因果推断过程的特征和模式，将因果推断作为一个过程并揭示了因果过程的异质性，打开了因果推断的黑箱子。基于多案例研究方法，序贯定性分析被用来对比六个高科技企业的因果推断过程中的相似性和差异性。通过理论化效果原则和过程特征之间的关系，本文提高了效果理论的概念清晰度，并提供了对未来研究中学者如何应用效果理论的见解。

In this paper, we open the black box of effectuation as a process by identifying effectuation process characteristics and patterns and thereby unveiling the heterogeneity of effectuation processes. Based on a multiple case research approach, sequential qualitative analysis is used to contrast similarities and differences in effectuation processes among six high-technology ventures. By theorizing the relationship between effectuation principles and process characteristics, we increase the conceptual clarity of effectuation theory and provide insights into how effectuation may be operationalized for scholars in future research.

END

作者：刘志阳，系上海财经大学商学院副院长、创业学院执行副院长、中国社会创业研究中心主任

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